Optical dispersion eigencompensators for high-speed long-haul IM/DDlightwave systems: computer simulation

This paper proposes what is believed to be the first linear optical dispersion-compensating technique capable of more effectively compensating for dispersively chirped signal than dispersively chirp-free signal. An effective digital eigen-filter approach is introduced for designing optical dispersion eigencompensators (ODECs) for compensation of the combined effects of laser chirp and fiber chromatic dispersion at 1550 nm in high-speed long-haul intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM/DD) lightwave systems. An integrated-optic synthesis of the ODEC using planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology is proposed to enable high-speed signal regeneration. The proposed eigencompensating scheme is shown to result in the phenomenon of optical power enhancement: the combined effects of laser chirp, fiber chromatic dispersion and ODEC group delay can re-open the receiver eye further than the ideal eye-opening. The eigencompensating approach is shown to compare favorably with the Chebyshev filter technique in both the frequency and time domains     

基于悬臂梁啁啾调谐的光纤光栅滤波器

提出并发展了一种基于悬臂梁结构的啁啾光纤Bragg光栅(CFBG)啁啾调谐方案,获得了一系列性能优异的可调谐CFBG滤波器,包括调谐范围达到36 nm(1.8～37.8 nm)的带宽可变反射滤波器、色散在178～2 100ps/nm范围内可调的色散补偿器、基于取样CFBG或重叠写入CFBG的信道间隔可调谐滤波器等。这些FBG滤波器不但能维持较高的反射率,还能保持中心波长基本不变。     

On the impact of filter dispersion slope on the performance of 40 Gbps DWDM systems and networks

A technique to separate the phase-induced penalty of a cascade of optical filters into dispersion, dispersion slope, and higher-order terms is introduced and its impact on the proper design and engineering of high-speed Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical systems and networks is demonstrated. As the currently deployed fiber optic systems and networks strive for higher speeds to respond to the growing global needs for more bandwidth, the impact of physical layer impairments (such as optical filter dispersion slope) which were not significant at lower speeds are now becoming increasingly important and worth looking at. In this article we demonstrate that at speeds of 40 Gbps and beyond, where the next generation systems will be operating, optical filter dispersion slope is at least as important as filter dispersion. As a result, separating the above contributions and accounting for each using the described modeling technique proves to be an effective way for designing and engineering such systems.     

色散对光纤中高斯光脉冲传播特性的影响

从麦克斯韦方程组出发,建立了光脉冲在光纤中传播的理论模型。在只考虑色散效应的情况下,对该理论模型进行进一步的研究,数值模拟出高斯光脉冲在光纤中的传输状态,并讨论了色散对光脉冲传播特性的影响。结果表明,群速度色散会增加光脉冲的宽度而波形保持不变;三阶色散会引起光脉冲的畸变。该结论对光纤的色散补偿具有一定的理论参考价值。     

长周期光纤光栅(LPG)均衡滤波器在光纤放大器中的应用

根据耦合模理论 ,给出了两级关联和非关联长周期光纤光栅的透射率表达式 ,从而指出在进行LPG均衡滤波器设计时 ,应采用非关联的光栅 ,可以构成灵活多变的透射谱 ,非常适合光纤放大器的不同增益谱对均衡滤波器传输特性 (透射谱 )的不同要求。以此为基础 ,设计和模拟计算了 LPG均衡光纤宽带放大器的增益及噪声谱。结果表明 ,采用均衡滤波方式是使光纤放大器增益平坦的有效方法     

An chromatic dispersion monitoring method based on spectral-shift of SOA

A remnant dispersion monitoring method based on spectral-shift of SOA in high speed optical communication system with CSRZ format and single channel speed of 40 Gbit/s is proposed. The system performance can be optimized by careful choosing bandwidth and center wavelength of the optical fiber grating filter. The dynamical monitoring range is ±60 ps/nm and the monitoring precision is about 5 ps/nm. This method can be suitable for the application in dynamical dispersion compensation of high speed optical communication systems.     

基于非线性啁啾光栅和波长扫描的ROF系统

为了降低光信号在不同传输距离产生的色散对光载射频(ROF)(光载无线电)传输系统的信号质量的影响,提出了一种基于静态非线性啁啾光纤光栅(NLCFBG)和动态波长扫描相结合的可调谐色散补偿ROF传输系统方案。在对所提出系统方案进行理论分析的基础上制作了NLCFBG,并对ROF传输中的可调谐色散效果进行半实物仿真,分析和比较了有无光栅色散补偿时系统的传输性能;验证了此方案对不同传输距离、不同激光频率以及不同射频载波频率的光纤传输系统色散补偿性能。     

A dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser with widely tunable wavelength spacing

A stable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser （EDFL） with tunable wavelength spacing and equalized output power is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The fiber laser uses two fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters （FFP- TFs） as the wavelength filter. The main cavity is divided into two sub-cavities with imbalance cavity losses through a 30/70 optical coupler. The tunable wavelength spacing can be achieved by changing the center wavelength of the filters and the equalized dual-wavelength output power can be achieved by properly controlling the variable optical attenuator （VOA） inserted in the lower-loss cavity.     

Bragg光纤光栅

详细阐述了光纤光栅的原理以及光纤光栅在光纤通信、光纤激光器、光纤放大器、光纤滤波器、光纤传感器和高速光纤通信系统中色散补偿方面的重要应用，并对线性啁啾Ｂｒａｇｇ光栅色散补偿技术进行了全面分析。     

WDM+EDFA+DCF光纤传输系统中色散补偿方案的分析

由于在ＷＤＭ＋ＥＤＦＡ光纤传输系统中使用常规单模光纤（ＳＭＦ）在１５５０ｎｍ窗口的大色散限制了传输距离,采用色散补偿光纤（ＤＣＦ）进行色散补偿是上前一种较为理想的方法。本文基于光纤ＷＤＭ＋ＥＤＦＡ＋ＤＣＦ的长距离传输系统,讨论了ＤＣＦ色散补偿对光纤非线性效应交叉相位调制和四波混频（ＦＷＭ）的影响,提出了采用ＤＣＦ集总、后置、非完全补偿的色散补偿方案,这种方案可合系统具有更佳的传输性能。     

Unrepeated transmission of 20-Gb/s optical quadrature phase-shift-keying signal over 200-km standard single-mode fiber based on digital processing of homodyne-detected signal for Group-velocity dispersion compensation

We demonstrate unrepeated optical transmission of 20-Gb/s quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) signals over a 200-km-long standard single-mode fiber (SMF) without using any optical dispersion compensator. By employing optical homodyne detection, which can restore the entire information of the complex amplitude of the transmitted signal, group-velocity dispersion (GVD) of the SMF can be compensated electrically by a linear equalizer at the receiver. From off-line bit-error-rate measurements, we find that a simple transversal filter implemented in digital signal processing circuits after homodyne detection can effectively cancel the fiber GVD of up to 4000 ps/nm, enabling successful 20-Gb/s QPSK transmission.     

利用光子晶体光纤实现10 Gb/s光传输系统的色散补偿

利用光子晶体光纤（PCF）在10Gb/s光传输系统中对普通单模光纤中传输的光脉冲进行了色散补偿，获得了很好的补偿效果。实验中，10Gb／s光脉冲序列经过2.163km普通单模光纤被展宽后．利用26m长光子晶体光纤对其进行色散补偿．补偿后脉冲基本恢复到了初始形状。进一步的理论计算表明，此光纤在C波段20nm波长范围内对普通单模光纤能够实现较好的色散斜率补偿，补偿后剩余色散小于5ps／nm。理论与实验结果表明光子晶体光纤在色散补偿方面具有很大的潜力．在未来光通信系统中将发挥重要作用。     

Tunable Chirp Managed Laser

We demonstrate a compact tunable chirp managed laser (CML) comprising a radio-frequency switch, a directly modulated distributed feedback laser array, a microelectromechanical systems mirror, and an optical filter and obtain error-free transmission performance over 30 nm at 10.7 Gb/s up to 200 km without electrical dispersion compensation (EDC) or optical dispersion compensation. Transmission distance is stretched to 300 km over the same wavelength range by adding a standard EDC to the receiver.     

Dispersion compensation optical fiber modules for 40 Gbps WDM communication systems

Dispersion compensation was originally proposed to equalize pulse distortion.With the development of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques for large capacity optical communication systems,dispersion compensation technologies have been applied into the field.Fiber-based dispersion compensation is an attractive technology for upgrading WDM communication systems because of its dispersion characteristics and good compatibility with transmission optical fibers.Dispersion compensation fibers and the modules are promising technologies,so they have been receiving more and more attention in recent years.In this work,high performance dispersion compensation fiber modules (DCFMs) were developed and applied for the 40 Giga bit-rate systems.First,the design optimization of the dispersion optical fibers was carried out.In theory,the better the refractive index profile is,the larger the negative dispersion we could obtain and the higher the figure of merit (FOM) for the dispersion optical fiber is.Then we manufactured the fiber by using the plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) process of independent intellectual property rights,and a high performance dispersion optical fiber was fabricated.Dispersion compensation fiber modules are made with the dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) and pigtail fibers at both ends of the DCFs to connect with the transmission fibers.The DCFMs present the following superior characteristics:low insertion loss (IL),low polarization mode dispersion,good matched dispersion for transmission fibers,low nonlinearity,and good stability for environmental variation.The DCFMs have the functions of dispersion compensation and slope compensation in the wavelength range of 1525 to 1625nm.The experiments showed that the dispersion compensation modules (DCMs) met the requirements of the GR-1221-CORE,GR-2854-CORE,and GR-63-CORE standards.The residual dispersions of the G.652 transmission lines compensated for by the DCM in the C-band are less than 3.0ps/nm,and the dispersion slopes are also compensated for by 100%.With the DCFMs,the 8×80km unidirectional transmission experiments in the 48-channel 40Gbps WDM communication system was successfully made,and the results showed that the channel cost was smaller than 1.20dB,without any bit error.     

基于FDTD方法的光子晶体光纤色散特性分析

基于电磁场时域有限差分法(FDTD)计算光子晶体光纤(PCF)的方法, 分析了运用该方法时需要注意的一些问题, 特别是关于晶格位置、晶格上各个电磁场分量的分布以及完全匹配层(PML)中在边界处的电磁场的处理。以此为理论依据分析了一种纯石英材料双层芯PCF, 对这种光纤的传输特性进行了详细的数值模拟。通过调整光纤的结构参数, 设计出大负色散值的宽带色散补偿光子晶体光纤(DCPCF)。数值模拟结果显示在1530～1565 nm波长范围内其色散值在-400和-600 ps/(km·nm)之间变化, 达到了具有相同有效模面积的普通色散补偿光纤(DCF)的5倍。在整个C波段可以有效补偿长度25倍以上的标准单模光纤(SMF), 其色散剩余量在±1.0 ps/nm·km以内。该种结构的PCF对于制作高增益和宽带色散补偿于一体的集中式光纤放大器具有十分重要的意义。     

25-Gb/s optical NRZ transmission over 40 km of single-mode fiber at 1550 nm without dispersion compensation

We present a method for transmitting 25-Gb/s optical nonreturn-to-zero signals at a wavelength of 1550 nm over a 40-km single-mode fiber without any dispersion compensation methods. We propose optimized self-phase modulation by varying parameters of the fiber launching power and the extinction ratio of optical non-return to zero signals to overcome severe signal distortions by the chromatic dispersion effect. Using the optimization of the self-phase modulation effect, we were able to transmit 25-Gb/s optical nonreturn-to-zero signals over a 40-km single-mode fiber, which can be applicable to passive optical networks with a single wavelength channel and a high split ratio. We demonstrated that the self-phase modulation effect can be controlled by the extinction ratio and the fiber launching power.     

Entirely thin-film allpass coupled-cavity filters in a parallelconfiguration for adjustable dispersion-slope compensation

Conventional dispersion-slope compensation filters suffer from a fundamental tradeoff between the amount of dispersion-slope compensation and the compensation bandwidth. A novel multireflection device, composed of two coupled cavity filters in a parallel configuration is proposed that has an adjustable dispersion-slope independent of the compensation bandwidth. The device provides an adjustable dispersion-slope value between -6.7 and -35.7 ps³ over a bandwidth of 3 nm. The center wavelength is adjustable over a 10-nm range     

Polarization-independent acoustooptically tuned spectral filterwith frequency shift compensation

A new polarization-independent tunable spectral filter based on the combination of a single isotropic acoustooptic cell and a pair of conventional diffraction gratings is suggested and investigated. The filter features narrow bandwidth, frequency shift compensation, and low polarization dependence. Using standard AMTIR-1 chalcogenide glass acoustooptic modulator with frequency 40-77 MHz and ruled diffraction gratings with 600 grooves/mm, a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.1 nm, and a tuning range of 16 nm were obtained. Tuning range can be increased by the use of acoustooptic cell with increased center frequency or diffraction grating of a lower dispersion. Inserting the filter inside a laser cavity, continuous-wave tunable generation of Er-doped fiber laser with maximum output power 3 mW was realized. When a Fabry-Perot etalon (0.166-nm free spectral range, 40% reflectance) was inserted into laser cavity, the linewidth was observed to be less than 0.05 nm     

Investigations on the dominant dispersion penalties occurring inmultigigabit direct detection systems

The dominant penalties are wavelength chirp, line broadening due to optical back reflection, and mode partition noise due to insufficient side-mode suppression. Experimental results on pulse compression at 1550 nm and on penalty reduction by dispersion compensation are presented. The dispersion compensation is achieved by adding a negative dispersive fiber link to a standard fiber link with positive dispersion at 1550 nm. In this way it was possible to transmit 5 Gb/s over a 111-km fiber link     

All-fiber devices for chromatic dispersion compensation based onchirped distributed resonant coupling

We review the principle of operation and characteristics of all-fiber devices for dispersion compensation based on chirped distributed resonant coupling. These devices are the chirped Bragg grating, the chirped intermodal coupler, and the tapered two-dissimilar-core fiber. We discuss the use of a figure of merit to characterize equalizing filters. Based on a specific example, filter responses are computed and their performance is evaluated with a numerical simulation of an optical fiber link. Finally, design constraints are discussed