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1.
Mono- and polyestolides, made from oleic acid, meadowfoam oil fatty acids and erucic acid, were subjected to biodegradation
with mixed cultures of Penicillium verucosum, Mucor racemosus, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Fermentations were continued for 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 d. Meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids, oleic acid and soybean oil
were also biodegraded under the same conditions. After 10 d, oleic acid and soybean oil were degraded 99.8 and 99.2%, respectively;
meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids were degraded 89.0 and 97.7%, respectively. After 30 d, oleic acid-derived poly- and monoestolides
were degraded 98.6 and 90.0%, respectively, meadowfoam estolides were degraded 75.7%, and erucic acid estolides were degraded
84.0%. 相似文献
2.
Melissa S. Mund Terry A. Isbell 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(10):1189-1200
Chloroalkoxy substituted C20 and C22 fatty acids can be synthesized from the unsaturated fatty acids in meadow-foam oil by reaction of the fatty acids with primary
or secondary alcohols and an aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution (commercial bleach). The reactions are conducted at room
temperature for 3 h. Chlorohydroxy fatty acid derivatives are formed as by-products owing to the presence of water in the
reaction mixture. Chlorinated δ-lactones are also produced by direct reaction of sodium hypochlorite with the Δ5 unsaturated
fatty acids present in meadowfoam or by ring closure of the 6-chloro-5-hydroxy fatty acids. The product yield of chloroalkoxy
fatty acids is dependent on the nature and volume of the alcohol used in the reaction, as well as the concentration and pH
of the sodium hypochlorite solution. Primary alcohols such as methanol and butanol produce maximal yields (50–60%) of chloroalkoxy
fatty acids whereas the secondary alcohol 2-propanol gives a 30% yield. Chloroalkoxy fatty acid yields can be increased to
75–80% by elimination of water from the reaction mixture through a procedure that partitions sodium hypochlorite from water
into hexane/ethyl acetate mixtures. All of the reaction products were fully characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 相似文献
3.
Meadowfoam fatty acids (83% monoenoic fatty acid), reacted with 0.01–0.1 mole equivalents of perchloric acid, gave 33–71% yield of estolide, an oligomeric 2° ester, resulting from self condensation. Equimolar amounts of perchloric acid to fatty acid failed to produce estolide but converted the fatty acids to a mixture of lactones, mainly γ-eicosanolactone. Temperature plays a critical role; higher temperatures (75–100°C), at the same acid concentration, provide lactones while lower temperatures (20–65°C) yield estolides. Lower acid levels (<0.1 mole equivalents) gave the best yields (≈70%) at 65°C. The estolide and monomer were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The estolide is a mixture of oligomers with an average distribution near 1.65 ester units. The ester linkages are located mainly at the original double bond positions but have some positional isomerization to adjacent sites in accord with carbocation migration along the alkyl chain. The residual double bond of the estolide was extensively isomerized fromcis totrans and positionally along the chain. The distilled monomer is similar in structure to the unsaturated portion of the estolide with geometrical and positional double bond isomerization. In addition, a significant amount of cyclization of the fatty acids to lactone (≈30%) had occurred. 相似文献
4.
Selim M. Erhan Robert Kleiman Terry A. Isbell 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(6):671-674
Estolides are formed when the carboxylic acid group of one fatty acid forms an ester link at the site of unsaturation of another
fatty acid. These compounds have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, such as lubricants, greases, plastics,
inks, cosmetics, and surfactants. By manipulating the reaction equilibrium, yields of 20% estolide in clay-catalyzed estolide
reactions have been increased to 30%. Reactions conducted at 180°C, where water was vented out of the reactor at specific
times, not only gave dimer-free estolides but also yields up to 30%. Steam has also been used instead of water with similar
results. Estolides were quite stable at temperatures up to 250°C, even when they were exposed to air. 相似文献
5.
The isolation and recovery of fatty acids with Δ5 unsaturation from meadowfoam oil by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis and esterification 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This report examines the use of lipases for isolating fatty acids with Δ5 unsaturation from the seed oil ofLimnanthes alba, or meadowfoam. Seven lipase types and three enzyme configurations (immobilized, “free” and reversemicellar encapsulated)
were examined. All lipases discriminated against Δ5 acids to varying degrees, but the degree of discrimination was independent
of enzyme configuration. Lipase-catalyzed esterification of meadowfoam oil’s free fatty acids was much more successful for
isolating Δ5 acyl groups than was lipolysis. For example, esterification directed byChromobacterium viscosum lipase yielded a free fatty acid product containing >95% of the Δ5 acyl groups at >99% purity. 相似文献
6.
Terry A. Isbell Robert Kleiman Selim M. Erhan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(12):1177-1183
The monomers produced from thermal high-pressure conversion of meadowfoam or oleic acids into estolides were characterized
as a complex mixture of fatty acids. Mild reaction conditions produced little change in the starting acids. However, vigorous
reaction conditions,e.g. ≥3 h at 250°C with stirring, significantly altered the starting fatty acids.Cis/trans isomerization occurred readily, with the proportion oftrans isomers reaching 57%. In addition, the double bonds migrated throughout all positions of the hydrocarbon chain with concentrations
diminishing outward from the starting double bond position. Branching was also observed to a small extent under these conditions
and was even more pronounced in the absence of water. Lactones were also identified in the reaction mixture, with contents
near 16% in the meadowfoam series. All products can be explainedvia carbocation rearrangement mechanisms that result from protonation of the starting olefins. 相似文献
7.
Secondary ethers can be obtained from meadow-foam-derived delta lactones or 5-hydroxy fatty acids by using Lewis or Brønsted acid catalysts in good yield (70–90%). The conversion of δ-lactone or 5-hydroxy fatty acid to 5-ethers is performed under atmospheric pressure between 67 and 125°C with 0.5–6.4 mole equivalents of acid catalyst in the presence of 2–40 equivalents of alcohol and a reaction time of 1–140 h. Acid catalysts include mineral acids, such as perchloric and sulfuric; Lewis acids, such as boron trifluoride; and heterogeneous catalysts, such as clays and ion-exchange resins. Primary alcohols, such as methanol, butanol, decanol, and oleyl alcohol, or branched-chain alcohols, such as 2-ethylhexanol, can be used to make secondary ether fatty esters. The 5-ether fatty esters and the process for their formation have not been previously known and appear to be limited to structures where stabilized cations can be formed. The novel ethers were fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 相似文献
8.
Thomas A. Foglia Kerby C. Jones Philip E. Sonnet 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2000,102(10):612-617
The lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of castor, coriander, and meadowfoam oils was studied in a two‐phase water/oil system. The lipases from Candida rugosa and Pseudomonas cepacia released all fatty acids from the triglycerides randomly, with the exception of castor oil. In the latter case, the P. cepacia lipase discriminated against ricinoleic acid. The lipase from Geotrichum candidum discriminated against unsaturated acids having the double bond located at the Δ‐6 (petroselinic acid in coriander oil) and Δ‐5 (meadowfoam oil) position or with a hydroxy substituent (ricinoleic acid). The expression of the selectivities of the G. candidum lipase was most pronounced in lipase‐catalyzed esterification reactions, which was exploited as part of a two‐step process to prepare highly concentrated fractions of the acids. In the first step the oils were hydrolyzed to their respective free fatty acids, in the second step a selective lipase was used to catalyze esterification of the acids with 1‐butanol. This resulted in an enrichment of the targeted acids to approximately 95—98% in the unesterified acid fractions compared to the 70—90% content in the starting acid fractions. 相似文献
9.
The 20% yields of estolides prepared from oleic acid and meadowfoam oil fatty acids are improved when the montmorillonite
clay catalysts are modified to increase their activity. Changes we explored included acidifying the clay, treating to increase
the surface area of clay to introduce new active sites, and decreasing the ionic character of the clay surface to enhance
adsorption of the fatty acids. We also evaluated the use of higher levels of clay in the reactions. Clays treated with Fe3+ salts increase the estolide yield from 21 to 27%, a 28% increase. Clay catalysts were also treated with surface-active reagents.
The most active were cationic surfactants, and montmorillonite clays treated with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride increased
the estolide yield to 30%. Estolide yields could not be improved beyond 30% by increasing the amount of clay. However, nitrogen
sparging increases the efficiency of stirring and increased the estolide yield to 35% estolide. 相似文献
10.
Meadowfoam fatty acids, when treated with mineral acid catalysts in the presence of polar nonparticipating solvents, undergo
a facile ring closure to form δ-lactones. Perchloric and sulfuric acids catalyze the cyclization at concentrations of 0.6–13
mole equivalents, both neat and in the presence of solvent. Under constant acid concentrations, methylene chloride was found
to increase the rate of reaction, the regioselectivity for the formation of δ-lactone, and the overall yield. In the absence
of solvent, increased acid concentration improved the yield of lactone but reduced regioselectivity for the δ-isomer. Solvent
polarity plays a significant role in the regioselectivity of the cyclization for δ-lactone, with solvents of higher dielectric
strength providing larger δ/γ ratios (38:1) and higher yields up to 92%. 相似文献
11.
Kenneth D. Carlson Bliss S. Phillips Terry A. Isbell Terry C. Nelsen 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(10):1429-1436
As part of a program to improve meadowfoam seed processing, the authors examined the effects of seed moisture, seed temperature,
and flaking roll opening on oil extraction efficiency in meadowfoam flakes. Flakes were prepared using a Wolf Mill with dual
horizontal, unheated 12-in. diameter rolls. Roll openings of 0.005, 0.013, and 0.020 in. (0.127, 0.330, and 0.508 mm, respectively)
gave average flake thicknesses of 0.013, 0.021, and 0.031 in., respectively (0.330, 0.533, and 0.787 mm). Seed moistures of
9, 12, and 15% and seed temperatures of 65, 190, and 210°F (18, 88, and 99°C) chosen for flaking were known to provide a range
of conditions suitable for enzyme inactivation during seed cooking prior to flaking. Experimental flakes were examined for
extractable oil content (petroleum ether extraction); this was compared to total oil content (31.5%) determined on finely
ground flakes. Roll opening was the dominant variable determining flake thickness, the primary parameter affecting oil extraction
efficiency. Thus, the thinnest flakes at 0.013 in. were only slightly less extractable (29.8%) than finely ground flakes (31.5%),
but intermediate (0.021 in.) and thick (0.031 in.) flakes were significantly less extractable (28.0 and 26.0%, respectively).
There was a slight but significant (P<0.01) trend toward thicker flakes with increasing seed moisture (15>12>9%) during flaking. A similar trend to thicker flakes
with increasing temperature was significant (P<0.01) only for the thickest flakes produced at the largest roll opening (0.020 in.). Lower seed moisture and higher seed
temperature significantly impacted extractable oil content of the thickest flakes, but negligibly affected extractability
of the thinnest flakes. The authors conclude that meadowfoam flakes must be as thin as possible (e.g., <0.015 in.) for efficient
oil extraction. Further, seed cooking temperatures >190°F at moistures >10% and <15% that are adequate for efficient enzyme
inactivation in the whole seed are also suitable for seed flaking. 相似文献
12.
Earl G. Hammond Daniel Duvick Tong Wang Hortense Dodo R. N. Pittman 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(10):1235-1239
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) plant introductions (732) were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Palmitate varied from 8.2 to 15.1%, stearate 1.1 to
7.2%, oleate 31.5 to 60.2%, linoleate 19.9 to 45.4%, arachidate 0.8 to 3.2%, eicosenoate 0.6 to 2.6%, behenate 1.8 to 5.4%,
and lignocerate 0.5 to 2.5%. The eicosenoate was shown to be cis-11-eicosenoate. In addition, epoxy fatty acids were found in many plant introductions in percentages ranging as high as 2.5%.
These were tentatively identified as chiefly 9,10-epoxy stearate and coronarate with smaller amounts of vernolate. The percentage
of palmitate was shown to be correlated positively with linoleate and negatively with oleate, eicosenoate, and lignocerate.
Stearate was highly correlated with arachidate and negatively with eicosenoate and lignocerate. Oleate and linoleate, the
two major fatty acids, were negatively correlated. Arachidate was negatively correlated with eicosenoate, and eicosenoate
was positively correlated with lignocerate. Behenate and lignocerate were positively correlated. Epoxy esters were positively
correlated with palmitate and negatively with oleate. Segregation of the plant introductions by axis flower, growth habit,
and pod types showed significant differences that reflected the same fatty acid groupings revealed by the correlations. 相似文献
13.
Meadowfoam dimer acids have been prepared in a thermal clay-catalyzed reaction. Reaction conditions have been optimized, and yields of 44% were obtained with 2% water and 6–8% of an acid-washed montmorillonite clay, based on the meadowfoam fatty acids. Purity of the distilled dimer acids was 79–89% with most of the remaining 11–22% being residual mono- and tribasic acids. Dimethyl, di-(2-ethylhexyl), and di-n-butyl meadowfoam dimer ester derivatives were also prepared. Color, viscosity, and wear-preventive characteristics of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer ester derivatives were compared to those of commercial dimer acids and dimer esters. The viscosity of the meadowfoam dimer acids is similar to that of Empol® 1010, which is also derived from a highly monounsaturated fatty acid source. Viscosities of the meadowfoam dimer esters were also comparable to those of commercial dimer esters. Wear prevention characteristics, as determined by the four-ball test method, of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer esters were similar to those of the commercial products. In one case, the di-n-butyl esters, the meadowfoam derivative showed a significantly smaller wear scar than that shown by the di-n-butyl derivative of Unidyme® 14. 相似文献
14.
C. D. Daulatabad G. M. Mulla A. M. Mirajkar K. M. Hosamani 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(2):188-189
A keto fatty acid (9-oxo-cis-12-octadecenoic acid) has been isolated in appreciable amounts (45.9%) fromCryptolepis buchnani seed oil. The identification was based on chemical and spectroscopic methods. 相似文献
15.
Klaus Eder Huldreich Nonn Holger Kluge 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2001,103(10):668-676
High concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in meat have detrimental effects on its technical properties. The present study was carried out to investigate whether PUFA levels in pork can be reduced by increasing the concentrations of oleic acid in pig diets. To this end a bifactorial experiment was carried out with 48 female growing finishing pigs. Six different diets were used with two different concentrations of linoleic acid (12 vs. 24 g/kg) and three different concentrations of oleic acid (12 vs. 18 vs. 24 g/kg). The experiment started at a body weight (BW) of 58 kg and continued until 115 kg BW. The fatty acid composition of total lipids of backfat, perirenal fat and musculus (m.) longissimus dorsi was analysed. Concentrations of linoleic acid and total PUFA in backfat and perirenal fat were affected only by the dietary linoleic acid content but not at all by the dietary oleic acid content. Increasing the dietary concentration of oleic acid raised the level of oleic acid in those tissues at the expense of saturated fatty acids, suggesting competition between monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids for incorporation into triglycerides. At the low dietary linoleic acid concentration, the percentages of linoleic acid and total PUFA in total lipids of m. longissimus dorsi were also unaffected by the dietary oleic acid content. In contrast, at the high dietary linoleic acid concentration, percentages of linoleic acid and total PUFA of the m. longissimus dorsi were reduced by increasing the dietary concentration of oleic acid, suggesting that oleic acid and linoleic acid compete for incorporation into muscle lipids. Thus, at high dietary linoleic acid levels the fatty acid composition of the m. longissimus dorsi was favourably affected by high dietary oleic acid concentrations; in backfat and perirenal fat, however, no beneficial effect of high dietary oleic acid levels was seen. 相似文献
16.
A. Estilai 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1993,70(5):547-549
Guayule, a perennial desert plant, is being developed for domestic production of natural rubber, a strategic commodity for
which the United States presently depends totally on foreign sources. At present, rubber alone is not sufficient to make guayule
a commercial crop, and additional revenues are being sought from by-products. Because guayule flowers profusely during several
years of growth before it is harvested for rubber, seed may also contribute to the economics of guayule production. Seed from
120 plants, including 20 genotypes with 36, 37, 54 and 72 chromosomes, were analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition.
Oil content ranged from 17.1 to 30.5%. On average, seed from diploid and aneuploid plants (with 36 and 37 chromosomes) contained
40.4% more oil than the seed from polyploid plants. The oil consisted of four fatty acids—palmitic (8.7–11.5%), stearic (3.7–6.2%),
oleic (6.5–13.9%) and linoleic (69.1–80.2%)—at all ploidy levels. Guayule seed oil was similar to the seed oil from high-linoleic
safflower varieties. The use of genetic variation to increase seed yield and seed oil will depend on the absence of negative
correlation between oil and rubber production. 相似文献
17.
Lars Ovesen Torben Leth Kirsten Hansen 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(12):1079-1083
This study examined trans monounsaturated fatty acid contents in all margarines and shortenings marketed in Denmark, and in frying fats used by the
fast-food restaurants Burger King and McDonald’s. Trans C18:1 content was 4.1±3.8% (g per 100 g fatty acids) in hard margarines, significantly higher than the content in soft margarines
of 0.4±0.8%. Shortenings had an even higher content of trans C18:1, 6.7±2.3%, than the hard margarines. Margarines and shortenings with high contents of long-chain fatty acids had about 20%
total trans monoenoic of which close to 50% were made up of trans long-chain fatty acids. Both fast-food frying fats contained large amounts of trans C18:1, 21.9±2.9% in Burger King and 16.6±0.4% in McDonald’s. In Denmark the per capita supply of trans C18:1 from margarines and shortenings and frying fats has decreased steadily during recent years. The supply of trans C18:1 from margarines and shortenings in the Danish diet is now 1.1 g per day. 相似文献
18.
Lars Ovesen Torben Leth Kirsten Hansen 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(9):1079-1083
This study examined trans monounsaturated fatty acid contents in all margarines and shortenings marketed in Denmark, and in frying fats used by the
fast-food restaurants Burger King and McDonald’s. Trans C18:1 content was 4.1±3.8% (g per 100 g fatty acids) in hard margarines, significantly higher than the content in soft margarines
of 0.4±0.8%. Shortenings had an even higher content of trans C18:1, 6.7±2.3%, than the hard margarines. Margarines and shortenings with high contents of long-chain fatty acids had about 20%
total trans monoenoic of which close to 50% were made up of trans long-chain fatty acids. Both fast-food frying fats contained large amounts of trans C18:1, 21.9±2.9% in Burger King and 16.6±0.4% in McDonald’s. In Denmark the per capita supply of trans C18:1 from margarines and shortenings and frying fats has decreased steadily during recent years. The supply of trans C18:1 from margarines and shortenings in the Danish diet is now 1.1 g per day. 相似文献
19.
Nikolaus Weber Klaus Vosmann Eberhard Fehling Kumar D. Mukherjee Dieter Bergenthal 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(3):361-368
A novel process has been described recently for the preparation of hydroxylated fatty acids (HOFA) and HOFA methyl esters
from plant oils. HOFA methyl esters prepared from conventional and alternative plant oils were characterized by various chromatographic
methods (thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography) and gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry as well as1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HOFA methyl esters obtained fromEuphorbia lathyris seed oil, low-erucic acid rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil contain as major constituents methylthreo-9,10-dihydroxy octadecanoate (derived from oleic acid) and methyl dihydroxy tetrahydrofuran octadecanoates, e.g., methyl
9,12-dihydroxy-10,13-epoxy octadecanoates and methyl 10,13-dihydroxy-9,12-epoxy octadecanoates (derived from linoleic acid).
Other constituents detected in the products include methyl esters of saturated fatty acids (not epoxidized/derivatized) and
traces of methyl esters of epoxy fatty acids (not hydrolyzed). The products that contain high levels of monomeric HOFA may
find wide application in a variety of technical products. 相似文献
20.
Meadowfoam fatty acids were reacted with hydrogen peroxide in a lipase-catalyzed autocatalytic system, forming a mixture of
5,6-epoxyeicosanoic, 13,14-epoxydocosanoic, 5,6-epoxydocosanoic, and 5,6-13,14-diepoxydocosanoic acids in 98% yield. The 5,6-epoxy
acids were cyclized to 6-hydroxy δ-eicosanoic/docosanoic lactones by sulfuric acid catalysis in high yield (99%). 5,6-Dihydroxy
acids could be obtained from 6-hydroxy δ-lactones by a simple alkaline work-up procedure. Meadowfoam fatty acids were converted
(77% yield) in a one-pot reaction to 6-hydroxy δ-lactones by in situ performic acid epoxidation and subsequent addition of sulfuric acid. 相似文献