Trading Environments

Many organisations are now adopting the Internet as a new channel to market — and in particular are publishing their product catalogues on-line with the capability of accepting orders. However, as more catalogues emerge the reliance upon discrete catalogues will become less tenable for suppliers and buyers alike — buyers would be unlikely to find the best merchant without some sort of sophisticated help, and similarly suppliers would find it hard to reach their potential customer base. This approach, driven by the supplier, will almost certainly be complemented by other kinds of market-place, driven more from the buyer' perspective. Three main kinds of market-place are envisaged, namely seller-driven, buyer-driven and open markets.In order to support these trading models, different approaches to system architectures are emerging, and these are also discussed.     

智能媒资检索系统设计与实现*

针对目前媒资管理系统依赖编目信息进行检索而出现的编目信息难以覆盖媒资数据的所有语义内容、由于人的理解不同而导致的编目信息不一致、媒资编目费力费时等问题,设计了不依赖编目信息的基于全文检索、语音识别、人脸识别、关键帧提取等的智能媒资检索系统,对媒资内容自动分析、媒资特征索引、媒资特征检索进行了阐述,并采用基于B/S的分布式架构进行了实现.结果证明,该方案设计具有较高的可靠性和稳定性,在媒资管理中得到了良好的应用.     

Collaborating with suppliers in product development: a US and Japancomparative study

Despite its risks, an increasing number of buyers share design work with their suppliers. However, the outsourcing of design work has been relatively neglected in the literature. Based on mail survey data from 174 US and 122 Japanese automotive component suppliers with product design capability, this study investigates the degree of supplier involvement in design and the factors leading to supplier involvement. The two strongest predictors of the degree of early supplier involvement in design in both Japan and the United States are the degree of technological uncertainty and supplier technical capabilities. Automotive companies are more likely to outsource designs of high uncertainty and select suppliers of high technical capability for design outsourcing. Technological uncertainty also has interaction effects-in the United States, high uncertainty makes customers want to give greater design responsibility to highly technically capable suppliers and those who are most dependent on them as a percent of supplier sales. Overall, the study supports notions of convergence between the US and Japanese supplier management practices in joint product development     

RFID-Enabled Discovery of Supply Networks

Many organizations have very limited information about the supply networks in which they are involved. For the purpose of planning business strategies, tracing products, and assuring product quality, organizations are eager to know their entire supply networks, i.e., who are their suppliers’ suppliers and who are their buyers’ buyers. However, because an organization's higher-tier suppliers and buyers are not directly connected to the organization, it is difficult for the organization to obtain the information about all entities and their relationships in its supply networks. This paper aims at providing an innovative solution for organizations to discover their supply networks. We first propose a new taxonomy of supply networks, which provides a necessary and systematic framework for mapping supply networks based on the mapping purpose and available information. We then develop a methodology for discovering and mapping supply networks by means of radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled capture and sharing of the information about the movement of products throughout supply networks. This research solves a real-world supply chain management problem of what supply networks can be discovered using RFID and Internet technologies and how to discover them.      

Assessment of organizational reliability capability

A reliability capability assessment process can assist OEMs and system integrators in assessing prospective suppliers for their ability to design and manufacture reliable products before they are delivered for use, and on an ongoing basis, help a company in identifying shortcomings in its reliability program, which can be rectified by subsequent improvement actions. The assessment can also help to establish reliability management practices for use by designers, suppliers, customers, and independent authorities. The assessment method may be used to evaluate the reliability capability of all types of electronics-related industries that perform activities influencing the reliability of a product. It can produce increased customer satisfaction, provide competitive opportunities, and shorten the product development cycle. In summary, a reliability capability assessment can be used for: 1) specifying or planning reliability practices if product development is implemented internally; 2) evaluating reliability practices to determine the extent to which a supplier is capable of providing a product that meets the reliability requirements/needs; and 3) improving reliability practices if the current reliability practices have been evaluated and improvement is desired or required.     

Product attribute bullwhip in the technology planning process and a methodology to reduce it

This paper considers the upstream flow of product attribute forecast information often used to drive the technology planning process. It is noted that, while downstream customers are willing to pay for improvements in key product attributes, they do not always provide accurate and timely product attribute forecasts to upstream suppliers. As a result of this increasing distortion of product attribute demand as information flows upstream, upstream suppliers often either fail to develop technology that will be needed in the marketplace or develop technology that ultimately is unused. This is shown to be a strategic, technology planning analog to the tactical, order decision problem of order quantity bullwhip observed in the field of supply chain management. As such, we define the technology planning problem under consideration here as "product attribute bullwhip." Based on solutions employed to address order quantity bullwhip in supply chain management, we propose a methodology to reduce product attribute bullwhip by comparing product attribute information obtained directly from the end user with that which flows upstream through the supply chain. To illustrate this effect, we apply the proposed methodology to an example from the wireless communication industry by comparing trends in the perceived value of cellular telephone handset face area with trends in the perceived value of face area observed at the component level of the supply chain.     

电子商务的信息安全技术与管理研究

电子商务已成为现今经济生活中不可或缺的组成元素,信息安全则是保证电子商务顺利发展的重要基础之一。文章通过对电子商务信息安全的需求判别,探讨了电子商务应用中所要采取的主要安全技术和管理措施,并侧重讨论了其中的认证技术、电子商务安全交易协议、信息安全管理制度等内容。     

Product types and supplier roles in product development: anexploratory analysis

Manufacturers today often strive toward early supplier involvement in product development. Yet the research literature offers limited guidance on this issue to manufacturing companies and suppliers, and often assumes a "one-size-fits-all" approach. In this paper, we empirically examine whether suppliers for different sourced products play distinctly different roles in product development, by analyzing survey data on a wide range of sourced automotive products. We use cluster analysis to identify four different groupings of sourced products, based on differences along three dimensions: the nature of the sourced products, their cost structures, and the nature of the original equipment manufacturer (OEM)-supplier interaction in product development. We further test the usefulness of our scheme via a set of validating variables that include both key decisions and output performance measures in the OEM-supplier interaction process. We identify critical systems as highly differentiating, high cost, highly complex systems, for which OEMs provide information to their suppliers largely through performance specifications, and involve suppliers early in product development. In contrast, hidden components are less differentiating low-cost simple components that are defined primarily via physical specifications, whose suppliers are involved later in product development. Invisible subassemblies are nondifferentiating, moderately costly, moderately complex systems whose suppliers are provided information via a mix of performance specifications and detailed physical dimensions. Finally, simple differentiators are highly differentiating, moderately costly, simple assemblies or components. We discuss the implications of our study for managing differential supplier roles in product development     

供应链管理基础浅析

文章阐述了主要对电子商务中的供应链管理基础，并对其进行了分析。     

巴西UC认证

介绍了巴西的产品管制范围,认证程序和认证标识等,并对巴西 UC 认证的产品分类,强制性 UC 认证产品目录和非强制性 UC 认证产品目录等进行了说明,给出了申请巴西 UC 认证过程中的注意事项和建议。     

中国移动小额支付系统的建设

本文首先介绍了移动信息化与移动商务的内容，然后引出了小额支付与移动支付的概念。并进行了对比分析。在具体实现中，分析了基于智能网方式实现的特点，并介绍了具体业务流程。本文首次提出了将客户信用管理技术应用到小额支付中，并分析了其优点，然后对小额支付的发展进行了展望。     

Increasing semiconductor manufacturing's strategic value to a firm

Manufacturing firms in many North American industries are struggling with whether to continue to produce major components for their systems or end-products. In some instances, the suppliers of these very components are also dealing with whether to produce them or merely design them. Large end-product firms and some semiconductor merchants, for example, are calling into question the internal fabrication of chips. This paper examines what can be done to increase the strategic value of an internal chip facility. It discusses six specific activities many of which focus on better satisfying the needs of a fabricator's internal or external customers. By taking the initiative in implementing these activities fabrication management will have identified a seventh way to add value. The recommendations made here also have general implications for firms that produce major components other than semiconductors, and for companies supplied with these components by strategic partners     

Supplier selection and management system considering relationshipsin supply chain management

This paper is aimed at suggesting a methodology leading to effective supplier management processes utilizing information obtained from the supplier selection processes. For this methodology, we propose the supplier selection and management system (SSMS) that includes purchasing strategy system, supplier selection system, and supplier management system, and we explain how the SSMS is applied to a real supply chain. The methodology identifies the managerial criteria using information derived from supplier selection process and makes use of them in the supplier management process. These managerial criteria include key criteria that are major criteria required by the manufacturer for the best quality of parts from suppliers according to the character of each part, and weak criteria that show the shortcomings of selected suppliers as compared with alternative suppliers with regard to each criterion. The effectiveness of supplier management with managerial criteria was verified by a t-test and a correlation analysis with the example of a Korean air conditioner manufacturer     

第二方审核促进供应商可靠性管理水平的提高

介绍了电网公司采用客观的标准,对供应商进行公平、公正、合理及有效的评估概况。供应商要成为广东电网的合格供应商,必须按照标准要求,进行可靠性管理体系、可靠性设计与工艺、可靠性试验及设备等方面的评估。实践证明,通过评估可以促进供应商自觉改进和提高其可靠性管理水平。     

An innovation diffusion model of TQM implementation

Researchers and practitioners have acknowledged the need to understand causal relationships among various elements of total quality management (TQM). In this paper, the authors model TQM as an organizational innovation. Using the innovation diffusion perspective from the information systems and organizational innovation literature, they theorize that TQM implementation translates top management's quality intent into plant-level operational performance through a four-stage process of adoption, adaptation, acceptance, and use. The top management adopts the TQM philosophy in the first stage. This commitment influences the adaptation of the organizational members' ability and attitude to the new quality management philosophy. In the acceptance stage, the organizational members demonstrate acceptance of the new quality focus through cooperative teamwork, relationships with suppliers, and quality-related learning. The diffusion of the new philosophy is confirmed through routinization of core quality improvement through effective design, tracking, assurance, and improvement of quality. The four-stage transformation process leads to plant-level measures of product and process quality. The authors tested this framework on a sample of 407 plants in the automobile parts suppliers industry and found good support for the model. Their results suggest that firms should ensure appropriate technical and behavioral preparation of employees and suppliers before and concurrent to actual TQM implementation. Furthermore, the results also suggest that firms should implement TQM in an integrated fashion covering all sociotechnical elements detailed in their framework. Implications of these findings for TQM practice and research are discussed     

中俄B2M电子商务平台设计

中俄电子商务平台引入国际先进的B2M商业模式,使用信息交换技术,即将中心内各种复杂的电子商务变成简单的平台运营,体现出即插即联、商机无限的信息电子商务服务机制和运营模式。将PKI体系结构引入平台实现密钥的自动管理,保证了中俄电子商务平台网上数据的机密性、完整性、有效性。     

Mobile Commerce: Framework,Applications and Networking Support

Advances in e-commerce have resulted in significant progress towards strategies, requirements, and development of e-commerce applications. However, nearly all e-commerce applications envisioned and developed so far assume fixed or stationary users with wired infrastructure. We envision many new e-commerce applications that will be possible and significantly benefit from emerging wireless and mobile networks. To allow designers, developers, and researchers to strategize and create mobile commerce applications, we propose a four-level integrated framework for mobile commerce. Since there are potentially an unlimited number of mobile commerce applications, we attempt to identify several important classes of applications such as mobile financial applications, mobile inventory management, proactive service management, product location and search, and wireless re-engineering. We discuss how to successfully define, architect, and implement the necessary hardware/software infrastructure in support of mobile commerce. Also, to make mobile commerce applications a reality, we address networking requirements, discuss support from wireless carriers, and present some open research problems.     

An Agent-Based Dynamic Information Network for Supply Chain Management

One of the main research issues in supply chain management is to improve the global efficiency of supply chains. However, the improvement efforts often fail because supply chains are complex, are subject to frequent changes, and collaboration and information sharing in the supply chains are often unfeasible. This paper presents a practical collaboration framework for supply chain management wherein multi-agent systems form dynamic information networks and co-ordinate their production and order planning according to synchronised estimation of market demands. In the framework, agents employ an iterative relaxation contract net protocol to find the most desirable suppliers by using data envelopment analysis. Furthermore, the chain of buyers and suppliers, from the end markets to raw material suppliers, form dynamic information networks for synchronised planning. This paper presents an agent-based dynamic information network for supply chain management and discusses the associated pros and cons.     

回流技术在通孔双面焊工艺中的新应用

随着表面贴装技术的不断发展,回流技术因其本身独特的优点,已经得到了广泛的应用,并开始逐步应用在传统通孔工艺上。回流焊技术是利用热传输的3种途径（辐射、对流、传导）对待焊接器件、焊料及PCB（印制电路板）加热和冷却,实现焊料溶化、结晶过程,进而完成焊接的技术。目前众多SMT（表面贴装技术）企业没有将回流焊技术应用到通孔焊接工艺中。随着电子产品的日新月异发展,不少通孔双面焊接已无法用波峰焊接技术实现,即使有少数企业采用了通孔双面回流焊技术,也会对器件（特别是镀金长插针）引脚产生焊料涂覆,降低了使用可靠性。文中介绍一种新的、并已实现的解决方案,即用回流技术焊接长针通孔元件。     

基于NGOSS的IP QoS管理技术

提出了一种基于NGOSS的IP网络QoS管理技术,它基于运营商所有的运营活动对用户的业务进行管理,适合于商业驱动的IP网络发展环境.它通过对用户业务实施端到端的全程SLA管理,实现了对用户业务全程的QoS管理.