An accurate time‐domain model of transmission lines with frequency‐dependent parameters

Linear lossy two‐conductor transmission line can be modelled as dynamic two ports in the time domain, via the describing input and transfer impulse responses. This convolution technique is very effective when dealing with networks composed of transmission lines with frequency‐dependent parameters and non‐linear and/or time‐varying circuits. The paper carries out an accurate analysis of this model, in the most general case of lines with frequency‐dependent parameters. For such lines it is not possible to evaluate analytically the impulse responses, nor is it possible to catch them numerically, due to the presence of irregular terms, such as Dirac pulses, terms that numerically behave as Dirac pulses, and functions of the type 1/t^ρ with 0 < ρ <1. A simple method is proposed to evaluate exactly all the irregular terms of the impulse responses: once these irregular parts have been extracted, the regular remainders are easily evaluated numerically. This method is applied to analyse lines with frequency‐dependent parameters of practical interest, such as superconductor transmission lines, power lines above a finite conductivity ground, lines with frequency‐dependent dielectric losses and lines with normal and anomalous skin‐effect. Numerical simulations are carried out for illustration. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frequency‐dependent modeling of transmission lines using bergeron cells

This paper proposes using Bergeron's equivalent circuit with traveling time equal to the simulation time step as an element for frequency‐dependent modeling of transmission lines for electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations of power systems. According to the simulation time step used, a transmission line is divided into aforementioned Bergeron's equivalents, each of which is called a ‘Bergeron cell’ in this paper. In this way, the traveling‐wave nature of a line is represented by the cascaded Bergeron cells. Then, the frequency‐dependent loss nature of the line is represented by a matrix partial fraction expansion, and this is inserted at each connection point of the Bergeron cells in the form of a multiphase Norton equivalent. Since the frequency‐dependent loss is modeled in the dimension of impedance, the change of the line length is easily taken into account by a simple multiplication. This methodology thus allows variable‐length modeling and completely avoids modal decomposition in both model identification and EMT simulation stages. The proposed methodology is applied to the frequency‐dependent modeling of overhead and submarine‐cable transmission lines, and its accuracy is assessed.     

A Study of an FDTD‐Based Frequency‐Dependent Line Model for Electromagnetic Transient Simulations

Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations of power systems require accurate representation of models in a wide range of frequencies. This of course applies to the representation of transmission lines, and the phase‐domain frequency‐dependent line model is often used to this end. The phase‐domain line model does not require modal transformation in EMT simulations but requires modal decomposition at its model identification stage, and there are cases where it fails to fix switchovers of propagation modes with respect to frequency. Thus, a frequency‐dependent line model which essentially avoids modal decomposition is desired. This paper studies the possibility of a frequency‐dependent line model based on the FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method as a candidate which satisfies the above‐mentioned requirements. First, improvements regarding computational efficiency and numerical stability are made to Kordi's FDTD‐based frequency‐dependent line model. Then, the following points are clarified using the developed model: (i) Waveform deformations due to propagation modes with different velocities can be reproduced completely without modal decomposition; (ii) As the time step size becomes larger, waveforms obtained by the developed model become less accurate due to the embedded filter for numerical stability. These points assure, if the error due to the embedded filter is reduced, that the developed model can become a useful frequency‐dependent line model without model identification problems.     

Delay‐dependent filtering for discrete‐time state‐delayed systems with small gain conditions in finite frequency ranges

This paper is concerned with the delay‐dependent filtering problem for linear discrete‐time multi‐delay systems with small gain conditions in finite frequency ranges. A new multiplier method is developed to convert the resulting nonconvex filtering synthesis conditions to the ones based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Thus, sufficient conditions for the existence of feasible filters are given in terms of solutions to a set of LMIs. For the entire frequency case, it is shown that the proposed result is less conservative than the relative existing results. Finally, the procedures and the advantages of the proposed approach in comparison with the existing ones in the entire frequency range are illustrated via numerical examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling of impedance‐loaded wire frequency‐selective surfaces with tunable reflection and transmission characteristics

In this paper an efficient means to control the reflection and transmission characteristics of wire‐based frequency‐selective surfaces (FSS) using linear‐lumped impedance loading is presented. We show that by varying the topology of the RLC loading circuits and the component values it is possible to control the resonance frequency of the array as well as its angular characteristics. We discuss several examples, particularly a switchable dual band bandpass filter and enhancement of FSS angle‐of‐arrival properties. The analysis is based on the self‐consistent solution of thin wire Hallen's type integral equation solved by Galerkin's method. The periodic Green's function in the kernel of integral equation has been accelerated using the Ewald transformation, which leads to a highly accurate and efficient numerical procedure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A convex optimization algorithm for frequency‐domain identification in the v‐gap metric

This paper proposes a convex optimization algorithm to minimize the v‐gap metric for parameter estimation of a SISO system using frequency‐domain measurements. According to a geometrical interpretation for this metric, its evaluation for two SISO linear systems is the supreme of sine values of the apertures between their normalized right graph symbols. As a result, the minimization of the v‐gap metric becomes that of the maximum of sine values of those apertures at sampling frequencies and can be efficiently solved by a sequence of feasibility problems with a decreasing line search. Compared with the related algorithms, the proposed one has global convergence and much lower computational loads. Finally, a numerical simulation shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new decoupling method for double‐circuit transmission lines with asymmetrical parameters

The six‐sequence component method is widely used in short‐circuit calculation of double‐circuit lines. However, this method can be used to decouple only two parallel transmission lines whose parameters are exactly the same. In this paper, a new sequence component method is introduced to deal with the lines whose parameters are not exactly the same. Mutual impedances between phases of the same line are decoupled first, and then the zero‐sequence mutual impedances between different lines are decoupled. Six new independent components are obtained after decoupling. System impedances are modified based on the relationship between voltages and currents of the new sequence components and the traditional sequence components. According to the boundary conditions of the faults, the characteristics of new sequence components are studied, and the corresponding sequence networks are discussed. According to the combined sequence network, new sequence currents can be calculated, and the phase currents can be obtained easily from the new sequence currents by a transformation matrix. PSCAD simulation results demonstrate that the short‐circuit calculation method proposed in this paper is appropriate and practical to deal with the two parallel transmission lines with different parameters and partially coupled transmission lines. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

输电线参数测量方法

介绍了输电线工频、高频参数的测量方法,具体说明了各参数的测量接线和计算公式。     

基于异频法的架空输电线路工频参数测量与分析

针对架空输电线路工频参数传统测量方法的不足,提出异频法测量线路工频参数,介绍了其原理及优点,给出测试实例,并分析了测量数据,证明测量结果准确,验证了该方法的可行性,给出实际测量中应注意的问题.     

Optimization of genetic algorithm for reconstruction of cross‐phase modulation frequency‐resolved optical gating data

We implemented a frequency‐resolved optical gating (FROG) measurement method using cross‐phase modulation in a highly birefringent microstructure optical fiber. The standard FROG data reconstruction algorithm of generalized projection failed for this setup and we successfully used the genetic algorithm (GA) instead which is less prone to get stuck to local minima. GA has several parameters that must be set up to suitable values. We describe the experimental setup and the algorithm and present our findings on what GA parameters are crucial and what are their optimal values. A single run of the algorithm takes 7 min on contemporary CPUs, making the algorithm suitable for routine laboratory work. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Usefulness of a frequency‐hybrid vector control for a sensorless induction motor drive

This paper examines and demonstrates the usefulness of a frequency‐hybrid vector control scheme for sensorless induction motor drive through actual‐machine‐based performance evaluation tests. The new approach utilizes a new indirect orientation scheme and a stable‐filter‐embedded direct orientation scheme, and exploits their advantages. It is confirmed through extensive tests with small and large standard motors such as 0.3, 3.7, 30 kW and special low‐voltage motors dedicated to electric vehicles that the sensorless vector control scheme has the following potential usefulness: (1) it can make machines that produce more than 200% rated torque at standstill, (2) in both motoring and regenerating modes, the rated torque can be produced even in the very slow speed range, including zero speed and zero frequency, (3) for constant speed, good linearity of torque response is attained, (4) it has the ability to track variable speed acceleration commands up to ±5000 rad/s² in the mechanical frequency sense, (5) it can accept a zero‐speed command and settles the machines to a stable standstill with no vibration, (6) it accepts instant injection of rated load even for zero‐speed control, and (7) it accommodates a load with huge inertia. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 44–58, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10073     

Influence of the frequency‐dependent characteristics of soil permittivity on the impulse performance of grounding electrode

In the analysis of impulse characteristics, the accuracy of the calculation results depends largely on the soil electrical parameters. However, existing calculation methods simplify or ignore the influence of the frequency‐dependent characteristics of soil permittivity on impulse performance. On the basis of the dielectric spectrum measurement results of typical soil, a finite element model that considers the frequency‐dependent characteristics of soil permittivity is developed in this paper. The influence of the frequency‐dependent characteristics of soil permittivity on impulse performance is analyzed systematically. Results indicate that a significant difference exists when the permittivity is constant. The transient grounding impedance value is highly influenced by the impulse current waveforms and the amplitude of the impulse current. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Simulation of EM wave propagation in magnetoelectric media using TLM

In this paper, the simulation of general frequency‐dependent magnetoelectric material properties in time‐domain TLM is described. The formulation is developed from Maxwell's equations and the constitutive relations using bilinear 𝒵‐transform methods leading to a general Padé system. The approach is applicable to all frequency‐dependent linear materials including those displaying anisotropic and bianisotropic behaviour. The method is validated by the example of a chiral slab having an analytic solution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fault detection filter design for discrete‐time switched linear systems with mode‐dependent average dwell‐time

This paper is concerned with the problem of the fault detection (FD) filter design for discrete‐time switched linear systems with mode‐dependent average dwell‐time. The switching law is mode‐dependent and each subsystem has its own average dwell‐time. The FD filters are designed such that the augmented switched systems are asymptotically stable, and the residual signal generated by the filters achieves a weighted l₂‐gain for some disturbances and guarantees an H _? performance for the fault. By the aid of multiple Lyapunov functions combined with projection lemma, sufficient conditions for the design of the FD filters are formulated by linear matrix inequalities, furthermore, the filters gains are characterized in terms of the solution of a convex optimization problem. Finally, an application to boost convertor is given to illustrate the effectiveness and the applicability of the proposed design method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fast analysis of finite and curved frequency‐selective surfaces using the VSIE with MLFMA

The hybrid volume‐surface integral equation approach is proposed to analyze the transmission and reflection characteristics of finite and curved frequency‐selective surfaces structures. The surface current and electric flux density are expanded by surface RWG and volume SWG basis functions, respectively. The multilevel fast multipole algorithm is applied to reduce the computational complexity. Simulated results are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于异频法的架空输电线路工频参数测量与分析

为了解决输电线路在高感应信号下,准确方便地测量线路的工频参数,针对架空输电线路工频参数传统测量方法的不足,提出了异频法测量线路工频参数。通过介绍原理,分析了该方法如何避开输电线路工频参数测量中的干扰,并进行了实例测试。通过分析测量数据,证明测量结果准确,验证了该方法的可行性,并提出出实际测量中应注意事项,为同类线路工频参数实际测量提供了一种可供参考的方法。     

三相不对称T型输电线路参数测量方法研究

传统的T型输电线路参数测量方法基于线路的三相参数对称,没有考虑线路三相不对称对参数测量的影响,而现有的不对称输电线路参数测量方法不适用于含T型接线的特殊输电线路。提出了三相不对称T型输电线路参数测量方法,应用Levenberg-Marquardt(简称L-M)优化算法求解输电线路非线性参数方程组的参数。通过PSCAD软件对单回不对称线路参数测量方法的仿真,验证了用L-M算法计算非线性方程组参数的可行性。然后对所提出的不对称T型输电线路参数测量方法进行了仿真,验证了所提出的不对称T型输电线路参数测量方法是正确可行的。     

A new false‐root identification method based on two‐terminal fault location algorithm for double‐circuit transmission lines

A fault location algorithm without synchronization for double‐circuit transmission lines does not require sampling synchronization, reduces the cost, and has a higher engineering value, but the algorithm still needs to be improved in the false‐root identification. This paper conducts further studies on this issue. First, the false‐root problem of the fault location algorithm without synchronization is analyzed, and then a new false‐root identification method is proposed, which is based on the difference of the existence of the false root in the calculation of the voltage amplitude along the line with different electrical moduli. It can solve the problem of the traditional method, which cannot distinguish between voltage amplitudes when they are close. Second, considering the shortcoming of the existing phase‐mode transformation matrix, a new phase‐mode transformation matrix applied to double‐circuit lines is deduced, which is based on the six‐sequence component method; it can be combined with the new false‐root identification method, thereby realizing false‐root identification under various types of faults. Finally, fault location is realized by using the moduli in the mold domain. The principle does not need to synchronize data in two terminals and is not affected by the fault types, fault resistances, and other factors. As is shown in a large number of Alternative Transients Program version of Electro‐Magnetic Transients Program (ATP‐EMTP) simulation results, the fault location has a higher accuracy © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Delay‐dependent filtering design for time‐delay systems with Markovian jumping parameters

Two filtering problems—H_∞ filtering and H₂ filtering—for the linear Markovian jump systems with time delay are considered in this paper. The proposed new filtering approach guarantees that the results are less conservative than that obtained by other existing approaches. Numerical example well demonstrates the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

filtering for switched discrete‐time systems under asynchronous switching: A dwell‐time dependent Lyapunov functional method

In this article, the filtering problem for switched discrete‐time linear systems under asynchronous switching is addressed in the framework of dwell time, where ‘asynchronous switching’ covers more general and practical cases, for example, the switching lags caused by mode identification process are taken into consideration. Firstly, a novel dwell‐time dependent Lyapunov function (DTDLF) is introduced to solve stability and ?₂ gain analysis problems. The main advantage of DTDLF approach is that the derived conditions are all convex in system matrices, so it is convenient to be applied into filter design with performance instead of weighted performance as many other previous results. Thus, on the basis of DTLDF, a dwell‐time dependent filter with time‐varying structure is proposed to achieve the desirable non‐weighted filtering performance. It is notable that the proposed approach can also easily characterize the relationships among filtering performance, dwell time, and asynchronous time. Two examples are provided to validate the theoretical findings in this paper. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.