铝锂合金的时效研究

本文研究了铝锂合金(8090)时效过程中组织与性能之间的关系。190℃时效析出相的顺序可能是α_(ss)→α+δ′→α+δ′+T_1+S′→α+δ′+T_1+S′+θ′+T_2。当T_1和S′相析出时,强度和延伸率都提高,过时效后,由于θ′和T_2相析出,性能下降。     

预变形对Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金的第二相析出及力学性能的影响

采用维氏硬度、常温拉伸及透射电子显微镜等测试手段,研究了不同预变形状态对Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金中第二相析出行为及力学性能的影响。结果表明,未经预变形的峰值时效态Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金的析出相有T_1(Al_2CuLi)相、θ′(Al_2Cu)相,且存在极少量的χ(Al_5Cu_6Li_2)相。预变形的引入使T_1相的析出量显著增加,同时抑制了θ′相的形成,但对χ相的析出量的影响却较小。由此可知,经预变形的合金在峰值时效态的析出相以细小弥散的T_1相为主。经定量统计可知,预变形量越大,作为主要析出相的盘片状T_1相的直径越小,但厚度及体积分数几乎保持不变。此外,随着预变形量的增大,峰值时效态合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度升高,塑性降低。     

时效时间对一种新型Al-Cu-Li系合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了时效时间对一种新研制的Al-Cu-Li系合金组织性能的影响。研究发现:在不同时效状态下,该合金析出了δ′,T1,θ′,θ″,σ等第二相,时效过程中析出T1相始终保持稳定的数量和尺寸,θ″相随着时效的进行不断减少并且最终消失。力学性能随着析出相的种类和数量的不同而改变,T1相对合金起到了很好的强化效果,δ′相和θ′相的复合强化有效地改善了合金的力学性能,σ相对该合金的强化作用优于θ′相。     

液态动压实铝锂合金在时效过程中的结构转变

采用液态动压实(LDC)工艺制备的四种铝锂合金在时效过程中强化相的析出规律进行了研究。用 TEM 观察了析出相在晶内、亚晶界和位错上的析出分布。结果表明:四种合金的共同析出相为δ′(Al_3Li),β′(Al_3Zr)和δ′(Al_3Li)的复合析出相。改变合金中的铜、镁、锂含量,对强化相θ′(Al_2Cu),T_1(Al_2CuLi)和 S′(Al_2CuMg)的形成有较大的影响。同时也发现在190℃时效有利于β′+δ′复合相,S′和 T_1相的析出.     

Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr合金显微组织的研究

本文采用透射电镜系列倾转,选区电子衍射及会聚束电子衍射技术,系统研究了一种Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr合金中的显微组织。结果表明,该合金中的主要强化相为δ′相,其生长符合粗化动力学。β′相可作为δ′相的核心,并加快其析出速率;合金中的另一主要强化相为s′相。s′相单体为板条状,许多平行生长的s′相单体拼合在一起形成片状的s′相板条群。s′相单体的惯习面为{210}_α,沿<100>_α方向长大,但s′相的片状板条群却躺在{110}_α面上;T_1′相在时效组织中占的体积分数很小,在该合金中不是主要强化相;长时间时效后在晶界上主要形成T_2相。     

2090+Ce铝锂合金时效组织形成及其强化机制

以2090铝锂合金作为参照,细致地观察了2090+Ce铝锂合金时效组织特征及其形成规律。首次利用图形分析等手段,对比研究了2090和2090+Ce铝锂合金中沉淀相尺寸分布规律,通过对两合金中δ′相和T_1相生长、粗化行为的研究,探讨了微量稀土Ce的作用机制。研究中发现添加微量稀土Ce,对时效初期δ′相的生长有一定的抑制作用,而对T_1相的析出却有一定的促进作用,其T_1相表现出较小的长厚比。在深入观察2090+Ce合金位错组态特征的基础上,计算了δ′相、T_1相的强化贡献及其综合效应。发现合金中位错组态随时效条件发生变化。T_1相与位错间的交互作用形式是切过和绕过的混合型,两相复合强化形式与时效时间有关。对比研究了2090和2090+Ce铝锂合金板材屈服强度各向异性及其形变织构、人工时效等因素的影响作用,探究了沉淀相强化作用与两合金板材屈服强度各向异性间的内在联系以及微观形变和断裂特征随取向角、时效条件的变化。结果表明T_1相等沉淀相对铝锂合金屈服强度各向异性以及断裂特征有着直接的影响,并提出了一修订的塑性内合物模型。     

预轧制变形电场时效对1420Al-Li合金组织与性能的影响

对预轧制变形的1420Al-Li合金进行了电场时效处理，并研究了预轧制变形电场时效对Al-Li合金力学性能的影响，利用透射电镜观察和分析了合金的显微组织。试验结果表明，经预轧制变形的1420Al-Li合金在时效时，随时效时，随时效时间的延长或提高时效温度，使δ‘析出相尺寸增大；随预轧制变形量的增加，合金中位错密度提高，但预轧制对析出的δ‘相数量及尺寸没有明显的影响；预轧制变形电场时效可以显著提高合金的强度，采用适当的变形量及电场时效工艺可获得良好的强塑性配合。     

强电场对预拉伸变形1420合金时效行为的影响

对１４２０ 铝锂合金进行预拉伸变形电场时效处理,并运用透射电镜、拉伸试验研究了强电场对１４２０ 合金的显微组织以及力学性能的影响．结果表明：强电场使δ′相数量增多,而且细小弥散化,可以显著提高合金的强度．但是由于强电场的作用使晶界无析出带加宽,晶界平衡相变得粗大,所以合金延伸率降低．只要选择适当的电场强度就可以使合金的强度达到很高,塑性也较好．     

回归再时效中预时效温度对7050铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度测试、电导率测试、慢应变速率拉伸、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法,研究了回归再时效热处理工艺中预时效温度对7050铝合金微观组织和应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随着预时效温度升高,回归再时效后7050铝合金晶内析出相从以GP区为主转变为以η′相为主,晶界析出相逐渐粗化,晶界变得不连续分布,合金应力腐蚀敏感性降低;但晶界无沉淀析出带宽度增加,120℃时达到140nm,易导致应力集中和阳极溶解,合金抗应力腐蚀性能下降。预时效温度为80℃,即稍微欠时效时,7050铝合金抗应力腐蚀性能较好,在缓慢应变速率(10-6s-1)和3.5%NaCl溶液腐蚀介质下,合金抗拉强度为473.5MPa,伸长率为10.67%,应力腐蚀指数为0.05824。     

热处理对铸造Ti15-3合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

借助光学显微分析、ＴＥＭ和ＳＥＭ分析手段研究了不同热处理工艺对Ｔｉ１５－３合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：合金在铸态时的组织特征为粗大的β相,由于合金中没有析出相的弥散强化作用,因而合金的强度低,在不同温度时效处理后,在晶内和晶界析出α相,随着时效温度和时效时间的增加,析出相不断粗化,与铸态相比,合金时效后强度大幅度提高而处伸率大幅度下降,在变形过程中,合金中的位错在析出相周围形成缠结,合     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from