Glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked chitosan beads for controlled release of diclofenac sodium

An inexpensive and simple method was adopted for the preparation of chitosan beads, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA), for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium (DS). The beads were prepared by varying the experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, and extent of crosslinking. The absence of any chemical interaction among drug, polymer, and the crosslinking agent was confirmed by FTIR and thermal analysis. The beads were characterized by microscopy, which indicated that the particles were in the size range of 500–700 μm and SEM studies revealed smooth surface and spherical shape of beads. The beads produced at higher temperature and extended exposure to GA exhibited lower drug content, whereas increased drug loading resulted in enhanced drug release. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 211–217, 2007     

Exploring poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels containing drug–cyclodextrin complexes as controlled drug delivery systems

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels containing drug–β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (ICs) were synthesized with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinker. The role of cyclodextrin (CD), the effect of the nature of drug, and the degree of crosslinking on the drug‐release process were investigated. The probable mechanism of drug release was also explored. Controlled release of the drug was achieved from the hydrogels containing the ICs. The nature of the drug, in terms of its binding efficacy with CD, played an important role. The effect of the degree of crosslinking on the release pattern was strikingly different from that in the hydrogels containing free drug and those with ICs. The role of CD in the drug‐release process was not only due to its inclusion ability but also its effect on the polymer relaxation. GA, apart from crosslinking PVA, probably interacted with the cyclodextrins and, thereby, influenced the matrix structure and the drug‐release kinetics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40318.     

Manipulation of the drug‐release behavior of poly(glycolide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate)

The current work focuses on Maxon, a modern biocompatible/bioabsorbable polymer, utilized in the fabrication of surgical sutures, and attempts to explore the limits of controlling the administration rate of a properly incorporated model drug, mitoxandrone dihydrochloride. The control is attempted by tailoring both the structural properties of the host polymer, more specifically its crystallinity and anisotropy, and the level of drug dispersion achieved after following different incorporation methods such as melt and dissolution mixing. The results, based on optical and electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy, indicate that the structural parameters invoked may enable fine‐tuning of the drug dose released within a 60‐day period. Additionally, the burst effect of the active agent at the early stages of release is regulated by adjusting the drug dispersion level. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43915.     

Preparation and drug‐release behavior of minocycline‐loaded poly[hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol)–methacrylate] films

In this work, biocompatible hydrogel matrices for wound‐dressing materials and controlled drug‐release systems were prepared from poly[hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol)–methacrylate] [p(HEMA‐co‐PEG–MA] films via UV‐initiated photopolymerization. The characterization of the hydrogels was conducted with swelling experiments, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (differential scanning calorimetry), and contact‐angle studies. The water absorbency of the hydrogel films significantly changed with the change of the medium pH from 4.0 to 7.4. The thermal stability of the copolymer was lowered by an increase in the ratio of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to methacrylate (MA) in the film structure. Contact‐angle measurements on the surface of the p(HEMA‐co‐PEG–MA) films demonstrated that the copolymer gave rise to a significant hydrophilic surface in comparison with the homopolymer of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The blood protein adsorption was significantly reduced on the surface of the copolymer hydrogels in comparison with the control homopolymer of HEMA. Model antibiotic (i.e., minocycline) release experiments were performed in physiological buffer saline solutions with a continuous flow release system. The amount of minocycline release was shown to be dependent on the HEMA/PEG–MA ratio. The hydrogels have good antifouling properties and therefore are suitable candidates for wound dressing and other tissue engineering applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Synthesis and characterization of cetirizine‐containing,pH‐sensitive acrylic acid/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels

In this study, interpenetrated acrylic acid (AA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were prepared by free‐radical polymerization with N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBAAm) as a crosslinker. The basic structural parameters, such as the molecular weight between crosslinks, volume interaction parameter, number of crosslinks, Flory–Huggins solvent interaction parameter, and diffusion coefficient, were calculated. Cetirizine dihydrochloride was loaded as a model drug in selected samples. The prepared hydrogels were evaluated for swelling, sol–gel fraction, and porosity. The swelling of the AA/PVA hydrogels was found to be directly proportional to the pH, that is, 1.2–7.5, depending on composition. The percentage of cetirizine hydrochloride was found to be directly proportional to the buffer pH and was at its maximum at pH 7.5, that is, 90–95%, and its lowest at pH 1.2, that is, 20–30%. The gel fraction increased with increasing concentration of AA and MBAAm, whereas the porosity showed the same response with AA, but an inverse relationship was observed with MBAAm. The drug‐release data were fitted into various kinetics models, including the zero‐order, first‐order, Higuchi, and Peppas models, which showed non‐Fickian diffusion. The prepared hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and no interaction was found among the polymer ratio and the drug. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43407.     

Controlled release of aspirin from pH‐sensitive chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel

The aim of this study was to develop a cheap, pH‐sensitive enteric coating of aspirin with biocompatible polymers. A novel approach was used to develop enteric coating from chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Solutions of CS and PVA (5 : 1 mol ratio) were mixed and selectively crosslinked with tetraethoxysilane. IR analysis confirmed the presence of the incorporated components and the existence of siloxane linkages between CS and PVA. The crosslinking percentage and thermal stability increased with increasing amount of crosslinker. The response of the developed coating in different media, such as water, pH (nonbuffer and buffer), and ionic media showed hydrogel properties. All hydrogels showed low swelling in acidic and basic pH media, whereas maximum swelling was exhibited at neutral pH. This pH sensitivity of the hydrogel has been exploited as enteric coating for commercial aspirin tablets. The dissolution test of enteric‐coated aspirin tablet in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) showed 7.11% aspirin release over a period of 2 h, whereas a sustained release of remaining aspirin (83.25%) was observed in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation,characterization, and salicylic acid release behavior of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend microspheres

Blend microspheres of chitosan (CS) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were prepared as candidates for oral delivery system. CS/PVA microspheres containing salicylic acid (SA), as a model drug, were obtained using the coacervation‐phase separation method, induced by addition of a nonsolvent (sodium hydroxide solution) and then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinking agent. The microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy. Percentage entrapment efficiency, particle size, and equilibrium swelling degree of the microsphere formulations were determined. The results indicated that these parameters were changed by preparation conditions of the microspheres. Effects of variables such as CS/PVA ratio, pH, crosslinker concentration, and drug/polymer (d/p) ratio on the release of SA were studied at three different pH values (1.2, 6.8, and 7.4) at 37°C. It was observed that SA release from the microspheres increased with decreasing CS/PVA ratio and d/p ratio whereas it decreased with the increase in the extent of crosslinking. It may also be noted that drug release was much higher at pH 1.2 than that of at pH 6.8 and 7.4. The highest SA release percentage was obtained as 100% for the microspheres prepared with PVA/CS ratio of 1/2, d/p ratio of 1/2, exposure time to GA of 5 min, and concentration of GA 1.5% at the end of 6 h. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Sorption/release of diclofenac sodium in/from free‐standing poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethyleneimine) multilayer films

Polyelectrolyte multilayer films deposited onto various substrates have been used extensively as drug delivery systems. However, little attention has been paid to the release of drugs from free‐standing polymeric films. Herein, we report the construction of thermal crosslinked free‐standing poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) multilayer films composed of 25 double layers [(PAA/PEI)₂₅] and their use in sorption/release of diclofenac sodium (DS). The (PAA/PEI)₂₅ multilayer films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, potentiometric titrations and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the sorption/release of DS was monitored by UV – Vis spectroscopy. The DS sorption equilibrium data were fitted with five isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Temkin). The maximum equilibrium sorption capacity, q_m, given by the Langmuir model was 32.42 mg DS/g. The Korsmeyer–Peppas semiempirical equation showed that the release of DS from the free‐standing (PAA/PEI)₂₅ films proceeded by pseudo‐Fickian diffusion, irrespective of the releasing media. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43752.     

Degradation and drug‐release studies of a poly(glycolide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) copolymer (Maxon)

Poly(glycolide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) is available commercially as a monofilament suture known as Maxon. The literature has shown that Maxon sutures possess a slow degradation rate of about 7 months and exhibit relatively high mechanical strength in comparison with other absorbable sutures. However, very few articles are available on the degradation of unoriented Maxon. This study was designed to explore the chemical and physical aspects of the degradation of unoriented Maxon and its potential as a drug‐release device. Several analytical techniques were used, including mass measurements, simultaneous small‐angle X‐ray scattering and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and thermoporometry. Magnetic resonance imaging and drug‐release measurements were carried out with UV spectroscopy. The results suggest that unoriented suture‐based Maxon undergoes multiple stages of hydrolytic degradation, which involve hydration, and active and postactive periods. The drug‐release mechanism is controlled by diffusion in the early degradation stages and polymer erosion in the later stages of release. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 475–486, 2005     

Preparation of sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend microspheres for controlled release applications

Sodium alginate (NaAlg)/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend microspheres (MS) were prepared by water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion method. These polymer microspheres were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and loaded with metformin hydrochloride (MHC). The microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to confirm the molecular dispersion of the drug, thermal stability, morphological properties, and crystallinity of the polymer matrix before and after blending. SEM of the microspheres suggested the formation of microspheres in spherical structure. Drug release data were analyzed using an empirical equation to understand the nature of drug transport through polymeric matrices. The controlled release (CR) characteristics of the polymer matrices was investigated in pH 7.4 media and from the results it was obtained that the drug was released in controlled manner up to 10 h. The physico-chemical properties of the microspheres were studied by calculating drug entrapment efficiency and drug release kinetics. Percent of encapsulation efficiency (% EE) decreased with increase in crosslinking agent (GA) and PVA content in the microspheres. The optimum % EE (80%) was observed in case of MS containing 40% of PVA with 15% MHC. The release profiles indicate that the release of MHC decreases with increasing the PVA/NaAlg (w/w) and drug/polymer ratio. At the end of 10 h, the highest release of MHC was found to be 96% for MS containing PVA/NaAlg (40 : 60) and 15 wt % drug loaded. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Physicochemical characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) plasticized poly(methyl vinyl ether‐co‐maleic acid) films

The influence of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) plasticizer content and molecular weight on the physicochemical properties of films cast from aqueous blends of poly(methyl vinyl ether‐co‐maleic acid) (PMVE/MA) was investigated with tensile mechanical testing, thermal analysis, and attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Unplasticized films and those containing high copolymer contents were very difficult to handle and proved difficult to test. PEG with a molecular weight of 200 Da was the most efficient plasticizer. However, films cast from aqueous blends containing 10% (w/w) PMVE/MA and either PEG 1000 or PEG 10,000 when the copolymer/plasticizer ratio was 4 : 3 and those cast from aqueous blends containing 15% (w/w) PMVE/MA and either PEG 1000 or PEG 10,000 when the copolymer/plasticizer ratio was 2 : 1 possessed mechanical properties most closely mimicking those of a formulation we have used clinically in photodynamic therapy. Importantly, we found previously that films cast from aqueous blends containing 10% (w/w) PMVE/MA performed rather poorly in the clinical setting, where uptake of moisture from patients' skin led to reversion of the formulation to a thick gel. Consequently, we are now investigating films cast from aqueous blends containing 15% (w/w) PMVE/MA and either PEG 1000 or PEG 10,000, where the copolymer/plasticizer ratio is 2 : 1, as possible Food and Drug Administration approved replacements for our current formulation, which must currently be used only on a named patient basis as its plasticizer, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, is not currently available in pharmaceutical grade. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol)–borate complexes for the sustained release of fertilizers and enzymes

Therapeutic agents or agricultural fertilizers captured in polymer colloids (PCs) give rise to interesting applications, which are typically related to sustained release. We synthesized crosslinked polymer structures with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and borax precursors. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that a polymer–boron ion complex was formed with the crosslinking reaction at the O H site of PVA; thereby, PCs were formed. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy showed that a uniform mesoporous two‐dimensional structure formed via intermolecular and intramolecular crosslinking. Trypsin enzyme and phosphate fertilizer were trapped in these PCs independently to study sustained release. Fertilizer‐incorporated PCs were mixed with soil samples, in which seeds of fenugreek were sown, and the plant growth was monitored a duration of 15 days. The fertilizer release, studied with UV–visible spectroscopy, showed a sustained signature of the fertilizer (at 690 nm) in the water extracts of soil, with much healthier plant growth compared to the control. For the trypsin‐incorporated PC samples, the released enzyme was made to interact with bovine serum albumin protein to monitor the released percentage with UV absorption spectroscopy. A systematic increase in the enzyme signature (at 280 nm) was observed for a duration of 60 min; this indicated the potential of PC for sustained drug release. The swelling calculations predicted that the mechanism involved was composed of pseudo‐swelling behavior. We envisaged that the hydroxyl groups of the PC broke in water and formed a complex with water. This complex slowly dissolved in water to release the entrapped molecules. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Release of salicylic acid through poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly(vinyl alcohol‐g‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) membranes

A controlled release profile of salicylic acid (SA) for transdermal administration has been developed. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) blended preparations were used to prepare the membranes by solvent‐casting technique. The release of the drug from the membranes was evaluated at in vitro conditions. The effects of PVA/PVP (v/v) ratio, pH, SA concentration and temperature were investigated. 60/40 (v/v) PVA/PVP ratio was found to be the best ratio for the SA release. Increase in pH and temperature was observed to increase the transport of SA. Instead of blending PVA with PVP, N‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP) was grafted onto the PVA and the delivery performance for SA was compared with that of the blended PVA/PVP membranes. Grafted membranes gave higher transport percentages than the blended membranes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1244–1253, 2006     

Influence of hyaluronic acid on the formation of isolated poly(vinyl acetate) films for oral solid coatings

This article presents a preformulation study of isolated poly(vinyl acetate) films with the addition of hyaluronic acid (HA). The films were prepared with the solvent evaporation method and evaluated according to macroscopic, morphologic, structural, water vapor transmission (WVT), swelling index (Si%), and thickness measurements and thermal analyses. The addition of HA resulted proportional reductions in the thickness, transparency, and flexibility and increased WVT rates and Si%. Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated that only physical mixing occurred, whereas the thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry curves indicated that the films were thermally stable because the initial decomposition temperature was above 200 °C. The electron micrographs showed modifications in the structure of the polymeric mesh after imersion of films in simulated gastric or intestinal fluids. The prepared films have potential for application in pharmaceutical modification of drug release. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44815.     

Release of dexamethasone from poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone‐co‐n‐hexyl methacrylate) copolymers of controlled hydrophilicity

A copolymer system with controlled hydrophilicity has been prepared through copolymerization technique and its capability as controlled drug release carrier is investigated. The effect of copolymer composition on water uptake, thermal properties, and morphology is reported. The water uptake increases with increasing N‐vinyl pyrrolidone content and diffusion of water molecules appears to be non‐Fickian. Dexamethasone has been selected as model drug and its controlled release from selected water stable copolymers follows for more than 1 month. Initial burst release of more than 50% occurs in 7 days. The remaining drug is released in a sustained way upto 37 days. Initial 10 h drug release pattern involves first‐order kinetics (NH73) and zero‐order kinetics (NH55), whereas initial 60% drug release mechanism appears to be non‐Fickian for NH73 (n = 0.71) and Case II transport (n = 1.24) for NH55. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013     

Soluble and crosslinked hydrophilic films based on compositions of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl vinyl ether) for controlled drug release

Soluble and crosslinked films based on compositions of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl vinyl ether) were prepared. Solubility, morphology, mechanical characteristics, and swelling properties of the films were investigated. Potential applications of the polymer complex films in controlled drug delivery were also examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 137–142, 2003     

Chitosan/alginate nanoparticles stabilized by poloxamer for the controlled release of 5‐fluorouracil

In this study, stable 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐loaded chitosan (CS)/alginate (Alg) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared with poloxamer as a surfactant. The effects of the Alg concentration, CS/Alg weight ratio, and poloxamer concentration on the properties of the 5‐FU‐loaded CS/Alg NPs were studied. The results of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy indicated that stable 5‐FU‐loaded CS/Alg NPs of around 200 nm with low‐size polydispersities were achieved. Furthermore, the in vitro release of the 5‐FU‐loaded CS/Alg NPs was investigated in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4. The results show that the encapsulation efficiency of 5‐FU depended on the drug feeding amount (DFA), poloxamer concentration, Alg concentration, and CS concentration. However, the in vitro release rate of the 5‐FU‐loaded CS/Alg NPs was only related to the DFA, Alg concentration, and CS concentration and was independent of the poloxamer concentration. The time of 5‐FU release from the CS/Alg NPs could becontrolled to be sustained for more than 12 h. According to this study, CS/Alg NPs stabilized by poloxamer could serve as a suitable candidate for the controlled release of 5‐FU. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)/chitosan membranes by a glucose‐mediating process and in vitro drug release

Novel pH‐dependent chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) membranes were developed for oral drug delivery. The preparation of these membranes involved a solution‐mediating process with glucose addition at different pHs. Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance showed that the Schiff‐base reaction was favored at high pHs and high glucose concentrations. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed a continuous increase in the glucose addition transformed the chitosan/PEG samples into amorphous polymers. The equilibrium swelling measurements showed that the swelling ratio of the solution‐mediated membranes decreased as the glucose concentration increased, and this was demonstrated by degree‐of‐mediation analysis. The glucose‐mediated membranes had different degrees of mediation, which depended on the pH and glucose concentration. The in vitro release profiles of theophylline‐loaded, pH 6 treated, glucose‐mediated membranes showed that the theophylline release decreased as the glucose concentration increased. Also, the release behavior of the theophylline from the glucose‐mediated membranes varied with the pH of the release medium, the glucose concentration, and the final pH of the glucose‐mediated chitosan/PEG gels. Chitosan/PEG membranes prepared by a basic glucose‐mediated process could lead to successful applications in localized drug delivery to the intestine. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1083–1094, 2005     

Controlled drug release through carboxymethyl‐chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films

Carboxymethyl‐chitosan (CMCS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend film was studied for an application as a coating material in the site‐specific drug delivery system. Films were prepared by blending varying amounts of 4 wt% CMCS with 4 wt% PVA, casting and drying at 50°C for 24 h. The cross‐sectional SEM micrograph of the film revealed that an increase in the amount of CMCS in the blend resulted in the film surface less smooth in the dry state and the network less uniform and more porous in the hydrated state, which became appreciable at 50%. The inclusion of CMCS in the blend also made the swelling of the films pH‐dependent, and lead to an increase in the degree of swelling with pH increase. When the permeation of three model drugs, salicylic acid, theophyline, and ornidazole, was studied using a static diffusion vessel, it followed a zero‐order kinetics and increased with an increase in the CMCS content in the blend, a decrease in the molecular weight of drug, an increase in the pH of medium, and a decrease in the film thickness. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1373–1379, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) composite nanofibers with halloysite nanotubes for the sustained release of sodium d‐pantothenate

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers containing halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) loaded with sodium d ‐pantothenate (SDP) were successfully fabricated via simple blend‐electrospinning. SDP was efficiently loaded into the innate HNT lumen with an SDP/HNT mass ratio of 1.5:1 via vacuum treatment. The SDP‐loaded HNT‐inclusion complex was evaluated with drug‐loading efficiency testing, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The morphologies of the nanofibers were observed by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed uniform and smooth surfaces of the nanofibers. The addition of HNTs to the composite nanofibers increased the viscosity of the polymer solution, and this suggested shorter fiber diameters. FTIR spectroscopy verified the good compatibility of the SDP and HNTs with PVA. Moreover, the swelling properties were found to quantitatively correlate with weight loss. In vitro drug‐release testing revealed that the HNTs and crosslinking reaction most dramatically affected the sustained release of SDP from the PVA and SDP‐loaded HNT complex. In the drug‐release kinetics model, SDP release depended on the diffusion caused by the deformation of the polymer‐based structures in the medium; it followed Fickian diffusion with acceptable coefficient of determination (r²) values between 0.88 and 0.94. Most importantly, the HNTs as natural biocontainers effectively modulated the release profile by loading the active compound in harmony with the electrospun nanofibers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 42900.