Macroelements content of common pacific squid (Loligo opalescens)

Summary The macroelement (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) concentrations have been determined in various tissues of the Common Pacific squid,Loligo opalescens. The method of measurement was flame atomic emission (sodium and potassium) and absorption (calcium and magnesium) spectrometry. Edible tissues such as the tube (mantle), arms and crown, and fin contained: from 3.3±0.4 to 3.9±1.5 (1.9–6.8) g/kg wet weight of sodium; from 5.3+0.6 to 6.3±2.7 (3.3–14) g/kg of potassium; 38±7 to 100±34 (28–200) mg/kg of calcium; and from 510±100 to 950±280 (340–1500) mg/kg of magnesium. The other tissues or organs examined frequently contained a higher concentration of macroelements than the edible flesh. Statistically significant correlations between the body weight of squid and macroelement concentrations or between some pairs of metals in whole squid, mantle and hepatopancreas have been observed.

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Gehalt an Makroelementen im gemeinen pazifischen Tintenfisch (Loligo opalescens)

Zusammenfassung Die Konzentrationen von Makroelementen (Natrium, Kalium, Calcium und Magnesium) wurden in den eßbaren und nichteßbaren Geweben vom TintenfischLoligo opalescens bestimmt. Als Meßmethode wurde die Flammen-Atomemission (Natrium und Kalium) und Flammen-Atomabsorption-Spektrometrie (Calcium und Magnesium) verwendet. Die Mittelwerte waren für die eßbaren Teile, auf Naßgewicht berechnet, für den hautlosen Mantel, Arme und Krone: 3,3±0,4 bis 3,9±1,5 (1,9–6,8) g/kg für Natrium; 5,3+0,6 bis 6,3±2,7 (3,3–14) g/kg für Kalium; 38±7 bis 100±34 (28–200) mg/kg für Calcium und 510±100 bis 950±280 (340–1500) mg/kg für Magnesium. Die anderen überprüften Gewebe und Organe enthielten sehr oft höhere Konzentrationen an Makroelementen als das eßbare Fleisch. Es wurde statistisch festgestellt, das es eine Korrelation zwischen der Körpermasse der Tintenfische und den Gehalt an Makroelementen gibt. Eine weitere wesentliche Korrelation gibt es auch zwischen manchen Metallen im ganzen Körper der Tintenfische wie auch im Mantel und in der Leber-Bauchspeicheldrüse.

     

Crude Protein, Minerals, and Total Carotenoids in Sweet Potatoes

Crude protein and mineral content in six sweet potato cultivars and total carotenoids in four orange-flesh cultivars after different storage treatments were determined. On a fresh weight basis, crude protein between cultivars ranged from 1.36-2.13 g/100g, phosphorus from 38-64 mg/100g, potassium from 245-403 mg/100g, calcium from 20-41 mg/100g, magnesium from 13-22 mg/100g and total carotenoids from 5-11.5 mg/100g. Carotenoids slightly increased after curing and short term storage at either 7^o, 15.6^o, or 26.6^oC. Centennial contained the most protein, phosphorus, magnesium, and carotenoids of all cultivars. Travis contained the lowest amount of protein, phosphorus and potassium, but more carotenoids than Jewel or Jasper.     

Mineral analysis in rabbit meat from Galicia (NW Spain)

A total of 54 rabbits 50, 70 and 90 days old, were taken from farms in Galicia (NW Spain); 18 rabbits of each age were sampled. The minerals in the muscle meat from the back legs of the rabbits were analysed, and the following average concentrations were found: ash 1.21/100 g, potassium 388 mg/100 g; phosphorus 237 mg/100 g; sodium 60 mg/100 g; magnesium 27 mg/100 g; calcium 8.7 mg/100 g; zinc 10.9 mg/kg; iron 5.56 mg/kg; copper 0.78 mg/kg; and manganese 0.33 mg/kg.

The high potassium and low sodium concentration may make rabbit meat particularly recommended for hypertension diets. Rabbit meat is rich in phosphorus, and 100 g provides approximately 30% of the recommended daily intake. However, rabbit meat provides less zinc and iron than meats of other species. The Galician rabbit meat analysed in this study, shows higher copper and manganese, and lower calcium contents than those found in the literature for rabbit meat of other origins.     

丹凤牡丹花功能性成分及急性毒性的研究

目的测定丹凤牡丹花的功能性成分组成,并研究其急性毒性。方法对丹凤牡丹花的主要功能性成分(蛋白质、抗坏血酸、总黄酮、花色苷、氨基酸及部分微量元素)的含量进行测定。按小鼠20 g/kg·bw给予干丹凤牡丹花提取液,灌胃1次,连续观察14 d,主要观察动物体重及器官变化,记录其死亡情况。结果丹凤干牡丹花的蛋白质、总黄酮(以芦丁计)、总抗坏血酸的含量分别为14.4 g/100 g、36.6 mg/g、117.9 mg/100 g;共检出17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸含量较高,其中谷氨酸含量最高,达到了1.348%,赖氨酸的含量为0.585%;无机元素钾、钠、镁、钙、铁、磷的含量丰富,K/Na比较高;小鼠经口最大耐受剂量大于20 g/kg·bw,按急性毒性分级标准判定为无毒。结论丹凤牡丹花中蛋白质、总黄酮、总抗坏血酸、花色苷、矿物元素钾、钠、镁、钙、铁、磷含量均较高,氨基酸组成优良合理,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸含量较高,且急性经口毒性属无毒,是一种很好的天然保健食品资源。     

Chemical evaluation of nutritive value of the fruit of African starapple (Chrysophyllum albidum)

The nutritive value of African starapple, Chrysophyllum albidum, was evaluated chemically. Chemical analyses were carried out on the peel and the edible pulp. The peel was shown to contain 58·9% moisture, 6·1% protein, 12·4% lipid, 4·6% ash, 62·4% carbohydrate and 14·5% crude fibre. The pulp contained 67·5% moisture, 8·8% protein, 15·1% lipid, 68·7% carbohydrate, 4·0% crude fibre and 3·4% ash.Analysis of the fruit for minerals showed the peel to contain (in mg/100 g dry matter): calcium, 250; potassium, 1175; sodium, 12; copper, 2·0; magnesium, 90; zinc, 3·8; iron, 200; and phosphorus, 76·8. The pulp contained (in mg/100 g dry matter): calcium, 100; potassium, 1175; sodium, 10; copper 2·0; magnesium, 75; zinc, 3·2; iron, 10; and phosphorus, 75·4. The peel contained ascrobic acid 239·1 mg/100 g and the pulp, 446·1 mg/100 g. Some toxicants were shown to be present. The peel contained 264 mg/100 g tannins and the pulp, 627 mg/100 g.The total oxalate content in the peel was 211 mg/100 g and in the pulp, 167 mg/100 g. The hydrocyanic acid content was 5·4 mg/100 g in the peel and 6·8 mg/100 g in the pulp. The phytic acid content was 0·8 mg/100 g in the peel and 1·6 mg/100 g in the pulp.The contribution of the fruit of African starapple to the nutrient requirements of consumers is discussed as well as other possible uses for the fruit.     

Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium content in breakfast cereals: products highly consumed by the spanish population

 In this work is presented a study of the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents in 15 samples of the breakfast cereals that are most consumed by the Spanish population. We have found that they are of varied compositions, both in relation to the number of cereals which are the basis of their formulations, and to the rest of the ingredients added to enrich these products. This results in a wide variation in the macroelements contents, although all are found in significant quantities. In all samples, sodium was the predominant cation, reaching levels above 800 mg/100 g, and magnesium was the most scarce cation, with values ranging between 7 mg/100 g and 67 mg/100 g. Potassium and calcium also varied greatly, the former particulary in those breakfast cereals which contained wheat, and the latter in those enriched with milk or calcium salts. Received: 25 November 1999 / Revised version: 7 February 2000     

新疆莎车大果榅桲果实营养分析及评价

为评估新疆莎车大果榅桲果实营养价值,对榅桲果实单果重、硬度、蛋白质、还原糖、总酸、总黄酮和膳食纤维、10种矿物质及17种氨基酸的含量进行测定,并对其营养价值进行综合评价和比较。结果表明:榅桲中含人体必需17种氨基酸,人体必需氨基酸量1.06 mg/g,占氨基酸总量34%,接近WHO/FAO提出参考模式标准(40%),第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为苏氨酸和亮氨酸;榅桲膳食纤维(3.5 g/100 g)和总黄酮(19.08 mg/g)含量高于新疆常见大宗鲜食水果(苹果、梨),而蛋白质含量(0.25 g/100 g)低,味偏酸(糖酸比T=4.49);10种矿质元素中铜(2.05 mg/kg)、钠(5.91 mg/100 g)、镁(8.31 mg/100 g)、钙(10.76 mg/100 g)和钾(133.66 mg/100 g)含量也高于以上其他水果,尤其Ca/P=0.83,接近健康食品Ca/P=1要求;新疆莎车大果榅桲是营养价值较高的仁果类果品,可进一步开发利用。      

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF MANGO (MANGNIFERA INDICA) SEED KERNEL FROM NIGERIA

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed kernel from Nigeria were analyzed for proximate composition, inorganic ions, amino acid composition, tannin and fatty acid composition. Mango seed kernel had 44.4% moisture content, 6.0% protein, 12.8% fat, 32.8% carbohydrate, 2.0% crude fiber, 2.0% ash and 0.39% tannin. Mango kernel fat contained high amounts of stearic (46.3%) and oleic (40.0%), while palmitic, linoleic, arachidonic and behenic acids were present in small quantities (<6.6%). Of the inorganic ions detected, potassium (365 mg/100 g), phosphorus (140 mg/100 g), magnesium (100 mg/100 g) and calcium (49 mg/100 g) were present in high levels, while iron, sodium, manganese and zinc were present in small levels (< 11.0 mg/100 g). The mango seed kernel is potentially a good source of nutrients for human and animal feed.     

薏苡不同部位营养成分分析及评价

以贵州兴仁县产薏苡的不同部位为研究对象,分析测定其种仁及非种仁部位的营养成分和功能性成分。结果表明：薏苡6个部位的化学成分含量有一定差异,种仁的蛋白质和多糖类物质含量较高,分别为19.33g/100g和2.26g/100g,VE含量为8.66mg/100g;外壳和种皮的粗纤维含量高;根中VB1和VB2含量较高,分别为0.61mg/kg和2.96mg/kg;矿质元素中K、Na、Ca、Mg等常量元素含量较高;种仁和叶中分析出7种必需氨基酸和10种非必需氨基酸,其余部位均为7种必需氨基酸和9种非必需氨基酸;功能性成分分析中,根的薏苡素和总多酚含量最高,分别为1.26mg/g和4.53mg/g,种仁中总黄酮含量最高,为2.26mg/g。脂肪酸分析中,种皮、茎、叶的不饱和脂肪酸相对含量达到70%以上。因此,薏苡不同部位的营养价值和药用价值高,具有很好的开发前景。     

泸州桂圆果肉中微量元素含量分析

目的确定泸州产桂圆肉中微量元素的含量。方法采用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体光谱质谱联用仪和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪对桂圆肉中16种微量元素进行检测。结果泸州本地产桂圆肉中钾平均含量高达20 g/kg;其次是钙和镁,平均约为600 mg/kg;钠的平均含量约40 mg/kg;铁、硼、铜、锌、含量均大于10 mg/kg、锰的含量约为5 mg/kg。同时含有微量的镍、钼、钴、硒、铬、锡;在方法检出限范围内,未检测到钒。结论泸州桂圆中含有人体必需的微量元素,同时含有丰富的钾、钙、镁。     

Physicochemical and melissopalynological characterization of Estonian summer honeys

The samples of 14 honeys, retained from Estonian beekeepers, were analyzed for parameters such as pH, moisture content, free acidity, electrical conductivity, diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content and mineral content, including sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Fructose, glucose and disaccharide content were also identified and fructose/glucose ratio was calculated. In addition melissopalynological analyses were carried out for characterization of honeys. The mean values of analyzed honeys were: pH 3.8; moisture 17.3%; free acidity 20.4 mmol/kg; electrical conductivity 0.2 mS/cm; diastase activity 23.1 DN and HMF was below 3.8 mg/kg. Within the mineral content, potassium was quantitatively the most important mineral in the range of 125.79 to 1381.53 mg/kg followed by calcium of 20.37-63.65 mg/kg, magnesium 5.53-25.49 mg/kg and sodium 4.77- 19.44 mg/kg. The predominant sugar in honey samples was fructose having the mean value of 35.91 g/100 g followed by glucose 35.00 g/100 g. The disaccharide average content was 6.00 g/100 g. The melissopalynological analyzes showed that the most dominant pollens in honey samples were cruciferous (Cruciferae)-mainly rape (Brassica napus); rosacean (Rosaceae)-mainly raspberry (Rubus idaeus); white clover (Trifolium repens); sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) and willow (Salix). The results of honey pollen profile analysis and calculated fructose/glucose ratios (0.89-1.17) both indicated to flower honeys. All of the analyzed honeys were found to meet European Legislation (EC Directive 2001/110) for all parameters.     

Studies on potassium nutrition of plants. I.—Effects of potassium concentration on growth and mineral composition of vegetable seedlings in sand culture

The effect of potassium concentration in the nutrient medium on growth and mineral composition (N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Na) of red beet, cabbage, lettuce and Italian ryegrass in sand culture was investigated. It was shown that the results and those of some earlier workers can be interpreted as a simple linear relationship by means of the equation: where y is plant weight or leaf potassium content, x is potassium concentration in the nutrient medium and a, b and x₀ are constants. Sand-grown plants contained relatively high concentrations of sodium, which played an important part in the maintenance of cation balance under these conditions. In red beet, cabbage and ryegrass, changes in potassium content were almost completely balanced by corresponding changes in sodium content with relative constancy of calcium and magnesium, whereas in lettuce, calcium and magnesium also functioned in maintaining the balance.     

Essential Elements and Cadmium and Lead in Fresh, Canned, and Frozen Green Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Sixteen essential elements, cadmium and lead were determined in fresh, canned, and frozen green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Samples were taken during processing to determine where changes in element content occurred. Canned green beans contained lower concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, but had higher amounts of chloride, nickel, and sodium than fresh beans. No change in silicon was observed. Iron, phosphorus and potassium were lower in frozen than in fresh green beans, but calcium, sodium and zinc were higher. There was no change in chloride, copper, magnesium, manganese and silicon due to freezing. Element retention ranged from 51 - 100% for canned and from 73 - 171% for frozen green beans.     

Physicochemical Characterization of the Strawberry Samples on Regional Basis Using Multivariate Analysis

Six strawberry samples, commercially grown in Pakistan, were studied for physicochemical properties. All samples have high level of water and low contents of ash and volatile compounds. The berry was found to be a good source of potassium (1.14–1.93 g/kg), magnesium (0.12–0.15 g/kg), calcium (79.59–124.11 mg/kg) and sodium (23.51–36.03 mg/kg). The lead and cadmium contents were below the detection limits (1.0 ± 0.1 μg/l for lead and 0.1 ± 0.01 μg/l for cadmium). Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were found to be good statistical tools for the evaluation of the compositional variations with respect to geographical origin.     

野生贯筋藤花的营养特性分析

以野生贯筋藤花为材料,采用相关国家标准规定方法,研究其常规、微量营养成分以及重金属。结果表明,野生贯筋藤花中水分含量为90.67%,蛋白质含量为2.55%,脂肪含量为3.33%,灰分含量为2.07%;野生贯筋藤花富含维生素和矿物质,每100 g中有硫胺素0.134 mg、核黄素0.050 5 mg、VC 63.3 mg;钙、磷、钾、铁、锌、铜含量分别为768、594、5 240、13.7、2.98、1.64 mg/kg。此外,野生贯筋藤花还含有丰富的赖氨酸等必需氨基酸和黄酮类成分,且重金属污染小,绿色无污染。野生贯筋藤花营养丰富、食用价值高、开发潜力较大。     

Nutrient composition of green crab (Carcinus maenus) leg meat and claw meat

Research is underway in New England to examine the potential for initiating a commercial fishery for the invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenus). Information on the nutrient composition is needed to facilitate the processing, utilization, and marketing of value-added green crab products. Green crabs were harvested and individually weighed and measured for carapace width. Claw meat and leg meat samples were picked from steamed crabs, and raw crabs were sampled for claw meat only. Samples were subjected to proximate, mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminium, iron, zinc, copper), cholesterol, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) analyses. Moisture, protein, and total mineral contents of the crab meat averaged 78.7, 17.1, and 2.2 g/100 g, respectively. Leg meat had higher lipid concentrations (1.16 g/100 g) than either steamed (0.62 g/100 g) or raw (0.54 g/100 g) claw meat. Average n-3 fatty acid concentrations ranged from 115 to 336 mg/100 g and 154 to 344 mg/100 g for DHA and EPA, respectively, and were significantly higher in leg meat than in claw meat.     

Protein,Fiber, and Mineral Nutrition of Growing Dairy Goats

Seven yearling Alpine does were in a series of balance trials to determine apparent utilization of fiber, protein, and minerals. The 34 kg does consumed 2.2% body weight of a hay-concentrate ration that was 18.8% crude protein, 40.9% neutral detergent fiber, 24.7% acid detergent fiber, 1.18% calcium, .67% phosphorus, .39% magnesium, .98% potassium, and .48% sodium. Digestion coefficients were 59.5, 68.5, 42.3, 70.6, and 29.3 for dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and acid detergent fiber. Retention (g/day) was: 2.6, 1.3, 2.1, 1.8, and 1.1 for calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Nitrogen intake was related in a positive linear fashion to fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, and absorbed nitrogen. Apparent absorption rates were 2.7, 1.4, 1.3, 5.1, and 3.2 g per doe per day for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Mineral retentions as percent of grams apparently absorbed were 96.2, 88.2, 80.9, 37.7, and 56.0.     

Dioxin concentrations in the edible parts of Japanese common squid and saury

We examined the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) in muscle and gut tissues from Japanese common squid and saury. These body parts are often eaten in Japan, so it is important to measure their dioxin concentrations and evaluate the risks to consumers. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations in the squid gut samples (1.0 to 14 pg-TEQ/g fresh weight, n=3) were 50-fold larger than those in the muscle tissues (0.020 to 0.22 pg-TEQ/g fresh weight, n = 3) taken from the same samples. By contrast, the TEQ concentrations in the saury gut samples (0.35 to 0.63 pg-TEQ/g fresh weight, n=3) were only 1.1- to 1.7-fold greater than those in the muscle tissues (0.33 to 0.37 pg-TEQ/g fresh weight, n= 3) from the same samples. The TEQ contents in the squid gut tissues ranged from 60 to 990 pg-TEQ/squid, accounting for about 95% of the total dioxin content of the edible parts of the samples. By contrast, the TEQ contents in the saury gut tissues ranged from 4.4 to 12 pg-TEQ/saury, accounting for less than 25% of the total dioxin content of the edible parts of the samples. These tissues showed comparable PCDD/PCDF-congener and dioxin-like PCB-isomer profiles in both species. The results indicate that squid gut tissues occasionally contain high levels of dioxins, and consumption of this foodstuff could potentially significantly increase the dietary intake of dioxins.     

木瓜红枣果酒的营养价值与保健作用研究

木瓜红枣果酒营养成分测定表明:木瓜红枣果酒中含有氨基酸、糖类、维生素、矿物质等人体必需的生理活性物质,其中谷氨酸、苏氨酸、脯氨酸、VB2、果糖、钾、钙、钠、铁含量较高。氨基酸总量高达465.10 mg/L,人体必需氨基酸有5种(24.86%);含矿质元素钾1 315.3 mg/L、钙129.4 mg/L、铁10.9 mg/L、硒6.2×10-3 mg/L等;含VB1 9.6×10-4 mg/100 g、VB2 0.078 mg/100 g、总糖40.4 g/L;还含有齐墩果酸7.18 mg/kg、0.48%的黄酮等活性物质。从这些生理活性物质的代谢过程,阐明了木瓜红枣果酒对人体的保健作用。     

Effect of sodium and magnesium fertilisers and irrigation on growth, composition and yield of sugar beet

Field experiments (1968–70) were made to find how sodium and magnesium fertilisers and irrigation affect yield of sugar beet. 0 and 250 kg/ha sodium (as agricultural salt) and 0 and 100 kg/ha magnesium (as kieserite) were tested; also no water and irrigation, to prevent the calculated soil moisture deficit from exceeding 40 mm. The plants contained most sodium during August when plants not given it contained 80 kg/ha and plants given it contained 145 kg/ha. Measured losses of sodium and potassium from the soil equalled the total taken up by the crop. Sodium and irrigation increased the leaf area index and total dry matter of the crop. The average increase in sugar yield was 0·5 t/ha from sodium and 0·68 t/ha from irrigation. From late July onwards, irrigated plants had slightly fewer leaves than unirrigated ones. Plants given sodium had more of their total dry matter in the roots than those not given sodium. The effects of sodium and irrigation were additive. Magnesium fertiliser increased the concentration of magnesium in the plants and their total content, but had no effect on growth, uptake of the other cations or final yield of the crop. It is concluded that sodium increased sugar yield by increasing the leaf area index early in the season and by increasing the proportion of the total dry matter partitioned to the roots; irrigation also appeared to act partly by increasing leaf area index but it also greatly increased the uptake of nutrients.