纤维素的加压热解特性及动力学研究

利用加压热重仪对纤维素进行了热重分析实验,获得了不同升温速率(5,10,20 K/min)和不同压力(0.1,0.5,1,1.5,2 MPa)条件下的热重曲线TG和失重速率曲线DTG,并通过热分析数学方法获得了热解动力学参数。结果表明,在各压力条件下,提高升温速率,纤维素主热解区间均往高温区移动,热解略有加深;在各升温速率条件下,增大压力,主热解区间均往低温区移动,热解时间缩短,剩余残渣百分比增大;在同一升温速率下,随着压力的增大,热解活化能增大,且升温速率越大,活化能随压力增大越明显;在同一压力下,随着升温速率的提高,热解活化能增大,且压力越大,活化能随升温速率增大趋势越明显;在各条件下热解活化能和指前因子存在着较好的补偿效应。     

生物质热解与燃烧特性试验研究

对稻秆的热解特性和燃烧特性进行了热重分析(TG)和差分热重分析(DTG)研究.热解试验中采用高纯氮气作为保护气体.采用升温速率为15 ℃/min、40 ℃/min、100 ℃/min,加热终温800 ℃.燃烧试验在干燥热空气气氛下进行,升温速率40 ℃/min.通过对稻秆热解和燃烧特性的TG和DTG曲线,深入分析稻秆热解、燃烧的基本过程和基本特征.并通过动力学分析获得了不同升温速率下热解和燃烧的活化能和频率因子动力学参数.     

不同升温速率下水煤浆的热解特性分析

采用日本岛津(SSHIMADZU)公司生产的DTG-60H型热重-差热分析仪研究了胜利制浆厂水煤浆在不同升温速率下的热解特性,所采用的升温速率为20℃/min、30℃/min和50℃/min,气体为99.999%的N2,吹扫气体流量为100 ml/min.水煤浆的颗粒粒度分布用德国SYMPA公司SUCELLGL型激光粒度分析仪用湿式方法测得.根据实验数据计算了不同升温速率下水煤浆的热解动力学参数,分析了水煤浆热解特性.结果表明:随着升温速率的增大,水煤浆热解的失重份额和活化能增大,热解特性趋好,放热更集中.     

生物质锯末快速高温热解气化研究

在对木质生物质在0～20℃/min这类较低升温速率条件下的热解特性研究基础上,采用热重分析法并结合TG、DTG曲线研究了干燥锯末在3种不同升温速率下的热解及动力学特性。并计算出活化能、频率因子,分析高升温速率(30、45℃/min)与低升温速率(10℃/min)对锯末热解气化影响的区别。研究结果表明:锯末热解时的最大失重速率随升温速率的升高而增大,在升温速率为45℃/min时达到最大为25.41%/min。在半纤维素热解占主导的阶段,热解反应机理为一级随机成核和随后成长过程,反应的活化能及频率因子随着升温速率的提高呈现先增大后减小的趋势;在纤维素和木质素热解占主导的阶段,热解反应机理为三维球形对称扩散过程,上述2个参数随着升温速率的提高呈现减小的趋势,且较高的升温速率能显著促进锯末挥发物质的析出。     

升温速率对杨木屑热解特性的影响

将杨木屑在不同升温速率（10℃/min,15℃/min,20℃/min,25℃/min和30℃/min）下进行热解,基于TG和DTG、温度特征值、失重率及热解产物产率分析不同升温速率下杨木屑的热解规律,利用FWO法计算热解动力学参数,对精制后的焦油进行GC-MS检测,分析其主要有机成分及变化规律。实验表明,杨木屑样品主要失重的温度区间为210～400℃。杨木屑的失重率与升温速率成正比,升温速率的提高会导致温度延迟现象加重。由FWO法求得杨木屑样品的热解反应活化能平均值为129.9kJ/mol。热解产物产率表明,升温速率提高,固相和气相产物产率降低,液相产物产率提高。GC-MS检测结果表明,精制后的焦油主要成分为醇类、苯酚类、酯类、醛类、酸类、糖类、吡啶、烯烃类等有机化合物,其中随着升温速率的提高,酚类、酸类、醇类和醛类的相对含量下降但酚类的表现最为明显。     

CO_2气氛下劣质煤气化及动力学特性实验研究

利用综合热分析仪以非等温热重法研究了升温速率及粒径对于两种劣质煤粉在CO2气氛下气化反应特性的影响规律,考察了灰分对于两种劣质煤气化反应性的影响,并采用均相反应模型(HM),利用Freeman-Carroll法计算拟合得到各条件下气化反应动力学参数。结果表明:两种劣质煤CO2气化反应级数都是1.0级。反应条件对两种煤样的反应活化能产生了相似的影响:CO2气氛下,在900～1 300℃的样品气化反应区间,当其它条件不变时,随着煤样粒径由150～400μm减小到0～75μm,两种劣质煤样表观活化能呈明显下降趋势;而随着升温速率由30℃/min降至10℃/min,两种煤样反应活化能则在上升。在不同样品粒径及升温速率下,两种煤粉的气化活化能和对应的指前因子之间存在着动力学补偿效应。     

生物质成型燃料热解特性及动力学研究

利用NETZSCH STA409PC型热重-差热分析仪对生物质成型燃料在以10℃/min、20℃/min及30℃/min升温速率下的热解过程进行了热重分析。对TG-T、DTG-T曲线分析,结果表明生物质成型燃料热解过程分为干燥、热解预热、热解与炭化4个阶段,热解过程随着升温速率升高出现热滞后现象。对剧烈失重区间建立了反应动力学模型,求解出此温度区间的表观活化能、频率因子等动力学参数。     

微藻热解特性及其动力学分析

通过热重分析手段研究了杜氏盐藻在室温至900℃下的热解行为和特性,采用高纯氮气作保护气,升温速率分别为5℃/min、10℃/min、20℃/min和40℃/min.TG、DTG曲线的分析表明,热解过程随温度升高经历3个不同阶段.此外,随着升温速率增大,热解的初始温度和峰值温度均增大,且总失重增加.采用等转化速率法和主曲线法对盐藻热解过程进行动力学分析.结果表明,表观热解反应遵循单一动力学机理模型,反应动力学过程为简单级数反应机理模型Fn.求得热解反应表观平均活化能Ea为146.3 kJ/mol,指前因子A为4.28×1013s-1,指数n为2.4.     

废弃柞木段热解特性及其反应动力学研究

以废弃柞木段为研究对象,进行了不同升温速率(5,15,25℃/min)下的热解失重实验以及TG和DTG曲线分析,采用分布活化能模型(DAEM)和一级反应模型研究其反应动力学特性。结果表明,脱水干燥的废弃柞木段热解过程主要分为过渡、挥发分析出和碳化3个阶段,随着升温速率的提高,DTG曲线有向高温侧移动的趋势,不同升温速率下的最大热解速率所对应的温度在360~380℃;采用DAEM得到的主热解阶段活化能为210~260 k J/mol,一级反应模型得到的主热解阶段活化能约为62 k J/mol,两种模型都能够较好地描述废弃柞木段主热解阶段,而DAEM模型更为全面。     

微藻热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重法对裂殖壶藻的热解特性进行分析,升温速率分别为5、10、20、30、40、50℃/min。结果表明:微藻主要失重温度是158~519℃;随着升温速率的增大,主要热解区间的初始温度和最大峰值温度都向高温方向移动,热滞后现象加重。利用等转化率法中的FWO法和Kissinger法求得平均活化能为46.8915 k J/mol。采用主曲线法来确定热解过程的最可几机理函数,热解过程不能由单一的动力学方程描述,这是由于不同升温速率下,热解反应的主要控制因素不同。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.