How to park freight trains on rail–rail transshipment yards: the train location problem

In modern rail–rail transshipment yards huge gantry cranes spanning all railway tracks allow for an efficient transshipment of containers between different freight trains. This way, multiple trains loaded with cargo for varying destinations can be consolidated to a reduced number of homogeneous trains, which is an essential requirement of hub-and-spoke railway systems. An important problem during the daily operations of such a transshipment yard is the train location problem, which assigns each train of a given pulse to a railway track (vertical position) and decides on each train’s parking position on the track (horizontal position), so that the distances of container movements are minimized and the overall workload is equally shared among cranes. For this problem a mathematical model is presented; different heuristic solution procedures are described and tested in a comprehensive computational study. The results show that our procedures allow for a remarkable reduction of train processing time compared with typical real-world train location policies.     

Track irregularities stochastic modeling

High speed trains are currently meant to run faster and to carry heavier loads, while being less energy consuming and still respecting the security and comfort certification criteria. To face these challenges, a better understanding of the interaction between the dynamic train behavior and the track geometry is needed. As during its lifecycle, the train faces a great variability of track conditions, this dynamic behavior has indeed to be characterized on track portions sets that are representative of the whole railway network. This paper is thus devoted to the development of a stochastic modeling of the track geometry and its identification with experimental measurements. Based on a spatial and statistical decomposition, this model allows the spatial and statistical variability and dependency of the track geometry to be taken into account. Moreover, it allows the generation of realistic track geometries that are representative of a whole railway network. First, this paper describes a practical implementation of the proposed method and then applies this method to the modeling of a particular French high speed line, for which experimental data are available.     

基于行车安全性的高铁桥梁横桥向减隔震体系研究

针对目前最常用的32 m跨径高铁简支梁桥,同时考虑对行车安全不利的路桥过渡段和墩高改变处,对高铁桥梁的行车安全性能进行了评价;分析了铅芯橡胶支座、摩擦摆支座等常规减隔震方案在高铁桥梁中运用的可行性.分析结果表明,采用盆式橡胶支座的高铁桥梁在地震作用下轨道变形和轨道横向加速度较大,无法满足高速运行的列车的行车安全性要求;...     

运行列车引起的周围地面振动规律研究

在京广铁路线附近进行了现场试验,测试分析了速度在21km/h―128km/h范围内运行列车引起的地面振动。结果表明:运行列车引起的地面振动的频率集中在10Hz―100Hz,车速对地面水平向振动的频率有一定影响;地面振动随至振源距离的增大呈波动性衰减;货物列车引起的地面加速度振级在各个方向上均明显大于旅客列车,其差值一般在10dB左右;列车引起的地面竖向振动大于两个方向的水平向振动,竖向振级为60dB―110dB;垂直线路的水平向振级为50dB―95dB;平行线路的水平向振级为55dB―80dB;线路附近的地面振动超过了我国关于环境振动规范的规定,说明运行列车引起的环境振动问题应当引起重视。     

铁路新型钢-混凝土组合桁架桥在列车作用下的动力响应分析

对一种由三角形桁架和混凝土槽形板组成的铁路新型钢－混凝土组合桁架桥建立了车－桥动力相互作用空间分析模型,它由车辆模型和有限元桥梁模型组合而成,以轨道不平顺作为系统的自激激励源。以西安－平凉铁路上的马屋泾河特大桥主桥为工程背景,对这种新型钢-混组合结构的车桥耦合振动进行了动力仿真分析。对桥梁在重载货车、中速客车、高速客车等不同列车荷载工况下的动力响应进行了数值计算,并对桥上车辆的走行性能进行了评价。计算结果表明：该桥式方案能够满足三种类型列车在不同等级车速范围内安全、舒适的运行,可广泛用于我国货运、普通客运及高速铁路     

客运专线轨道不平顺功率谱分析

轨道不平顺是车辆振动的主要激扰源,也是限制列车最高运行速度的主要因素之一,直接关系到列车运行的平稳性、安全性和舒适性。文章以秦沈客运专线轨检车实测轨道不平顺数据为统计样本,基于样本平稳性检验,采用FFT方法进行样本空间的谱估计,并由MATLAB编程得到轨道不平顺谱密度。基于轨道不平顺样本的总体平均,得出了谱密度频率平滑曲线和谱密度曲线拟合表达式,并与我国重载提速干线的谱密度曲线进行了对比分析。在此基础上,对秦沈客运专线的轨道状态进行了评估。     

高架轨道交通噪声的分析与控制技术研究

轨道交通是大城市公共交通方式的首选,其产生的噪声可能污染沿线地区的环境,高架轨道交通噪声的分析、预测和控制成为建造高架轨道交通必须解决的问题。首先用传声器阵列分析了上海轨道交通9号线列车噪声级沿高度的指向性,研究了各1/3倍频程对总噪声的贡献量,归纳了列车等效声功率级与列车速度的关系。然后建立了一套适用于高架轨道交通噪声辐射的预测模型,将列车视作一个移动的均匀线声源,采用单极子和偶极子传播模型拟合轻轨列车的通过噪声,并用高架轨道交通线附近的测量数据,验证了不同测点情形下模型的适用性,为预测高架轨道交通线的噪声辐射提供了一种实用方法。最后,介绍了新开发的道间声屏障和动力吸振阻尼钢轨技术,以及工程应用效果。     

轨道结构在移动荷载作用下的周期解析解

为研究列车振动在地表的传播规律,推导了轨道结构在移动荷载作用下动力响应的解析解形式。文中首先以Duhamel积分为基础,应用动力互等定理,得到了移动荷载作用下,半无限弹性空间体上任意点的动力响应的一般表达式;然后在该式的基础上,针对轨道结构的周期性特点,将荷载沿钢轨的移动问题转化为拾振点以L为周期向反方向跳跃式移动与荷载只在一个轨枕间距L内移动的组合移动问题。以此,将一个从-∞到+∞的积分问题转化为了任意点频域周期解析的叠加问题,从而得到了轨道结构在移动荷载作用下动力响应的新的解析解形式。     

路基注浆对高速铁路轨道-路基体系动力特性的影响

翻浆冒泥是多雨地区铁路路基的常见病害,土颗粒流失后导致道床脱空,影响列车安全运行.高聚物注浆是修复路基翻浆冒泥的有效手段,但注浆对轨道-路基体系动力特性的影响有待进一步研究.通过全比尺无砟轨道路基模型试验重现了列车运行荷载下路基的翻浆冒泥现象,开展了路基注浆驱水和填充加固试验,测定了正常路基、路基翻浆冒泥及注浆修复后等...     

六线双层铁路钢桁桥车桥系统气动特性风洞试验研究

为研究多线双层铁路桥梁车辆与桥梁的气动特性,利用三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,对某六线双层大跨铁路斜拉桥进行节段模型风洞试验。测试了不同车桥组合下车辆与桥梁各自的气动力,研究了单列车的位置、双车同层交会、双车上下层共存时车辆和桥梁气动特性的相互影响,并讨论了风攻角对上层车辆气动力的影响。试验结果表明,当车辆位于桥梁断面不同位置时,车辆气动力差异较大;由于上层桥面宽度较大,气流经过桥梁断面前缘分离后,再附着于较靠后的背风侧车辆,导致背风侧车辆的阻力系数更大;双层车辆共存时,当两者同处于迎风侧,气动力有明显的相互影响;风攻角对背风侧车辆的气动力影响显著。     

地震作用下车辆-轨道系统轮轨动态响应试验研究

为研究地震作用下高速铁路地震预警阈值,进行准静态全尺寸车辆-轨道模型振动台试验研究,对车辆轨道模型施加正弦地震波,试验结果显示《铁道车辆动力学性能评定和试验鉴定规范》中所规定的轮重减载率限值和脱轨系数限值可能偏于保守,且导致列车脱轨的原因是由于地震作用使轨道结构发生大幅的水平向振动,引起车轮发生水平向晃动,致使车辆发生侧向滚摆运动所造成的;接着对车辆轨道模型施加实测地震波,试验结果表明地震波频谱特性对列车运行安全有一定的影响;对车辆轨道模型同时施加水平向和垂向地震波,发现对车辆轨道系统动力响应影响较大的为水平向地震波,垂向地震波则对其影响较小;根据振动台试验模型建立与之对应的多刚体、多自由度三维车辆-轨道数值模型,研究当考虑轨道不平顺时,地震作用下不同车速对列车轮动动力响应的影响,通过数据分析表明,在一定范围内,地震作用下的列车脱轨与列车速度关系不大,为高速铁路地震预警阈值的研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

Enhancing resilience assessment and bus bridging service design for large-scale rail transit systems under disruptions

This paper proposes a more computationally efficient approach for resilience assessment of rail transit system under disruptions. An improved linear programming model is developed to depict commuter flows and estimate system statuses. To address the computational challenge caused by the complexity of system, a four-step approach is proposed based on the proposed commuter flow model. In the first step, Origin-Destination (OD) pairs are divided into smaller groups and their flows under normal conditions are estimated by the proposed model separately, with the assumption that the railway capacity is sufficient relative to demand. Next, overall system statuses under normal conditions, including commuters on each train and spare capacities of each train are calculated by integrating results obtained in the first step. In the third step, system statuses under disruptions are estimated. In this step, we assume that unaffected commuters will not change their routes and flows of all affected commuters are estimated by a modified commuter model with given spare space of trains. Based on these outputs, several critical measures are introduced and calculated to quantify the resilience, resistance, and recovery ability of rail network systematically. We also demonstrate how our approach could be used to facilitate design and evaluation of bus bridging service. The proposed approach is demonstrated on the core part of Hangzhou rail transit network.     

某大跨度公铁两用桁架斜拉桥车桥系统三分力系数风洞试验研究

为研究复杂交通状态下车桥系统的气动特性,对某大跨度公铁两用桁架斜拉桥进行了节段模型风洞试验.测试了不同风攻角下单列车、两列车、三列车通过时车桥系统的三分力.研究了线路位置、桥塔、公路车流、双车及三车交会对车辆和桁梁三分力系数的影响.结果 表明:当单列车从迎风侧线路向背风侧线路移动时,车辆和桁梁的阻力系数逐渐减小,但车辆...     

Dwell-time and run-time control for DC mass rapid transit railways

Dwell times at stations and inter-station run times are the two major operational parameters to maintain train schedule in railway service. Current practices on dwell-time and run-time control are that they are only optimal with respect to certain nominal traffic conditions, but not necessarily the current service demand. The advantages of dwell-time and run-time control on trains are therefore not fully considered. The application of a dynamic programming approach, with the aid of an event-based model, to devise an optimal set of dwell times and run times for trains under given operational constraints over a regional level is presented. Since train operation is interactive and of multi-attributes, dwell-time and run-time coordination among trains is a multi-dimensional problem. The computational demand on devising trains' instructions, a prime concern in real-time applications, is excessively high. To properly reduce the computational demand in the provision of appropriate dwell times and run times for trains, a DC railway line is divided into a number of regions and each region is controlled by a dwell- time and run-time controller. The performance and feasibility of the controller in formulating the dwell-time and run-time solutions for real-time applications are demonstrated through simulations.     

坡道上重载列车纵向冲动研究

针对重载列车实际运用中在复杂纵断面紧急制动时导致列车纵向冲动过大的问题,应用空气制动系统和纵向动力学联合仿真系统,研究重载列车通过坡道时纵向冲动水平,以及坡道上列车制动起始位置、坡道坡度大小和列车制动波速等因素对列车纵向冲动的影响。结果表明列车完全处于同一坡道上坡或下坡制动时与平道时的冲动水平相当。列车在通过平道+上坡或下坡+平道时做紧急制动会产生较大的车钩力压力,1万吨编组列车第40车位于变坡点是最不利的制动起始位置。列车在变坡点的纵向冲动主要受到制动不同步性和坡道坡度两种因素影响,坡道坡度越小,列车的纵向冲动水平越小;提高制动波速能有效减小车钩力。     

Formal specification and validation of railway network components using Z notation

The railway interlocking system, being a safety-critical system, has achieved importance in the railway industry. Advanced technologies are being applied for its modelling, preventing collision and derailing of trains and at the same time allowing efficient movement of trains. In this study, we have applied Z notation by constructing a specification of the critical components of moving block interlocking. Graphs are used for modelling static components and are then integrated with Z to describe its entire state space. At first a real topology is transferred to a model topology in graph theory and then the critical components of the railway network, for example, tracks, switches, crossings and level crossing, are formalised. These components are integrated to define the static part of the system and then dynamic components, the state space of the static part, trains and controls, are integrated to describe the complete system. Formal specification of the system is given using Z and the model is analysed and validated using Z/EVES tool.     

An optimization based decision support system for integrated planning and scheduling on dedicated freight corridors

Empty wagon redistribution, train formation, routing and scheduling are complex problems for large railways, many of which currently have or are planning dedicated freight railway corridors (DFC). DFC operations due to their unique characteristics require research and new models for better operations planning. The rolling-stock, being expensive assets, need to be utilised in an optimal manner while meeting service quality levels. Motivated by Indian DFC, we present an integer programming formulation of the dynamic problem of empty distribution and train scheduling in DFC and discuss associated modelling issues. By unifying the separate problems into a single and dynamic model, we have developed a framework for more effective rolling stock utilisation. Based on this optimization model, an interactive decision support system is proposed for better decision-making on rolling-stock allocation and train scheduling. Extensive experiments and systematic analyses for a case of Indian DFC highlight the potentialities and effectiveness of the proposed DSS for DFC operations planning and management.     

高速铁路路堤-路堑过渡段复杂风场和列车气动效应风洞试验研究

中国地形地貌复杂多变,线路交替必不可少,为了探究高速铁路路堤-路堑过渡区域的列车气动效应和复杂风场,该文建立了大比例试验模型,采用风洞试验的方法对线路上方不同位置处的风速剖面和线路不同位置处的车辆气动力进行了测试。试验结果表明：路堤-路堑过渡段对气流的影响范围在轨道上方250 mm以内;线路交界处上方较低区域的风剖面由路堑主导,较高区域受路堤主导;风速变化对列车沿线移动的气动力变化趋势影响不大;在过渡区域,线路交界处附近对行车安全最不利,且路堤侧更为不利;受雷诺数效应的影响,气动力系数整体上随风速的增大而减小。     

地震作用下千米级高速铁路悬索桥行车安全性研究

为研究地震作用下超大跨铁路悬索桥桥上列车的行车安全问题,以某主跨为1 120 m的公铁两用悬索桥方案为研究对象,采用虚拟横梁法建立了全桥梁格模型,并通过板梁组合模型验证了梁格模型的正确性。在此基础上,通过输入7条地震波,采用自主编制的列车-轨道-桥梁-地震分析程序TTBSAS进行仿真计算,研究了一致激励、行波激励下悬索桥-列车系统的动力响应特征,分析了列车过桥时的行车安全性。结果表明:对于悬索桥-列车系统,地震对桥梁和轨道动力响应的影响大于车辆;横向地震除了使钢桁梁主梁及桥上轨道发生大幅横向振动外,还会诱发主梁的附加扭转振动;不考虑地震行波效应会严重低估列车的行车安全性指标。对于这些计算条件,桥上列车行车安全性研究的最不利行波波速为500 m/s,在0.15g设计地震作用下列车通过主跨1 120 m悬索桥时的安全车速阈值为300 km/h。     

Effect of consecutive driving on accident risk: A comparison between passenger and freight train driving

This study combined driver-responsible accidents with on-board driving hours to examine the effect of consecutive driving on the accident risk of train operations. The data collected from the Taiwan Railway Administration for the period 1996–2006 was used to compute accident rates for varied accumulated driving hours for passenger and freight trains. The results showed that accident risk grew with increased consecutive driving hours for both passenger and freight trains, and doubled that of the first hour after four consecutive hours of driving. Additional accident risk was found for freight trains during the first hour due to required shunting in the marshalling yards where there are complex track layouts and semi-automatic traffic controls. Also, accident risk for train driving increased more quickly over consecutive driving hours than for automobile driving, and accumulated fatigue caused by high working pressure and monotony of the working environment are considered to be the part of the reason. To prevent human errors accidents, enhancing safety equipment, driver training programs, and establishing a sound auditing system are suggested and discussed.