Fetal Neurobehavioral Development: A Tale of Two Cities.

Longitudinal neurobehavioral development was examined in 237 fetuses of low-risk pregnancies from 2 distinct populations-Baltimore, Maryland, and Lima. Peru-at 20. 24. 28. 32, 36. and 38 weeks gestation. Data were based on digitized Doppler-based fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal movement (FM). In both groups. FHR declined while variability, episodic accelerations, and FM-FHR coupling increased, with discontinuities evident between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. Fetuses in Lima had higher FHR and lower variability, accelerations, and FM-FHR coupling. Declines in trajectories were typically observed 1 month sooner in Lima, which magnified these disparities. Motor activity differences were less consistent. No sex differences in fetal neurobehaviors were detected. It is concluded that population factors can influence the developmental niche of the fetus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology.

The reviewer states that this book (see record 2003-88119-000) for students and early career psychologists can be thought of as a collection of erudite chats over a coffee at the local Starbucks with many of the most eminent leaders in psychology. The list of contributors is a who's who of psychology and includes Alan Kazdin, Phil Zimbardo, Paul Pilkonis, Ray Fowler, Steven Hayes, Ken Pope, Robert Sternberg, Tony Spirito, and Paula Kaplan. There are also many younger up-and-coming psychologists who contributed. It is definitely a "Vente" (an extra large in Starbucks parlance) covering, in 24 chapters and over 300 pages, much of psychology, including: Choosing to go to graduate school, ethics, cultural sensitivity, writing a review article, devising and teaching courses, training to be in private practice, obtaining an internship, obtaining a licence, and becoming a clinical supervisor. The information is clear, accurate, and comprehensive. What I enjoyed most about the volume is that it includes both explicit and tacit knowledge. The explicit knowledge is otherwise available in documents and websites. It is, though, seldom assembled in such an available format. The tacit knowledge is even more valuable as it is usually not available except informally from wise mentors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高职院校学生创业的现状及对策

由于创业意识不强、综合素质不高、选取项目不准、创业资金不足以及高职院校办学理念的偏差。高职学生创业成功率不高。可从优化高职教育的顶层设计、加强高职学生创业教育、拓宽高职学生创业渠道3个方面,提高高职学生创业的质量和效益。     

A Systematic Review of Studies Evaluating Diffusion and Dissemination of Selected Cancer Control Interventions.

With this review, the authors sought to determine what strategies have been evaluated (including the outcomes assessed) to disseminate cancer control interventions that promote the uptake of behavior change. Five topic areas along the cancer care continuum (smoking cessation, healthy diet, mammography, cervical cancer screening, and control of cancer pain) were selected to be representative. A systematic review was conducted of primary studies evaluating dissemination of a cancer control intervention. Thirty-one studies were identified that evaluated dissemination strategies in the 5 topic areas. No strong evidence currently exists to recommend any one dissemination strategy as effective in promoting the uptake of cancer control interventions. The authors conclude that there is a strong need for more research into dissemination of cancer control interventions. Future research should consider methodological issues such as the most appropriate study design and outcomes to be evaluated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Career Benefits Associated With Mentoring for Proteges: A Meta-Analysis.

Meta-analysis was used to review and synthesize existing empirical research concerning the career benefits associated with mentoring for the protege. Both objective (e.g., compensation) and subjective (e.g., career satisfaction) career outcomes were examined. Comparisons of mentored versus nonmemored groups were included, along with relationships between mentoring provided and outcomes. The findings were generally supportive of the benefits associated with mentoring, but effect sizes associated with objective outcomes were small. There was also some indication that the outcomes studied differed in the magnitude of their relationship with the type of mentoring provided (i.e.. career or psychosocial). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Setting the stage: Career development and the student engagement process.

A longitudinal model assessing the relationship between indices of career development (career planfulness and career expectations) and school engagement (belonging and valuing) was examined through structural equation modeling for a multiethnic sample of urban 9th-grade students (N = 416). The model was examined within the context of a career planning intervention implemented in 2 ethnically and racially diverse urban high schools. Higher levels of career planfulness and expectations at the beginning of the year were associated with increases in school engagement over the course of the year. The observed relationship between career planfulness and expectations and school engagement is consistent with emerging models of career development (e.g., R. T. Lapan, 2004) that seek to explicate the value of career development programming as a component of educational reform. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of social cognitive and ethnic variables on academic goals of underrepresented students in science and engineering: A multiple-groups analysis.

In this study we investigated the academic interests and goals of 223 African American, Latino/a, Southeast Asian, and Native American undergraduate students in 2 groups: biological science (BIO) and engineering (ENG) majors. Using social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994), we examined the relationships of social cognitive variables (math/science academic self-efficacy, math/science outcome expectations)—as well as the influence of ethnic variables (ethnic identity, other-group orientation) and perceptions of campus climate—to students’ math/science interests and goal commitment to earn a BIO/ENG degree. Path analysis revealed that the hypothesized model provided good overall fit to the data, revealing significant relationships between outcome expectations and interests and between outcome expectations and goals. Paths from academic self-efficacy to BIO/ENG goals and from interests to BIO/ENG goals varied for students in engineering and the biological sciences. For both groups, other-group orientation was positively related to self-efficacy, and support was found for an efficacy-mediated relationship between perceived campus climate and goals. Theoretical and practical implications of the study’s findings are considered as well as future research directions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Review of Occupational Stress Interventions in Australia.

The authors investigated empirical research into occupational stress interventions conducted in Australia within the past 10 years. They focused on evidence published and the quality of the evidence base. All intervention studies were conducted in the public sector. Only 1 study reached the gold standard in evidence-based research. Most interventions were individually focused, despite the preponderance of research identifying risky work environment stressors. Results suggest a paucity of published information regarding what works with occupational stress interventions in Australia and an urgent need for further research in the area, particularly focusing on the private sector, rural workers, and scientific evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The choose-get-keep model of psychiatric rehabilitation: A synopsis of recent studies.

Objective: Comprehensive review of studies using the choose-get-keep (CGK) process model of psychiatric rehabilitation. Also, other studies are identified that have demonstrated methodologies useful in future research on the CGK model. Intervention Model: The CGK process is conceptualized as the phases through which people with psychiatric disabilities proceed as they engage in psychiatric rehabilitation. Conclusion: The CGK model is a potentially useful psychiatric rehabilitation intervention that can be implemented in a variety of service settings and that focuses on the activities of the practitioner and the service recipient. The CGK model warrants further empirical study to examine its effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Neuropsychological Interventions: Clinical Research and Practice.

Reviews the book, Neuropsychological Interventions: Clinical Research and Practice by Paul J. Eslinger (Ed.) (2005). The pessimistic assumption that the mature human brain lacks any physiological mechanism to support recovery of function beyond that attending the dissipation of diathesis is now thankfully relegated to the (recent) past. Advances in neuroimaging have provided striking evidence of the brain's capacity for functional reorganization, and fueled interest in rehabilitation treatments that may facilitate this process. This book addresses an important facet of this rapidly evolving field, the link between clinical research and practice. The basic science underpinning our emerging appreciation of the brain's plasticity is avowedly not the focus of this volume but is tied with varying degrees of success to the treatment strategies covered. The book contains 14 chapters organized into three parts covering Foundations of Neuropsychological Impairments, Models of Interventions for (specific) Neuropsychological Impairments, and Future Directions, respectively. The reviewer suggests that this is a book that should occupy the most accessible part of the bookshelf of those who work with or have an interest in patients with neuropsychological deficits. It is a concise, thoughtful, well researched, and authoritative resource that can be strongly recommended as a core text for graduate-level rehabilitation psychology courses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Web-Based Assistive Technology Interventions for Cognitive Impairments After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Selective Review and Two Case Studies.

Objective: Assistive technology for cognition (ATC) is reviewed and 2 case studies presented. Participants: Study 1, a 19-year-old man, with topographical disorientation after traumatic brain injury (TBI); Study 2, a 71-year-old woman with cognitive declines associated with TBI and a pre-injury history of chronic ischemic changes. Design and Interventions: To assess ATC intervention, Study 1 used an ABA' design for a navigation task; Study 2 used a modified ABAB design for setting an alarm clock. Main Outcome Measures: Study 1, average errors per route; Study 2, average errors per task substep and number of substeps attempted. Results: For Study 1, navigation errors reduced with ATC; without ATC, partial improvement was maintained, with greater intertrial variability. For Study 2, performance errors reduced with ATC and all substeps were completed; without ATC, errors persisted, but declined across trials, suggesting learning. Conclusions: ATC interventions can facilitate functional performance and contribute to learning of specific adaptive skills. Wireless, interactive, Web-based interventions appear particularly suited to tasks in the home and community, permitting remote intervention and monitoring of task status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions.

Positive psychology has flourished in the last 5 years. The authors review recent developments in the field, including books, meetings, courses, and conferences. They also discuss the newly created classification of character strengths and virtues, a positive complement to the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (e. g., American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and present some cross-cultural findings that suggest a surprising ubiquity of strengths and virtues. Finally, the authors focus on psychological interventions that increase individual happiness. In a 6-group, random-assignment, placebo-controlled Internet study, the authors tested 5 purported happiness interventions and 1 plausible control exercise. They found that 3 of the interventions lastingly increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms. Positive interventions can supplement traditional interventions that relieve suffering and may someday be the practical legacy of positive psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

In Search of a Common Core: A Content Analysis of Interventions to Promote Forgiveness.

This article reviews published methods for promoting forgiveness for a broad range of clinical issues. The review revealed a consensus among applied researchers regarding several broad types of interventions to promote forgiveness, namely, (a) defining forgiveness, (b) helping clients remember the hurt, (c) building empathy in clients for the perpetrator, (d) helping clients acknowledge their own past offenses, and (e) encouraging commitment to forgive the offender. Roughly half of the studies also prescribed interventions to help clients overcome unforgiveness (e.g., bitterness, vengefulness) without explicitly promoting forgiveness. Speculations about how to use forgiveness interventions in sensitive and client-supportive ways are advanced on the basis of the findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of networking on career success: A longitudinal study.

Previous research has reported effects of networking, defined as building, maintaining, and using relationships, on career success. However, empirical studies have relied exclusively on concurrent or retrospective designs that rest upon strong assumptions about the causal direction of this relation and depict a static snapshot of the relation at a given point in time. This study provides a dynamic perspective on the effects of networking on career success and reports results of a longitudinal study. Networking was assessed with 6 subscales that resulted from combining measures of the facets of (a) internal versus external networking and (b) building versus maintaining versus using contacts. Objective (salary) and subjective (career satisfaction) measures of career success were obtained for 3 consecutive years. Multilevel analyses showed that networking is related to concurrent salary and that it is related to the growth rate of salary over time. Networking is also related to concurrent career satisfaction. As satisfaction remained stable over time, no effects of networking on the growth of career satisfaction were found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Community-Based Interventions for Juvenile Firestarters: A Brief Family-Centered Model.

Juvenile firestarting is an especially dangerous and costly problem affecting communities nationwide. The problem of children and fire has stimulated a small but growing research literature on interventions for reducing recidivism among juvenile firestarters. There is little known, however, about which elements of promising interventions are associated with reduced recidivism. The authors review the research literatures on the characteristics of juvenile firestarters and their families and the treatments used to prevent these children from setting fires again, and they describe an integrative theoretical approach to treatment. In addition, a novel, collaborative, family-centered intervention for juvenile firestarters is presented. The importance of using theoretically informed, fire-specific assessment procedures and linking data to treatment conceptualization, planning, and delivery is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Motivational Interventions for Heavy Drinking College Students: Examining the Role of Discrepancy-Related Psychological Processes.

The authors examined the effects of a brief motivational intervention for heavy, episodic alcohol use on discrepancy-related psychological processes. Heavy-drinking college students (N = 73) were randomly assigned to a motivationally based intervention (MBI) or an assessment-only control (AC) condition. Cognitive (actual-ideal discrepancy) and affective (2 forms of cognitive dissonance) discrepancy processes were assessed at baseline and immediately following the experimental manipulation. At 6-week follow-up, MBI participants demonstrated significantly greater reductions in problematic drinking than AC participants. Moreover, actual-ideal discrepancy and negative, self-focused dissonance were significantly increased following the intervention (discomfort-related dissonance was not) and were correlated with outcome alcohol involvement. These discrepancy processes did not, however, mediate the relationship between condition and outcome. The findings lend some support to the role of discrepancy enhancement in drinking-related behavior change among college students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Voces abriendo caminos (voices foraging paths): A qualitative study of the career development of notable Latinas.

This study used qualitative methodology to investigate the career development of 20 notable Latinas. The emergent theory proposed that Latina career development is influenced by sociopolitical, cultural, contextual, and personal variables. Results suggested that (a) career paths tended to be unplanned and nonlinear; (b) background variables, socioeconornic status, and educational experiences influenced the participants' sense of self and career motivation; (c) family, culture, and cultural identity werr influential; (d) relational support systems, particularly those that involved extended family, spouses, and mentors, were important; and (e) the participants' optimism, persistence, passion, and capacity for cognitive reframing helped them cope with challenges and remain true to their values, beliefs, and sense of self. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Development of a Framework for a Comprehensive Approach to Stress Management Interventions at Work.

This overview shows that organizations adopt a variety of programs to prevent and manage stress at various levels of the organization. Programs vary widely in their objectives, structure, and target groups, and there is some skepticism regarding the practicality of using off-the-peg programs that have been developed without considering specific organizational requirements. Organizational policies to sustain and develop employee health and well-being must involve the development of strategies that comprehensively address health and safety issues. These strategies should comprise plans to prevent and manage stress, support individual and organizational needs, and be continually evaluated and reviewed. A framework is presented for developing a comprehensive approach to stress prevention and management in the workplace, encompassing the identification, implementation, and evaluation of bespoke intervention programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基于能力的高职市场营销专业课程开发调查

高职院校市场营销专业应基于职业能力开发对应的课程,以培养出具有熟练操作技能的、从事某项具体事务性或技术性专业工作的高级应用性人才。通过对各层次的营销管理者和一般营销人员进行调查,并对数据进行整理分析,结果表明营销专业教育得到了有关从业人员的一定程度的认可;同时也反映出在该专业教育中存在的一些问题,从而为改进高职营销专业教学、提高教学效果提供了切入点。     

A Tale of Two Cities: Financing Two Voucher Programs for Substance Abusers Through Community Donations.

Voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) is an effective drug abuse treatment, but the cost of VBRT rewards has limited its dissemination. Obtaining VBRT incentives through donations may be one way to overcome this barrier. Two direct mail campaigns solicited donations for use in VBRT for pregnant, postpartum, and parenting drug users in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and in Los Angeles, California. In Toronto, 19% of those contacted over 2 months donated $8,000 ($4,000/month) of goods and services. In Los Angeles, nearly 26% of those contacted over 34 months donated $161,000 ($4,472/month) of goods and services. Maintaining voucher programs by soliciting donations is feasible and sustainable. The methods in this article can serve as a guide for successful donation solicitation campaigns. Donations offer an alternative for obtaining VBRT rewards for substance abuse treatment and may increase its dissemination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)