种植膜在烧碱盐水中的应用

介绍了种植膜过滤设备在盐水精制过程中的使用情况。种植膜过滤器放置在浮上桶后使用,能够满足盐水生产要求。     

氯碱厂盐酸工段扩产改造浅谈

针对氯碱厂盐酸工段原装置存在的问题,提出了改进、扩产的措施和设计方案。     

The integration of production plan and operating schedule in a pharmaceutical pilot plant

In reality, planning and scheduling activities are loosely integrated. In the case of a complex supply chain, it might be too difficult to maintain both long-term and short-term information within one large model. However, in the case of a single facility and relative short time horizon this task becomes feasible. This is the case in a pharmaceutical pilot plant, where a 2- or 3-year planning horizon is the most one would expect due to frequent changes in the products and their demands. In earlier work, we decomposed the pilot plant planning and scheduling problem into long-term planning of resources and short-term scheduling of operations [Computer Aided Process Eng. 8 (2000) 1057]. The long-term plan is mainly concerned with allocation of human resource, such as operators, engineers, chemists, and analysts to projects that have uncertain timelines. The short-term schedule fixes the human resources and considers the scheduling of activities in the pilot plant itself. The algorithm resolves uncertainty in future projects by over-allocating resources so that, on average, resource constraints are met. In this paper, we continue this exploration. In particular, we explore techniques for combining the long- and short-term into one plan without creating undue burden on the solver and the planning group. The uncertainty is a daily life of a pharmaceutical pilot plant. We present a methodology to deal with it without compromising the accuracy of the operating schedule.     

Optimal integration for biodiesel production using bioethanol

The production of biodiesel from algae is optimized using bioethanol following four different transesterification paths: alkali, enzymatic, and heterogeneous catalysts and supercritical conditions. The reactors are modeled using response surface methodology based on experimental results from the literature. These reactor models are implemented together with short‐cut methods for the other equipment (distillation columns, gravity separators, etc.) in order to recover the ethanol, separate the polar and nonpolar phases, and purify the glycerol and biodiesel produced to formulate the problem as a superstructure of alternatives. The aim is to simultaneously optimize and heat integrate the production of biodiesel using ethanol in terms of the reaction technology and the operating conditions. The optimal conditions in the reactors differ from the ones traditionally used because these results take the separation stages into account. In terms of the optimal process, the alkali catalyzed process is the most profitable, while the enzymatic one is also promising due to the lower consumption of energy and water, although it requires significant enzyme cost. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 834–844, 2013     

Plasma assisted nitrogen oxide production from air: Using pulsed powered gliding arc reactor for a containerized plant

The production of NO_x from air and air + O₂ is investigated in a pulsed powered milli‐scale gliding arc (GA) reactor, aiming at a containerized process for fertilizer production. Influence of feed mixture, flow rate, temperature, and Ar and O₂ content are investigated at varying specific energy input. The findings are correlated with high‐speed imaging of the GA dynamics. An O₂ content of 40–48% was optimum, with an enhancement of 11% in NO_x production. Addition of Ar and preheating of the feed resulted in lower NO_x production. Lower flow rates produced higher NO_x concentrations due to longer residence time in the GA. The volume covered by GA depends strongly on the gas flow rate, emphasizing that the gas flow rate has a major impact on the GA dynamics and the reaction kinetics. For 0.5 L/min, 1.4 vol % of NO_x concentration was realized, which is promising for a containerized process plant to produce fertilizer in remote locations. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 526–537, 2018     

Implications for Using Biogas as a Fuel Source for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Internal Dry Reforming in a Small Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

The feasibility of operating a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) on biogas has been studied over a wide compositional range of biogas, using a small tubular solid oxide fuel cell system operating at 850 °C. It is possible to run the SOFC on biogas, even at remarkably low levels of methane, at which conventional heat engines would not work. The power output varies with methane content, with maximum power production occurring at 45% methane, corresponding to maximal production of H₂ and CO through internal dry reforming. Direct electrocatalytic oxidation of methane does not contribute to the power output of the cell. At higher methane contents methane decomposition becomes significant, leading to increased H₂ production, and hence transiently higher power production, and deleterious carbon deposition and thus eventual cell deactivation.     

乙烷质子交换膜燃料电池的研究

研究了以乙烷作为燃料、全氟磺酸高分子膜(Nafion膜)作为质子交换膜、Pt或Pt-Ru作为电极催化剂主要组分、并通过掺杂Nafion膜作为电极内的离子导体构成的燃料电池电化学性能.研究了两种电极催化剂:Pt与Pt-Ru复合催化剂的制备及构成的单电池在不同温度及运行时间下的电化学性能.温度增加,电池性能变好;运行时间增加,电池性能下降,在相同的温度与运行时间下,Pt-Ru复合催化剂构成的电池比Pt催化剂构成的电池极化小.通过分析电极反应产物,探讨了乙烷电极及电池的反应机理.结构为C2H6,( Pt-Ru+膜材料复合阳极)/Nafion膜/(Pt+膜材料复合阴极),O2 的质子交换膜燃料电池,在150℃时,电池的最大输出电流和功率密度分别高达70 mA·cm-2和22 mW·cm-2.     

Injection molding plant for ceramic production

An injection molding plant for the production of long ceramic articles is described, including the functional principle and operating parameters.     

太化公司离子膜碱装置扩建技改小结

介绍了太化公司离子膜法烧碱生产能力由2万t/a扩建至4万t/a过程中自动控制、氯气处理、氯水输送方式、电解槽、蒸发、高纯盐酸等装置的改造。     

Hydrogen Production Using Pd-based Membrane Reactors for Fuel Cells

In this review, recent progress on palladium-based membrane reactors (MRs) is outlined concentrating on the production of pure hydrogen. Various aspects are presented concerning some dehydrogenation reactions as well as an analysis of the palladium based membranes under study and the governing equations. Some critical aspects of non-palladium based membranes are presented. Moreover, some problems related to the effect of contamination of the Pd-based membranes and to the H₂ flux are introduced; the long-term durability problems of inorganic MRs are also discussed.     

离子膜碱扩建中氯处理装置的改造

介绍离子膜碱扩建前后氯处理流程及装置的改造，改造后氯中水含量降低。     

Energy, water and process technologies integration for the simultaneous production of ethanol and food from the entire corn plant

This paper presents simultaneous integration of different technologies such as the traditional dry-grind process to obtain ethanol from grain with the gasification of the corn stover followed by either syngas fermentation or catalytic mixed alcohols synthesis. The optimal integrated process when using the entire corn plant (18 kg/s of grain and 10.8 kg/s of stover) is the one in which the dry-grind technology to process corn grain is integrated with the catalytic path for the corn stover due to the improved integration of energy, requiring only 17 MW of energy, 50 MW of cooling and 1.56 gal/gal of freshwater, for an ethanol production cost of 1.22 $/gal. However, the production cost decreases as we only use stover to produce ethanol, while the grain is used for food due to the lower cost of the stover and the more favorable energy balance of the ethanol production process from gasification.     

Integrated membrane system for pure hydrogen production: A Pd-Ag membrane reactor and a PEMFC

In this work, an integrated system consisting of single stage hydrogen production and a commercial PEMFC was investigated experimentally. The CO-free hydrogen fed to the PEMFC was produced in a Pd-Ag membrane reactor (MR), upgrading a syngas stream with a composition similar to that coming out of a reformer (CO 45%; H₂ 50%; CO₂ 4%; N₂ balance, on dry basis). The performance of the MR was evaluated in terms of CO conversion and H₂ recovery as a function of the feed pressure (up to 600 kPa) and space velocity; no sweep gas was used for promoting the H₂ permeation, since this role was assigned exclusively to the feed pressure.Special attention was paid to the analysis of the integrated system, focusing on the influence of the Pd-Ag MR operating conditions on the electrical performance of the PEMFC. The PEMFC internal crossover was also considered to have an effect on the electrical performance and this was taken into account estimating the PEMFC actual efficiency. Furthermore, the chemical efficiency of the integrated membrane plant was evaluated, considering the H₂ converted into electricity with respect to the total amount of H₂ contained in the feed mixture. An interesting performance was shown by the integrated system since the PEMFC performance was close to the power nominal value.     

5万t/a离子膜法烧碱装置运行总结

介绍了四川泸州鑫福化工有限公司5万t/a离子膜法烧碱装置的运行情况,针对运行中出现的问题,分析原因,并提出相应的解决办法。