CCC的补偿度对HVDC系统的影响分析

利用MATLAB中的SIMULINK仿真工具对逆变器为电容换相换流器(CCC)的高压直流(HVDC)输电系统的稳态特性和暂态特性进行了仿真计算,并对仿真结果进行了详细的分析。研究了整流侧定电流、逆变侧定电压控制方式下,CCC中串联电容器补偿度对稳态运行中的HVDC输电系统的熄弧角、换流器与系统间交换的有功功率、无功功率、换流母线电压以及换流器的基波功率因数等的影响。对整流站换流母线处分别发生单相接地和相间短路两种故障形式进行了仿真计算,并研究了换流母线电压的恢复过程及电压暂降与临界补偿度的关系。研究表明考虑到稳态和暂态特性,在整流侧定电流、逆变侧定电压这种控制方式下,CCC的串连电容器补偿度的选择要兼顾防止换相失败和防止引起交流系统不稳定来考虑,并非越大越好。     

A new method of damping harmonic resonance at the DC link in a large‐capacity rectifier‐inverter system

This paper proposes a new method of damping harmonic resonance in the DC link of a large‐capacity rectifier‐inverter system, such as in rapid‐transit railways. A voltage‐source PWM converter is connected in series to the DC capacitor of the rectifier through a matching transformer, acting as a damping resistor to the DC capacitor current. No filters are needed to extract harmonic components from the DC capacitor current. This results in a quick response and highly stable damping. The relationship between the control gain of the PWM converter and the required rating is theoretically discussed. We show that the required rating is less than one‐thousandth of that previously proposed. In particular, regenerating the power consumed by the PWM converter is very important because of the large power in practical systems. Normally, an additional PWM inverter is connected to the DC bus of the PWM converter to regenerate the consumed power. The additional inverter regenerates the DC power to the AC source through a transformer. This method, however, makes the damping circuit complex, thus the proposed method for the DC‐link harmonic resonance is less practicable. In this paper, a simple and novel scheme that utilizes the DC‐link voltage of the rectifier as a DC source for the PWM converter is proposed. The excellent practicability of the proposed damping method with the novel regenerating scheme is confirmed using digital computer simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(2): 53–62, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10172     

Modeling of effective margin angle characteristics and AC voltage stability analysis of CCC

A capacitor commutated converter (CCC) has a simple circuit topology of a series capacitor placed between the valve and the converter transformer in each phase. The series capacitor mitigates the inverter operation of a CCC by assisting the commutation with the voltage charged in it. However, it does not guarantee complete commutation in any conditions, for a valve does not have self‐extinction ability. Therefore, precise analysis of the commutation process of a CCC is required to secure its operation. First, the formulation of the interrelation among the converter parameters—AC voltage, DC voltage, firing delay angle, overlap angle, and effective commutation margin angle—is presented. The firing delay angle at a given effective margin angle is calculated by using the obtained equations, which can be applied to constant extinction angle control. Next, we assess the AC voltage stability of an AC/DC link, when constant extinction angle control is applied to the inverter of CCC. The calculated voltage stability factor (VSF) shows that the commutation capacitor improves the AC voltage stability of constant extinction angle control at the inverter linked to a weak AC system, but it differs by the rectifier operation mode and compensation factor of the commutation capacitor. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(4): 38–47, 2001     

A matching transformer‐less inrush current suppressor for transformers using a series‐connected small‐rated voltage‐source PWM converter—consideration of the control gains and required ratings of the PWM converter

This paper proposes a new inrush current suppressor using a series‐connected small‐rated PWM converter for a transformer. The PWM converter is directly connected in series between the source and transformer without a matching transformer. The inrush phenomena of the matching transformer, thus, can be avoided. The control gain and required ratings of the series‐connected small‐rated PWM converter are discussed in detail. The capacity of the DC capacitor of the PWM converter is also discussed considering the active power flows into the PWM converter. The PSCAD/EMTDC is used to verify the validity of the proposed inrush current suppressor. A prototype experimental model is constructed and tested. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed suppressor can perfectly overcome the inrush phenomena of transformers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(3): 45–55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www. interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20374     

基于换相面积的CSCC-HVDC输电特性研究

受端电网的直流接入能力是高压直流输电系统规划和运行的关键问题之一。从可控电容换相换流器接入弱交流受端电网对换相失败的影响出发,在对可控电容换相换流器基本原理和拓扑结构进行分析的基础上,建立了可控电容换相换流器的稳态数学模型。为更接近工程实践和提升控制精度,考虑了高压直流控制系统的响应特性,并研究了以换相电压时间面积为控制目标的含可控电容换相换流器的响应控制策略。针对短路故障引起的换相失败,提出了利用限压器-并联间隙组合保护装置的故障恢复策略以缩短电容换相换流器的故障恢复时间。最后基于PSCAD/EMTDC平台,通过仿真验证并和其他方案的对比研究证明了上述控制策略对于降低弱受端逆变站换相失败风险和故障恢复的有效性。     

七电平电流源型换流器无源逆变试验与分析

普通晶闸管换流阀无关断电流的能力,需要借助电网电压完成换相,不适用于没有交流电网的无源逆变电路.为了将晶闸管换流阀应用于柔性交直流电网,以并联十二脉动晶闸管换流器为前级,以七电平直流电流分配单元为后级构成级联型电流源逆变器.七电平直流电流分配单元不仅实现了对直流母线电流的动态平均分配,而且形成了周期性的直流电流过零点,...     

主动抵御换相失败的增强型电网换相换流器控制策略

为了进一步提高增强型电网换相换流器对换相失败的防御能力,结合换相回路的阻抗分流特性和晶闸管的关断特性,提出了一种应用于基于增强型电网换相换流器的高压直流(ELCC-HVDC)系统的新型协调控制策略.该策略分为辅助换相控制和主动可靠关断控制,前者加速了换相过程,提高了系统换相裕度;后者可靠关断退出导通的阀臂,保障了阀内晶闸管恢复阻断能力的物理条件.此外,分析了子模块全控器件在所提策略下的电气应力并为其设计了最佳初始电容电压.PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,子模块全控器件的电气应力与理论分析相符,新型协调控制策略提高了ELCC-HVDC系统的换相失败防御能力.     

A novel induction generator system using bi‐directional PWM converter for small‐scale power applications

This paper presents a deadbeat current control structure for a bidirectional power flow pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter connected to a stand‐alone induction generator (IG), which works with variable speed and different types of loads. Sensorless control of the IG, meaning stator voltage vector control without a mechanical shaft sensor, is considered to regulate both the IG line‐to‐line voltage and the DC‐bus voltage of the PWM converter. In the proposed system, a newly designed phase locked loop (PLL) circuit is used to determine the stator voltage vector position of the IG. A 2.2 kW laboratory prototype has been built to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method. The proposed cost‐effective IG system with a deadbeat current‐controlled PWM converter and capacitor bank requires only three sensors. Moreover, the required rating of the PWM converter becomes smaller due to the existence of the capacitor bank. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Voltage fluctuation compensator for Shinkansen

In AC electric railways, three‐phase voltage is changed into the single‐phase circuit of two circuits with the Scott‐connected transformer. If unbalancing of the load between single‐phase circuits becomes large, voltage fluctuation becomes large on the three‐phase side. Railway static power conditioner (RPC) was developed for the purpose of controlling voltage fluctuation on the three‐phase side. An RPC is comprised of a pair of self‐commutated PWM inverters. These inverters connect the main phase and teaser feeding buses, coupled with a DC side capacitor such as a back‐to‐back (BTB) converter. In this way, the two self‐commutated inverters can act as a static var compensator (SVC) to compensate for the reactive power and as an active power accommodator from one feeding bus to another. 20 MVA/60 kV RPCs started commercial operation in 2002 at each two substations on the newly extended Tohoku Shinkansen for compensating voltage fluctuation on the three‐phase side caused by traction loads, absorbing harmonic current. The results of operational testing indicate that an RPC can accommodate single‐phase loads such as those of PWM‐controlled Shinkansen and thyristor phase‐controlled Shinkansen, and handle the exciting rush current of transformers, as well as compensate for harmonics successfully. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(4): 25–34, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20397     

Pulse current regenerative resonant snubber‐assisted two‐switch flyback‐type ZVS PWM DC‐DC converter

In this paper, a two‐switch high‐frequency flyback transformer‐type zero voltage soft‐switching PWM DC‐DC converter using IGBTs is proposed. Effective applications for this power converter can be found in auxiliary power supplies of rolling stock transportation and electric vehicles. This power converter is basically composed of two active power switches and a flyback high‐frequency transformer. In addition to these, two passive lossless snubbers with power regeneration loops for energy recovery, consisting of a three‐winding auxiliary high‐frequency transformer, auxiliary capacitors and diodes are introduced to achieve zero voltage soft switching from light to full load conditions. Furthermore, this power converter has some advantages such as low cost circuit configuration, simple control scheme, and high efficiency. Its operating principle is described and to determine circuit parameters, some practical design considerations are discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed power converter is evaluated and compared with the hard switching PWM DC‐DC converter from an experimental point of view, and the comparative electromagnetic conduction and radiation noise characteristics of both DC‐DC power converter circuits are also depicted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(3): 74–81, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20081     

Analysis and design of a two‐transformer active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter

This paper presents a two‐transformer active‐clamping zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter, which is mainly composed of two active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converters. The proposed converter allows a low‐profile design for liquid crystal display TVs and servers. The presented two‐transformer active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter can equally share the total load current between two secondaries. Therefore, the output inductor copper loss and the output diode conduction loss can be decreased. Detailed analysis and design of this new two‐transformer active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with an AC input voltage ranging from 85 to 135 V, an output voltage of 12 V and a rated output current of 13.5A, operating at a switching frequency of 65 kHz. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

直流系统采用电容换相换流器技术的特性研究

对直流输电采用电容换相换流器(capacitor com- mutated converter, CCC)技术时的系统特性进行了研究。导出了描述CCC结构直流系统稳态特性的数学模型,它由15个基本方程构成。采用数值计算方法对CCC结构直流系统的稳态数学模型进行详细的分析,并与电网换相换流器(line commutated converter, LCC)结构直流系统进行了比较,揭示了CCC结构直流系统的一些重要优势。推导出了CCC换流阀电压峰值的表达式,并在此基础上提出了选择换相电容值的方法,采用该方法所选择的换相电容值能充分发挥CCC结构直流系统的技术优势,但又不会过多增加阀的成本。采用仿真工具电磁暂态仿真程序PSCAD/EMTDC,以葛南直流单极输电系统为研究对象,交流系统发生单相对地短路故障为例,对CCC和LCC系统的暂态特性进行仿真比较,表明CCC结构直流系统具有较好的故障恢复特性。     

A self‐commutated back‐to‐back system and its performance under a single line‐to‐ground fault condition

This paper deals with a self‐commutated BTB (Back‐To‐Back) system for the purpose of power flow control and/or frequency change in transmission systems. Each BTB unit consists of two sets of 16 three‐phase voltage‐source converters, and their AC terminals are connected in series to each other via 16 three‐phase transformers. Hence, the BTB unit uses totally 192 switching devices capable of achieving gate commutation. This results in a great reduction of voltage and current harmonics without performing PWM control. Simulation results verify the validity of the proposed system configuration and control scheme not only under a normal operating condition but also under a single line‐to‐ground fault condition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 68–78, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10124     

A universal‐input high‐power‐factor power supply without electrolytic capacitor for multiple lighting LED lamps

The AC–DC power supply for LED lighting application requires a long lifetime while maintaining high‐efficiency, high power factor and low cost. However, a typical design uses electrolytic capacitor as storage capacitor, which is not only bulky but also with short life span, thus hampering performance improvement of the entire LED lighting system. In this article, a SEPIC‐derived power factor correction topology is proposed as the first stage for driving multiple lighting LED lamps. Along with a relatively large voltage ripple allowable in a two‐stage design, the proposal of LED lamp driver is able to eliminate the electrolytic capacitor while maintaining high power factor and high efficiency. To further increase the efficiency of LED driver, we introduced and used the twin‐bus buck converter as the second‐stage current regulator with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) dimming function. The basic operating principle and the deign consideration are discussed in detail. A 50‐W prototype has been built and tested to verify the proposal. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

交流系统故障对滤波换相换流器的影响分析

交流系统故障引发换流器换相失败是直流系统中常见的故障。滤波换相换流器(FCC)作为一种新型的换流器电路拓扑结构,研究其在交流系统故障条件下的换相特性是十分必要的。本文分析计算了在三相对称和不对称故障条件下实际熄弧角,研究了换相电压变化ΔU与熄弧角、直流电流及换相电压过零点相位移之间的关系。基于FCC数学模型,详细分析了阀侧无功补偿度对直流系统的熄弧角、换相角、换流母线电压以及换相电抗等运行参数的影响。最后参考实验室背靠背直流输电系统参数,对FCC逆变器和电网换相换流器(LCC)逆变器在交流系统故障下的动态特性进行了仿真对比。结果表明:逆变器在交流系统单相故障条件下要比三相对称故障条件下更容易发生换相失败;FCC的换相电压中谐波含量更少,在相同熄弧角下,其能承受更大的电压暂降而不发生换相失败;FCC阀侧无功补偿度的大小直接影响到换相电压和换相电抗,选择时必须防止换相失败和换相电抗过大。     

AC voltage and current sensorless control method for three‐phase PWM converter

We present a three‐phase PWM converter without AC voltage and AC current sensors. The phase angle used in the control system is adjusted by using a PLL controller without sensing AC voltage. To prevent overcurrent at startup, the initial phase angle of the source voltage is estimated from the shunt current using a novel strategy. Furthermore, the phase currents can be reconstructed from the shunt current without any modification of the PWM pattern. To reduce the effect of current ripple, the shunt current is sampled twice for every phase in one PWM period and the sample timings are carefully adjusted. All of the proposed control schemes can be implanted using a single chip microprocessor (SH7046, Renesas Tech.). Simulation and experimental results with a 5‐kW prototype confirmed that the schemes worked well. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(4): 48–57, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20983     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207     

A 21‐level (line‐to‐line) BTB system based on series connection of 16 converter cells. Experimental verification by a 200‐V, 20‐kW laboratory system

A 21‐level (line‐to‐line) self‐commutated BTB (Back‐To‐Back) system based on series connection of 16 converter cells has attractive features as follows: (i) Both active and reactive powers can be controlled independently even in transient states. (ii) The BTB system produces almost sinusoidal voltage at the AC side without performing PWM (Pulse‐Width‐Modulation) control, so that no harmonic filter is required. (iii) The BTB system provides an active power reason as high as 3 ms. This paper presents experimental verifications of the self‐commutated BTB system intended for achieving power flow control in transmission systems. Experimental results obtained by a 200‐V, 20‐kW laboratory prototype confirm effectiveness and validity of both the system configuration and the developed control strategy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(1): 61– 70, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20324     

Implementation of parallel zero‐voltage switching converter with series‐connected transformers

This paper presents a parallel zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) DC–DC converter with series‐connected transformers. In order to increase output power, two transformers connected in series are used in the proposed converter. Two buck‐type converters connected in parallel have the same switching devices. The primary windings of series‐connected transformers can achieve the balanced secondary winding currents. The current doubler rectifiers with ripple current cancellation are connected in parallel at the output side to reduce the current stress of the secondary winding. Thus, the current ripple on the output capacitor is reduced, and the size of the output choke and output capacitor are reduced. Only two switches are used in the proposed circuit instead of four switches in the conventional parallel ZVS converter to achieve ZVS and output current sharing. Therefore, the proposed converter has less power switches. The ZVS turn‐on is implemented during the commutation stage of two complementary switches such that the switching losses and thermal stresses on the semiconductors are reduced. Experimental results for a 528‐W (48 V/11 A) prototype are presented to prove the theoretical analysis and circuit performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A series‐connected hybrid triple converter system

This paper proposes a hybrid multiconverter system aiming at a large‐capacity high‐voltage high‐efficiency converter system free from harmonics in its input/output. The system consists of n (n: integer) GTO converters and a single neutral‐point‐clamped IGBT converter connected in series by n + 1 output transformers. The GTO converters operate in a square‐wave switching mode while the IGBT converter operates in a PWM switching mode. The former produces a base part of the resultant output voltage. The latter not only produces an additional part of the resultant output voltage, but offsets the voltage harmonics generated by the GTO converters. A basic voltage control strategy for the hybrid converter system is proposed, and its validity is verified by experimental results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 64–70, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20210