气固两相流中局部颗粒质量流率的测量新方法

Previous works have shown that the suction probe cannot be used to accurately measure the upward and downward particle fluxes independently. A new method using a single optical probe to measure the local solid flux is presented. The measurement of upward, downward and net solid fluxes was carried out in a cold model circulating fluidized bed (CFB) unit. The result shows that the profile of the net solid flux is in good agreement with the previous experimental data measured with a suction probe. The comparison between the average solid flux determined with the optical measuring system and the external solid flux was made, and the maximum deviationturned out to be 22%, with the average error being about 6.9%. These confirm that the optical fiber system can be successfully used to measure the upward, downward and net solid fluxes simultaneously by correctly processing the sampling signals obtained from the optical measuring system.     

下行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度

在较宽的操作条件范围内采用光纤颗粒浓度探头测定了下行管(φ100 mm×9.5 m)充分发展段内的真实颗粒浓度,并结合文献上的大量实验数据,系统研究了操作条件、颗粒直径和床层直径对下行气固两相流充分发展段内真实颗粒浓度的影响.结果表明,当操作气速一定时,充分发展段内的颗粒浓度随着颗粒循环速率的增大而线性增加.颗粒直径对下行床充分发展段内颗粒浓度的影响随操作气速的增加而逐渐减弱.床层直径对下行床充分发展段内的颗粒浓度基本上没有影响.所提出的预测关联式能很好地拟合本文及文献上的实验数据.     

气固两相流中颗粒时均速度的测量新方法

根据互相关测速技术提出了一种测量颗粒时均速度的新方法，与Aguillon和Nieuwland提出的方法相比，本方法不仅考虑了采样时间内向上及向下运动颗粒微元体的速度和数量变化，而且还考虑了所测颗粒微元体的浓度变化. 为了比较几种测量方法间的差别，采用PV4A型光纤测量仪，在循环流化床冷态实验装置上测量了不同操作条件下的颗粒速度，并对3种方法的计算结果进行了对比. 结果表明，在高气速、低颗粒浓度条件下，3种方法计算的颗粒时均速度相差较小，而在低气速、高颗粒浓度条件下，3种方法计算的颗粒时均速度相差较大，并且本文方法所计算的颗粒质量流率与实际测量值最接近.     

相平衡和径向分布函数(Ⅰ)——相平衡的质量通量准则

提出了描述相际分子转移行为的双阻力物理模型,并给出每项阻力的计算方法;导出一相中的分子向另一相转移的质量通量的计算公式;提出了相平衡的质量通量准则以代替化学位准则,并因此得到两相平衡时的密度关系方程;该方程用于预测液体的蒸气压并取得较好的结果。     

快速流化床中颗粒浓度及颗粒速度的径向分布

本文在φ140mm的气固并流下行快速流化床中,研究了颗粒浓度及颗粒速度的径向分布随操作气速、颗粒循环速率以及床层轴向位置的变化规律。并探讨了颗粒质量通量的径向分布及颗粒流动的均匀性,表明在相同操作条件下,下行快速流化床中气固流动远比上行快速流化床均匀。     

高颗粒通量循环流化床的构型作用

In order to achieve high solids circulation rate (G_s),an idea of coupling a moving bed to the bottom section of the riser of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) was proposed and tested.The results from the preliminary study demonstrated that the solids circulation rate in the new-structure bed approached 370 kg·m^-2·s^-1 at superficial gas velocities around 10.5 m·s^-1 for sand particles with an average Sauter mean size of 378 μm.This study was devoted to further justifying the effects of the coupled moving bed by performing comparative studies in two CFBs with conventional configurations.It was shown that the pressure at the riser bottom and the realized solid circulation rate were only about 15 kPa and 230 kg·m^-2·s^-1 in the two conventionally configured CFBs,obviously lower than 25 kPa and 370 kg·m^-2·s^-1 in the moving bed coupled CFB.These verified that the coupled moving bed increased the force driving particles form the particle recycling side into the riser.The study further tested the effect of a few specially designed riser exit configurations,revealing that a smooth riser exit could facilitate solids circulation to increase the solids circulation rate.     

耦合粗粒化离散颗粒法和多相物质点法的气固两相流模拟

在气固两相流动的模拟中严格处理颗粒运动和颗粒相互作用时,欧拉?拉格朗日(EL)方法比欧拉?欧拉(EE)方法更具优势。但传统的EL方法仅能处理少量颗粒。将颗粒群作为单个计算颗粒处理可扩大模拟规模,粗粒化离散颗粒法(CG-DPM)和多相物质点法(MP-PIC)是其中两种主要方法,分别更适用于稠密和稀疏的颗粒流体系统。将两种方法耦合建立了更通用、准确和有效的EL方法,比较了不同耦合参数下流型、固相分率分布等定量信息,确定了最佳耦合参数。     

原料颗粒形状对粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜通量的影响

以球形颗粒和非球形颗粒粉煤灰为原料,制备了对称陶瓷膜。讨论了膜的渗透性能。结果表明,膜的纯水通量和成膜颗粒的球形度成正比,球形颗粒制备的陶瓷膜平均孔径0.94μm,在0.1 MPa的跨膜压差下,纯水通量为11 306 L/(m²·h),为非球形颗粒制备的陶瓷膜通量的1.13倍。球形颗粒粉煤灰同时表现出低成本原料优势和高通量颗粒形状优势。     

原料颗粒形状对粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜通量的影响

以球形颗粒和非球形颗粒粉煤灰为原料,制备了对称陶瓷膜。讨论了膜的渗透性能。结果表明,膜的纯水通量和成膜颗粒的球形度成正比,球形颗粒制备的陶瓷膜平均孔径0.94μm,在0.1 MPa的跨膜压差下,纯水通量为11 306 L/(m~2·h),为非球形颗粒制备的陶瓷膜通量的1.13倍。球形颗粒粉煤灰同时表现出低成本原料优势和高通量颗粒形状优势。     

提升管中颗粒局部流率和速度的改进的光纤测量方法

在一套高约18 m、内径φ100 mm的提升管冷态实验装置上,根据PV-6D光纤探头的测量结果,提出了一种基于整个采样时间计算提升管颗粒局部流率和速度的改进方法,并与文献方法进行了对比。结果表明,两种方法计算的颗粒局部流率和速度相差较大,本文和文献两种方法计算的截面平均颗粒流率与实测值间的最大、最小和平均相对偏差分别为606.9%、241.3%,221.4%、89.5%和388.9%、145.6%,本文方法测量的颗粒流率偏差相对较小。文献方法计算的截面平均颗粒速度均大于操作气速,其气固间滑落速度和滑落系数分别在-1.6～-4.7 m·s^-1及0.56～0.90间变化,与提升管内的气固实际流动存在很大差别;本方法计算的截面平均颗粒速度均小于操作气速,其气固间滑落速度和滑落系数分别在0.6～9.6 m·s^-1及1.11～2.14间变化。反射型光纤探头在测量颗粒浓度时存在的一些问题是导致本文方法测量的颗粒流率、滑落速度和滑落系数偏大的主要原因。此外,根据光纤测量结果,提出了两个计算提升管颗粒循环强度的关系式,可以替代现有的容积法测量。     

采用拉格朗日法与欧拉法模拟旋风筒内气固两相流的对比研究

为了研究颗粒相对于水泥生产预分解系统中旋风筒内两相流场的影响,分别使用不考虑颗粒影响的拉格朗日单向耦合方法与考虑颗粒影响的欧拉多相流方法对6000T/D预热器C1级旋风筒进行气固两相流的数值模拟,旋风筒颗粒出口处边界条件的处理采用了灰斗出口算法,该算法将锥筒出口到颗粒出口之间的空间中气流的轴向压降定义为只受重力影响,实现挡风板的作用.模拟结果与现场数据对比表明:拉格朗日单向耦合方法与欧拉多相流方法均可以精确的捕捉到旋风筒内部流体的流动情况,压力场分布相似,欧拉多相流方法下的流场速度分布更加合理,收尘效率精确度较高.     

Solids Holdup of High Flux Circulating Fluidized Bed at Elevated Pressure

Experimental studies on the solids holdup of a high‐flux circulating fluidized bed (HFCFB) at an operating pressure up to 0.5 MPa were carried out. The effects of operating pressure, solids mass flux and superficial gas velocity on the solids holdup distribution were systematically tested. It was found that the solids holdup at elevated pressure increases with increasing solids mass flux but decreases with increasing superficial gas velocity, which is similar to the trends at atmospheric condition. As a result, the condition of a high‐density circulating fluidized bed (HDCFB), i.e., solids holdup in everywhere of the riser is larger than 10 %) is easier to be achieved at elevated pressure than in a HDCFB operated at atmospheric pressure. In the current work, the condition of a full HDCFB with Geldart group B particles has been achieved successfully at 0.5 MPa.     

上行气固两相流充分发展段颗粒浓度关联及预测

在高度分别为15.1m和10.5m的两套实验装置上,对快速流态化到稀相气力输送流型下提升管内的轴向压力梯度进行了系统测试,以研究提升管充分发展段内不同颗粒的浓度变化及其与操作参数的关系。实验在其中175组操作条件下展现出明显的充分发展段(>2.8m)。结果表明,表观气速在3~8m?s-1之间变化时,对充分发展段颗粒浓度随终端颗粒浓度的变化关系影响显著,但当表观气速>8m?s?1或<3m?s?1时,其对充分发展段颗粒浓度随终端颗粒浓度线性增加的关系影响极弱;在此基础上提出的预测关联式更明确地反映了操作条件等因素对充分发展段颗粒浓度的定量影响关系,其计算结果与本实验和相关文献的实验数据吻合良好。     

用扩散流动模型分析悬浮床内的气固两相向上流动

A mathematical model of two-dimensional turbulent gas-particle two-phase flow based on the modified diffusion flux model (DFM) and a numerical simulation method to analyze the gas-particle flow structures are developed. The modified diffusion flux model, in which the acceleration due to various forces is taken into account for the calculation of the diffusion velocity of particles, is applicable to the analysis of multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow. In order to verify its accuracy and efficiency, the numerical simulation by DFM is compared with experimental studies and the prediction by κ-ε-κp two-fluid model, which shows a reasonable agreement. It is confirmed that the modified diffusion flux model is suitable for simulating the multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow.     

A Numerical Sirnulation of Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flow in a Suspension Bed Using DifFusion Flux Model

A mathematical modei of two-dimensional turbulent gas-particle twophase flow based on the modified diffusion flux modei (DFM) and a numerical simulation method to analyze the gas-particle flow structures are developed. The modified diffusion flux modei, in which the acceleration due to various forces is taken into account for the calculation of the diffusion velocity of particles, is applicable to the analysis of multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow. In order to verify its accuracy and efficiency, the numerical simulation by DFM is compared with experimental studies and the prediction by k-ε-kp two-fluid modei, which shows a reasonable agreement. It is confirmed that the modified diffusion flux modei is suitable for simulating the multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow.     

石油焦燃烧器环流混合段内床层的轴向密度分布

采用气-固环流反应器与输送床烧焦管相结合的结构形式,建立了一套适应石油焦或气化余焦燃烧要求的大型冷态实验装置. 在不同操作条件下,采用差压变送器测定了环流混合段内环区及外环区内床层轴向压力梯度及密度的分布规律. 结果表明,内环床层密度分布可分为底部密相区和上部湍流扩散区;内环颗粒循环强度对底部密相区的密度分布影响较小,只对导流筒上部湍流扩散区有影响;随着内环表观气速的增大,整个内环床层密度均降低. 外环床层密度分布与内环的表观气速、颗粒循环强度和外环床层密相料位高度有关. 利用实验数据回归出了内环和外环轴向颗粒密度分布的经验模型,其计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

16m高气固提升管中的压力梯度与流动行为研究

在较宽操作条件范围对16m高提升管中气－固两相流（空气－FCC颗粒）的压力梯度进行了实验测试,进一步揭示了快速流态化和密相气力输送这两种流动形态的动力学特征及其与操作参数的关系。结果表明,在表观气速增大的过程中气固提升管中的轴向压力梯度并非总是不断趋于均匀分布;提升管高度对快速流态化到密相气力输送状态的过渡有重要影响,对于给定的表观气速,提升管高度增加将使过渡点所应的颗粒循环量和床层颗粒浓度都减小。本实验条件下所有过滤点对应的床层颗粒浓度较为一致,平均为0．0104,并由此得到过渡点操作参数Ug与Gs的关联式。本文研究表明,在以往工作基础上进一步研究提升管高度对流动行为的影响极有必要。     

气液两相流流型识别新方法研究

基于电容层析成像技术(ECT),提出一种快速在线气液两相流流型识别新方法。实验表明,该方法简便易行,对于层状流、环状流、核心流以及塞状流均具有较高的识别准确率,可以满足工业在线运行需要。