A comparison of measures of expressed and inventoried vocational interests among counseling center clients.

Compared the responses of 50 female and 50 male counseling center clients (18–36 yrs old) to the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the Vocational Card Sort (VCS). The 2 sets of Holland themes, using 3-point codes, were moderately related. Although the 5 highest basic interests of the 2 measures were rather strongly related, the relationships between the 5 highest occupational scales were less clearly related. It was also found that for females, the 5 highest VCS occupations were less sexually stereotyped than the comparable SCII scales. No differences were found for males. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expressed and inventoried vocational interests: A comparison of instruments.

Compared the responses of 84 female Ss to the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the Vocational Card Sort (VCS). The VCS task included J. L. Holland's themes and used the basic interest and occupational scales from the SCII. The results from both measures were related. The VCS was not significantly different from the SCII in internal consistency. The VCS themes were better predictors of expressed choices than the SCII themes. Comparisons of the instruments by the Ss did not yield clear preferences, and there was a strong tendency for Ss to suggest that a friend take both instruments. Ss perceived sex bias in the SCII but not in the VCS. Overall, the results support the use of the VCS including the Holland themes and the SCII basic interest category. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for vocational counseling and future research. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The validation of expressed interests as compared with inventoried interests: a fourteen-year follow-up.

Of 63 sophomores in 1939-40, who took the Strong VIB and a social history interview, occupational choice follow-up data were available in 1953 for 60 Ss. "Apparently the Strong… is most applicable to men reared in the middle class success culture. The Strong seems less applicable for those upper-middle and upper class groups who possess an alternative culture. Among this group, expressed interests are more accurate predictors than the test scores. The inventory predicts Ambitious Careers (feeling… that higher occupational goals can be attained) while the expressed interests predict Responsive Careers (feeling of acceptance with job progression which parents or relatives expect worker to follow)." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of career indecision on treatments exploring the vocational interests of college women.

180 undergraduate women at 1 of 3 levels of career indecision were randomly assigned to Vocational Card Sort treatment, Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory treatment, or no-treatment control. Outcome measures assessed vocational needs, vocational exploration, and satisfaction with career choice. The percentage of women who were employed in the expressed vocational choices chosen by the Ss was examined, and 2 methods of analyzing changes in the expressed choices were used. Results indicate some modest treatment effects. There was clearer support for the importance of career indecision in relation to the impact of the vocational interventions. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An analysis of vocational interests at two levels of management.

The differences in the vocational interests of top and middle management level personnel of a large, multiplant industrial corporation were studied. Each S was classified according to work level, field, and work role (line or staff). Top management Ss were found to have a higher socioeconomic level of vocational interest than middle management Ss. Clarity of interest patterning was not related to work role, nor, except in one case, was it related to managerial level of work. No differences were found in the decisiveness with which top and middle management Ss responded to interest-test items. (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On measuring the vocational interests of women.

Examined the structure of women's interests as shown by the SVIB, the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey, Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, and the American College Testing Vocational Interest Profile. Analyses of the interrelationship of scales and of the interest patterns of women selecting various occupations support the similarity of the structure of women's interests to the structure previously found for men. It is suggested that this information be used to provide women with information about more and more diverse career options than are now commonly available. (27 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relation of career indecision to changes in expressed vocational interests.

Examined the stability or changes in the expressed vocational interests of 98 undergraduate women over a 2-yr period. Interests were measured by the Vocational Preference Inventory and 2 career indecision scales, and changes were measured by questionnaire. Ss were divided into 3 groups: stable (69 Ss), changed (13 Ss), and undecided (16 Ss). Results show significant differences between groups on GPAs and on the vocational measures. Results further show that career indecision predicted changes in expressed vocational interests. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expressed and inventoried interests revisited: Perspicacity in the person.

Studied the relative validities of expressed choice vs inventoried interests for predicting college major and career choice outcomes. A total of 795 male National Merit Scholars in 16 college major categories and 609 male Scholars in 10 career fields provided data before college and 3 yrs later. The total percentage of accurate expressed choice predictions was over 50% for both outcomes, while the SVIB Men's Form (SVIB-M) was accurate for 30.8% of all college major predictions and 40.2% of all career field forecasts. When expressed choice and the SVIB agreed in prediction of outcome, the hit rate rose to over 70%. However, when expressed choice and SVIB predictions were not the same for a given person, expressed choice was found to be 2–3 times more accurate than the SVIB-M. These results highlight the importance of expressed interests in predicting vocational behavior and suggest ways in which expressed and inventoried interests might best be used in counseling. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strong Vocational Interest Blank versus expressed vocational interests: A review.

Reviewed studies toward determining the relative merits of the SVIB vs. an expression of vocational interest. Topics included are (1) terminology, (2) correspondence between the SVIB and expressed interests, (3) reliability, (4) validity, (5) problems of experimental design, (6) conclusions, and (7) implications for counseling. (44 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expressed–inventoried interest agreement and type of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory scale.

Examined expressed–inventoried interest agreement for each type of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory scale for 87 female undergraduates. A rationale was developed for defining expressed interests as the Ss' responses to the occupations in Part 1 of the inventory. Expressed–inventoried interest agreement for each of 11 selected occupations was assessed for the corresponding General Occupational Themes, relevant Basic Interest, and Occupational scales. Three levels of agreement were established: low, statistical, and high. Findings reveal statistical and high levels of agreement across the occupations, in addition to differences in agreement level across the scale types. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of vocational interests among high school students

The purpose of this study was to examine the stability of adolescents' career interests using the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII). Students at a Midwestern high school were administered the SCII twice over a three-year period, and comparisons were made on Occupational Themes and Basic Interests. Significant differences in mean scores were found by gender and parental occupation, and these differences were relatively stable. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and Holland's theory, and the implications are addressed.     

Canonical relationships between vocational interests and personality of adult handicapped persons.

Canonical correlation analysis of 9 vocational interest scales and 16 personality scales of Form E of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) identified 3 dimensions of common variance for males and 3 dimensions for females, using 170 males and 182 females (aged 15–60 yrs) who applied for vocational rehabilitation services. Humanitarian sensitivity, productive ingenuity, and leadership capacity characterized the interest-personality intersection for males, while interpersonal dependence, creative anxiety, and male-oriented leadership were parallel constructs for females. It is concluded that higher-order vocational interest dimensions are meaningful expressions of temperamental characteristics and interpersonal styles of handicapped adults and that calculation of standard scores via computer provides a useful application of such information in vocational rehabilitation counseling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inventoried vocational interests of cartographers.

Studied the interests of 466 male cartographers to develop a cartographer scale for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB). Results show that (a) cartographers liked science, mathematics, and religious activities; (b) they were masculine and diverse and tended to dislike activities involving other people; and (c) their interests were most similar to those of computer programers, public administrators, Air Force officers, and physical therapists though none of those SVIB keys adequately portrayed the interests of the cartographers. The cartographer key developed was cross-validated on 2 cartographer samples drawn from other populations (n = 89) and was found to discriminate adequately between cartographers and men in general. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vocational interests and career indecision among psychosis-prone college students

This study investigated the relationship between scores on scales that purport to measure psychosis-proneness and scores on vocational interests, identity, and differentiation scales in a sample of 233 college students who completed the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation scales, the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory, and the Career Decision Scale. The present findings are consistent with prior work indicating a sex-related association of scores on measures of psychosis-proneness and vocational interests. A positive correlation between scores on vocational indecision and measures of psychosis-proneness was also found, suggesting that both men and women who score high on psychosis-proneness find it difficult to formulate long-term career goals. Finally, there was no significant correlation between scores on measures of psychosis-proneness and Holland's Vocational Differentiation Index. Present results are discussed in light of previously reported sex differences among psychosis-prone adults and diagnosed schizophrenics. The implications of the findings for vocational counselors are also addressed.     

Career and marriage orientation in the vocational development of college women.

The problem dealt with the construction of an attitude inventory and the comparison of selected factors in the vocational development of 3 groups of college girls grouped on the basis of their attitudes as measured by the inventory. 180 college girls were administered the Career and Marriage Attitude Inventory; 30 were selected for study on the basis of scores earned. A structured interview-case study was used to prepare summaries which were ranked by 3 impartial judges. Significance at the 1% level was determined by Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance and the application of the F test. Comparison among groups revealed that girls differ in respect to career-marriage attitudes and occupational interests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure of interests and Asian-American college students.

Unweighted multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses were used to investigate whether J. L. Holland's (1985) theoretical structure of interests described the interest structures for 2 cultural groups and for genders within those groups. The intercorrelation matrices of the Strong Interest Inventory General Occupational Themes, for 168 Asian-American (mean age 20.5 yrs) and 285 White-American (mean age 20.7 yrs) university students, were submitted separately to MDS analysis. Metric, 2-dimensional solutions for each sample demonstrated that a circumplex structure underlay the interest domain for all 4 groups. Results were mixed in support of the hexagonal structure and the Realistic–Investigative–Artistic–Social–Enterprising–Conventional ordering suggested by Holland's theory. Possible explanations and implications of these results are discussed within the context of existing research on Asian cultural thought and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing vocational interests of those with epilepsy.

Assessed the vocational interests of 47 male and 24 female (post-high-school aged) hospital-affiliated outpatients with epilepsy, utilizing 9 scales from the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. The scales included 6 general occupational theme scales (i.e., Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional), 2 special scales (i.e., Academic Orientation and occupational Introversion–Extroversion), and 1 basic interest scale (i.e., Adventure). Ss' scores were compared to those of the Strong-Campbell (1974) normative groups. Results show that the vocational interest scores of epileptics on the 6 occupational theme scales and 3 additional scales were not greatly different from those of the norm groups. When differences did occur, it appeared that males with epilepsy were affected: Males with major motor seizures and early seizure onset had lower Investigative scores, and males with major motor seizure had lower Academic Orientation scores, than did the nondisabled. These more impaired males appear at risk for restricted interests and may profit from supportive interventions that increase their range of life activity. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of vocational interests within nonprofessional occupations.

Tested the assumption that individuals' scores and criterion group characteristics for nonprofessional vocations remain stable over long periods of time. Navy Vocational Interest Inventory scores received by 208 Navy enlisted men in a variety of occupational specialties were compared with their retest scores obtained 5 yr. later. Results show substantial reliability of individual scores, paralleling reliabilities obtained with the SVIB. Comparisons of interest profiles of criterion groups tested in 1951 with those of men entering the same specialties 13 yr. later also showed considerable stability. Findings should be generalizable to the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory, a revision of the original inventory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and vocational interests in an adult sample.

Examined the relations between vocational typology developed by the 3rd author (1966, 1973) and the neuroticism–extraversion–openness (NEO) model of personality presented by the 1st 2 authors (1980) among 217 males and 144 females, aged 21–89 yrs. Young and old adult groups were similar to college students in most vocational interests, and the same pattern of sex differences was found. Correlations between Self-Directed Search and NEO inventory scores showed strong associations of investigative and artistic interests with openness to experience, and of social and enterprising interests with extraversion. Ss interested primarily in conventional occupations tended to be closed to experience. These associations were generally confirmed when spouse ratings were used as a non-self-report measure of personality traits in a subset of the Ss. The NEO Inventory complements the Holland typology, primarily in providing measures of neuroticsm. Research on the possible utility of supplementing vocational interest data with personality measures is suggested, and some implications for vocational counseling among older adults are discussed. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Permanence of measured vocational interests of adult males.

For 109 males tested on the Strong VIB in 1931 and in 1941, permanence of interest was measured by (a) test-retest rank-order correlations over 44 occupational scales for each subject, (b) total score test-retest correlations for the 44 scales, (c) mean test-retest score difference for each scale, and (d) differences in group patterns from test to retest. "… vocational interests of adult males… are remarkably stable when permanence is measured by the 4 methods… ." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)