二甲醚发动机燃油喷射过程的数值模拟及其试验研究

针对采用普通油泵—油管—油嘴燃油系统的二甲醚发动机,建立了燃油喷射过程的数学模型,通过对不同工况下燃用DME和柴油的燃油喷射过程的数值模拟与计算结果的试验验证,揭示了二甲醚发动机燃油喷射过程的物理本质及其特性参数的变化规律。研究表明,由于DME具有较高的可压缩性,致使其泵端与嘴端压力上升及下降都较柴油缓慢,压力上升始点延迟,实际喷油始点滞后,嘴端油管压力峰值较低,高压油管中的残余压力较高,较易出现二次喷射现象。     

柴油机燃用二甲醚-乳化柴油混合燃料的排放试验研究

研究了在柴油机上燃用二甲醚(DME)-乳化柴油混合燃料的排放特性,分析了在乳化柴油中添加DME能降低柴油机废气排放的机理,并且与燃用柴油以及乳化柴油时的排放效果进行了比较。研究结果表明:在乳化柴油中添加10%含量的DME能显著降低NOx和烟度的排放,尤其是在高负荷时,能明显降低HC和CO的排放。与燃用乳化柴油相比,即使在部分负荷时,也不会对NOx排放产生不良的影响。     

某艇用柴油机改二甲醚发动机性能与排放特性分析

以一台4缸艇用增压柴油机为研究对象,基于STAR-CD软件,计算了该柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)时的缸内压力、温度与NOX排放的变化情况,并与其燃用柴油时情况进行了对比。分析了在不同负荷与不同喷孔直径下燃用DME时的NOX排放特性。结果表明,该柴油机燃用DME后,动力性能降低幅度甚微,基本在2%以内,其NOX的排放比燃用柴油要低15%左右,为艇用DME发动机的开发提供了依据。     

二甲醚在发动机气缸内喷雾燃烧过程的实验研究

在可视化光学发动机上进行了二甲醚(DME)喷雾燃烧过程的试验，应用高速数字摄像机拍摄了柴油和二甲醚缸内喷雾燃烧过程，并应用计算机高速采集系统同步测量了缸内压力．高速摄影照片表明，二甲醚一离开喷嘴就迅速蒸发，可以明显看到缸内气流运动对油速“核心”的吹散作用，并造成二甲醚的碰壁油量较柴油的少．和柴油相比，二甲醚着火滞燃期短，着火位置更靠近燃烧室壁面，着火面大，燃烧初期火焰发展迅速．二甲醚压升滞燃期比发火滞燃期明显减小，而柴油两者几乎相等．在相同热值燃料条件下，发动机燃用柴油和二甲醚时，缸内最大爆发压力、燃烧放热率和平均指示压力几乎一样．高速摄影很难拍摄到二甲醚燃烧初期和后期的火焰照片．研究结果还表明，较小的涡流比有利于提高二甲醚发动机的性能。     

高原环境下聚甲氧基二甲醚对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响

以掺混不同体积分数（10%、20%）聚甲氧基二甲醚（polymethoxydimethyl ethers, PODE）的柴油为含氧燃料,采用某军用泵机组柴油机进行发动机台架试验,通过控制进气压力模拟高原地区柴油机进气条件,模拟海拔0~4 000 m时含氧燃料对发动机外特性、燃烧特性和排放性能的影响。结果表明,低海拔下,该柴油机燃用掺混PODE燃料后功率低于燃用0号车用柴油,燃油消耗率升高。随海拔升高,柴油机燃用掺混PODE燃料后功率和燃油消耗率逐渐接近燃用纯柴油。当海拔达到4 000 m时,柴油机燃用掺混20%体积分数的PODE燃料后功率平均增加3.6%,燃油消耗率平均下降1.2%。海拔4 000 m、柴油机2 000 r/min、100%负荷下,燃用掺混PODE燃料后燃烧位移前移,缸压峰值、放热率峰值提高,滞燃期和燃烧持续期缩短。不同海拔下,燃用掺混PODE燃料后CO、HC排放显著降低,NO_x排放有所增加。     

直列泵柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)的燃烧排放特性分析

在一台增压直列泵柴油机进行了燃用柴油和二甲醚的试验,实测了缸内压力,并据此计算了燃烧放热率,对动力性及排放特性进行了对比分析。结果表明:发动机燃用二甲醚后,功率和扭矩都有所提升,选用9°CA和12°CA供油提前角时,在不同转速下的NOx排放均低于柴油;在全负荷情况下的最高燃烧压力和峰值放热率均低于柴油;二甲醚的喷油量是柴油的两倍,但二甲醚的燃烧速度高于柴油,所以二者的燃烧持续期相差不大;选用6孔的喷嘴比5孔喷嘴燃烧更加充分,但是较高的最高燃烧压力和燃烧放热律也使得NOx排放增加。     

二甲醚发动机燃烧特性的试验与数值模拟研究

在一台直喷式压燃发动机上开展了二甲醚燃烧与排放特性的试验与数值模拟研究。测量了二甲醚在高压燃油泵内的泄漏量及其与发动机转速之间的定量关系,并就发动机分别燃用二甲醚和柴油的运转性能进行了对比试验研究,结果表明,发动机燃用二甲醚要比燃用柴油具有更好的性能与排放水平;另从二甲醚低温着火的化学反应机理人手,开展了其自燃着火过程的数值模拟研究,进而建立了计及温度、压力和燃空当量比因素的DME滞燃期数据库;通过将该数据库与发动机循环模拟程序相耦合,对DME发动机的运转性能进行了变参数预测分析,预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

车用增压二甲醚发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究

在一台D6114ZLQB柴油机上进行了燃用二甲醚（DME）的燃烧和排放特性的试验研究。研究结果表明：二甲醚发动机的外特性转矩特别是低速转矩比柴油机高;二甲醚喷油延迟角比柴油大,最高爆发压力、最大压力升高率、燃烧噪声比柴油低;二甲醚扩散燃烧速率比柴油快,燃烧持续期比柴油短。和柴油机相比,二甲醚发动机的NO,排放显著下降,其欧洲稳态测试循环（ESC的NOx排放比原柴油机降低41．6％;二甲醚发动机在全工况范围内碳烟排放为零。     

二甲基醚（DME）燃烧特性研究

作者在定容燃烧弹上用火焰直接成像法研究二甲基醚 (DME)燃烧过程 ,研究了 DME的滞燃期和火焰传播特性以及不同环境温度和压力对燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明 ,DME的滞燃期比柴油短 ,燃烧室内的温度和压力升高时 ,滞燃期缩短 ;DME的着火位置靠近喷嘴一侧 ,柴油与 DME的体积相同时 ,DME的燃烧持续期比柴油短 ;DME的燃烧火焰亮度比柴油小 ,表明 DME的燃烧温度比柴油低。燃烧后期 ,燃用 DME时 ,喷嘴有明显的泄漏现象。此外 ,作者在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了燃用 DME的燃烧特性试验研究 ,研究结果表明 ,DME的预混合燃烧放热率比柴油低 ,缸内最大爆发压力和最大压力升高率比柴油低。由于喷油持续期延长 ,DME的燃烧持续期比柴油长 ,在上止点后 80° CA出现一个较大的放热峰值。     

发动机燃用柴油和二甲醚时颗粒排放对比研究

采用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)和HORIBA MDLT-1302部分流稀释采样颗粒排放质量测量系统,研究了2102QB发动机分别燃用柴油和二甲醚(DME)时颗粒排放(PM)的粒径分布及质量排放特性。试验结果表明:发动机燃用柴油时,PM主要是粒径为0.05~0.30μm的积聚态粒子,而燃用DME时则主要为粒径在0.05μm以下的核模态粒子;柴油机PM的颗粒数浓度比燃用DME时高1~2个数量级;随着转速的增加,发动机燃用两种燃料时的PM的颗粒数浓度均增加,DME发动机的质量浓度也增加,但柴油机的质量浓度降低;柴油机排气颗粒数浓度和质量浓度随负荷增加均升高,尤其在高负荷段急剧增加。DME发动机排气颗粒质量浓度随着T_(tq)·exp(n/1000)值的增加而先增加后降低,呈现明显的单峰曲线,且各转速下峰值位置基本相同。除全速低负荷工况外,发动机在部分负荷工况下,燃用DME时PM质量浓度为燃用柴油时的0.44%~16.6%,全负荷工况下为0.44%~0.98%。     

Study of combustion and emission characteristics of turbocharged diesel engine fuelled with dimethylether

An experimental study of a turbocharged diesel engine operating on dimethyl ether (DME) was conducted. The combustion and emission characteristics of the DME engine were investigated. The results show that the maximum torque and power of DME are greater than those of diesel, particularly at low speeds; the brake specific fuel consumption of DME is lower than that of diesel at low and middle engine speeds, and the injection delay of DME is longer than that of diesel. However, the maximum cylinder pressure, maximum pressure rise rate and combustion noises of the DME engine are lower than those of diesel. The combustion velocity of DME is faster than that of diesel, resulting in a shorter combustion duration of DME. Compared with the diesel engine, NO_x emission of the DME engine is reduced by 41.6% on ESC data. In addition, the DME engine is smoke free at any operating condition.     

Study of combustion and emission characteristics of turbocharged diesel engine fuelled with dimethylether

An experimental study of a turbocharged diesel engine operating on dimethyl ether (DME) was conducted. The combustion and emission characteristics of the DME engine were investigated. The results show that the maximum torque and power of DME are greater than those of diesel, particularly at low speeds; the brake specific fuel consumption of DME is lower than that of diesel at low and middle engine speeds, and the injection delay of DME is longer than that of diesel. However, the maximum cylinder pressure, maximum pressure rise rate and combustion noises of the DME engine are lower than those of diesel. The combustion velocity of DME is faster than that of diesel, resulting in a shorter combustion duration of DME. Compared with the diesel engine, NO _x emission of the DME engine is reduced by 41.6% on ESC data. In addition, the DME engine is smoke free at any operating condition. __________ Translated from Transactions of CSICE, 2006, 24(3): 193–199 [译自: 内燃机学报]     

直喷式柴油机燃用二甲基醚(DME)试验研究

介绍了在1100单缸直喷式柴油机上燃用DME的发动机试验研究结果。研究表明：通过增加循环供油量可使柴油机燃用DME后恢复到原机略低，同时缸内最大爆发压力降低，发动机碳烟排放为零，HC和CO排放比原机略高，NOx排放比原柴油机降低约50%以上，供油提前角减少，缺内最大爆发压力降低，NOx排放可进一步大幅度降低，但HC排放略有升高；加大喷孔直径，缸内爆发压力升高，NOx排放升高，HC和CO排放在中低负荷相差不大，但在大负荷工况有所升高。     

Combustion performance and emission reduction characteristics of automotive DME engine system

This article is a condensed overview of a dimethyl ether (DME) fuel application for a compression ignition diesel engine. In this review article, the spray, atomization, combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics from a DME-fueled engine are described, as well as the fundamental fuel properties including the vapor pressure, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, and the bulk modulus. DME fuel exists as gas phase at atmospheric state and it must be pressurized to supply the liquid DME to fuel injection system. In addition, DME-fueled engine needs the modification of fuel supply and injection system because the low viscosity of DME caused the leakage. Different fuel properties such as low density, viscosity and higher vapor pressure compared to diesel fuel induced the shorter spray tip penetration, wider cone angle, and smaller droplet size than diesel fuel. The ignition of DME fuel in combustion chamber starts in advance compared to diesel or biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine due to higher cetane number than diesel and biodiesel fuels. In addition, DME combustion is soot-free since it has no carbon–carbon bonds, and has lower HC and CO emissions than that of diesel combustion. The NO_x emission from DME-fueled combustion can be reduced by the application of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation). This article also describes various technologies to reduce NO_x emission from DME-fueled engines, such as the multiple injection strategy and premixed combustion. Finally, the development trends of DME-fueled vehicle are described with various experimental results and discussion for fuel properties, spray atomization characteristics, combustion performance, and exhaust emissions characteristics of DME fuel.     

ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)-柴油混合燃料的试验研究

二甲醚粘度低，会使高压供油系统产生泄漏及早期磨损。在二甲醚中添加低比例的柴油(简称二元燃料)，其柴油既参与燃烧，又相应提高了混合燃料的粘度。首先对二甲醚添加低比例的柴油进行优化并对柴油机供油量、供油提前角和针阀开启压力进行优化匹配，然后对ZS195柴油机燃用二元燃料进行试验研究。结果表明：在ZS195柴油机上燃用二元燃料，其功率和转矩略优于原柴油机，发动机在全负荷范围内接近无烟排放，NOχ大幅度下降。试验还表明，采用这种二元燃料可使供油系统长期稳定地工作。     

ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚的试验研究

根据二甲醚燃料的特性,在ZS195柴油机上进行了供油量、供油提前角、喷油压力的参数优化和匹配,以及这些参数对柴油机燃用二甲醚的动力性影响进行试验研究。并对燃油供给系统低压部分进行改造,保证发动机的正常运转。试验结果表明：ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚燃料在中、低速区动力性优于原柴油机。发动机全负荷范围内达到无烟排放,NOx有较大幅度下降,噪声有所减小,二甲醚燃料是一种可代替柴油的有前景的清洁燃烧。     

Analysis of energy release and NOx emissions of a CI engine fuelled on diesel and DME

Combustion and NO_x emissions from a dimethyl ether (DME) fuelled compression ignition engine were investigated. The test engine used consisted of an unmodified two-cylinder direct injection four-stroke air cooled type. The injection timing and injector opening pressure were left unaltered from their diesel fuelling settings. Analysis of the fuel line pressure shows that due to the compressibility of DME the rate of pressure rise was lower, resulting in injection occurring later when compared to diesel injection. The maximum combustion chamber pressure was found to be higher in the case of diesel fuelling. In terms of energy release it was found that with DME this occurs later than in the case of diesel fuelling with the larger proportion occurring just after top dead centre. A comparison of NO_x emissions revealed that, at all loads tested, these were higher in the case of DME fuelling and decreased steadily with increasing speed. At the higher speeds however, the levels of NO_x monitored were noted to be less than those of their diesel counterpart. Some of the factors influencing the promotion of NO_x emissions with DME fuelling are discussed and analysed.     

直喷柴油机燃用二甲醚的试验研究

在直接喷射式柴油机上进行了燃用二甲醚的试验研究,对柱塞有效行程和柱塞直径、供油提前角、喷油压力、进气涡流比、喷嘴型式等燃烧系统主要参数对发动机功率和热效率的影响进行了研究,在燃料供给系统中增加燃油输送泵,消除了气阻,发动机可以在宽广的转速和负荷范围内稳定运行,发动机热效率比原机高３％ 。在优化燃烧系统参数的基础上对示功图和排放的测量及计算表明：二甲醚发动机最高爆发压力、最大压力升高率和 Ｎ Ｏｘ 排放均低于原机,烟度排放为０。试验结果显示了直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚在降低排放方面的优越性能。     

车用多缸直喷柴油机燃用二甲醚的燃烧和排放特性研究

开展了4缸直喷柴油机燃用二甲醚时的燃烧和排放特性的研究。结果表明，适当增加喷油器伸出缸盖底平面的距离，采用流通截面较大的喷油器，降低启喷压力，可以提高CA498发动机燃用二甲醚时的热效率。燃用二甲醚时，发动机缸内的最大爆发压力和压力升高率低于燃用柴油时的情况。二甲醚发动机在所有工况下均可实现无碳烟排放，NO，排放约为柴油机的50％，CO和HC排放与柴油机相当。试验结果表明二甲醚是一种高效、低排放、燃烧噪声低的柴油机新型代用燃料。