人工湿地污水处理技术研究进展

文章对人工湿地污水处理技术国内外研究现状进行了概迷,阐述了人工湿地污水处理技术主要研究内容及进展,包括人工湿地对污染物的去除机理、去除效率研究,影响人工湿地处理效率的因素研究.根据人工湿地在污水处理中的研究和应用现状,指出了今后的研究方向.     

垂直流人工湿地系统保护饮用水源的实例

简述了复合垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统专有技术的由来,并结合石岩人工湿地一期工程叙述了垂直流人工湿地的工艺原理、技术特点、植物特点、处理效果等,结果表明采用垂直流人工湿地生态污水处理系统保护饮用水源,能达到污水净化和美化环境的“双赢”目标。     

人工湿地在温榆河生态洽污中的实践与应用

人工湿地象天然湿地一样，起到调节生态平衡，调节微观气候环境等作用。位于温榆河上游的龙道河丹麦人工湿地技术实验点通过实践证明：人工湿地技术治污是完全可以做到既保证生物技术含量高，又保证低成本运行，达到可持续发展的目标，是实现污水资源化的有效途径之一，应该在北运河和温榆河的污水治理中广泛推广应用。     

潜流人工湿地水力设计浅议

人工湿地水处理技术是模拟自然条件人为创建湿地,利用自然界微生物学、生物学、物理和化学过程来处理污水。在发达国家应用非常广泛。目前我国对人工湿地的设计还没有形成规范化的标准和导则。着重论述EPA人工湿地手册中潜流人工湿地的水力设计理论、步骤等,并针对其局限性提出了改进措施,以期为国内的人工湿地工程设计提供技术参考。     

潜流人工湿地水力设计浅议

人工湿地水处理技术人为创建拟自然条件,利用自然界微生物学、生物学、物理和化学过程来处理污水,在发达国家应用非常广泛,目前我国对人工湿地的设计还没有形成规范化的标准和导则,系统地论述了EPA人工湿地手册中潜流人工湿地的水力设计理论、步骤等,并针对其局限性提出了改进措施,以期为国内的人工湿地工程设计提供技术参考。     

人工湿地处理污水机理及效率比较

介绍国内外人工湿地处理技术的研究现状及人工湿地对有机物、氮、磷等的去除机理及效率,分析了人工湿地处理技术存在的不足.提出人工湿地污水处理系统作为一种高效、节能、低投资、运行费用低、操作简单的污水处理技术在我国尤其是中小城镇及广大农村具有应用前景.     

人工湿地应用于脱氮技术的分析

近年来人工湿地污水处理技术以其独特的优越性受到关注,其技术投资少、操作简单,出水可回用于景观用水、绿地浇洒等,而且通过在人工湿地种植水生植物又能改善和美化环境。综述了人工湿地技术的脱氮机理,并对影响湿地脱氮效果的主要因素进行分析。     

河道人工湿地对河道水流的影响

针对河道水体日趋营养化、污染物的浓度低、水量大等特色，本文将从河道的局部滩地方向出发，探讨人工湿地的构建方式与实际运用，净化河水。首先阐述了河道人工湿地构建的基本理论，在此基础上提出了河道人工湿地的具体构建方法，湿地床体的构建主要考虑其对湿地内部水流条件的影响，分析人工湿地对河道水流的影响，计算结果表明了该方法的合理性和可行性，这对构建该类河道人工湿地具有一定的指导意义。     

人工湿地技术在污水处理中的应用

人工湿地技术是建立在生态学原理基础上的一项新型污水处理技术,因其具有净化效果好、工艺设备简单、运行费用低、美观等特点,从而受到人们的广泛关注。现主要从人工湿地的基本构型、人工湿地分类和国内外应用现状3个方面进行了阐述,并提出了人工湿地在实际应用中的问题和未来发展方向。     

人工湿地技术对饮用水源水质保持和净化提升效果评估

人工湿地技术已广泛应用于生活饮用水水源的水质保持和净化提升。结合水专项4个典型的人工湿地技术案例——石臼漾湿地、鹊山引黄水库湿地、氿滨湿地以及贯泾港湿地,对人工湿地饮用水源水质保持和净化提升技术进行评估,总结该技术在设计参数、运行管理、处理效果方面的共性特征,并给出相关参考意见,推进该技术的标准化以及推广应用。     

Evaluation of constructed wetlands by wastewater purification ability and greenhouse gas emissions.

Domestic wastewater is a significant source of nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause lake eutrophication. Among the wastewater treatment technologies, constructed wetlands are a promising low-cost means of treating point and diffuse sources of domestic wastewater in rural areas. However, the sustainable operation of constructed wetland treatment systems depends upon a high rate conversion of organic and nitrogenous loading into their metabolic gaseous end products, such as N2O and CH4. In this study, we examined and compared the performance of three typical types of constructed wetlands: Free Water Surface (FWS), Subsurface Flow (SF) and Vertical Flow (VF) wetlands. Pollutant removal efficiency and N2O and CH4 emissions were assessed as measures of performance. We found that the pollutant removal rates and gas emissions measured in the wetlands exhibited clear seasonal changes, and these changes were closely associated with plant growth. VF wetlands exhibited stable removal of organic pollutants and NH3-N throughout the experiment regardless of season and showed great potential for CH4 adsorption. SF wetlands showed preferable T-N removal performance and a lower risk of greenhouse gas emissions than FWS wetlands. Soil oxidation reduction potential (ORP) analysis revealed that water flow structure and plant growth influenced constructed wetland oxygen transfer, and these variations resulted in seasonal changes of ORP distribution inside wetlands that were accompanied by fluctuations in pollutant removal and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Analysis of trends in water quality: constructed wetlands in metropolitan Taipei

Meandering through the most densely populated metropolitan areas of Taipei, Taiwan, the Danshui River and its tributaries have undergone the construction of 14 wetlands since 2004, as a means to improve water quality. This study was conducted to examine the functional capabilities associated with treating non-point source pollution through these riparian wetlands. Trend analysis was used to differentiate dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia, and Escherichia coli, among 13 sampling sites using both functions of a Mann-Kendall test and a seasonal Mann-Kendall test. The results show that water quality in Taipei metropolitan rivers has been improving since increasing the number of constructed wetlands and connecting households to the public sewage system. The concentration of pollutants such as those influencing biochemical oxygen demand have gradually declined in drought seasons because riparian wetlands contribute a base flow to dilute riverine pollutants. This paper indicates that the creation of treatment systems influences dissolved oxygen conditions at the municipal scale, suggesting that constructed wetlands could stabilize water quality during extreme hydrological events and improve water quality particularly in times of drought.     

外源氮素对人工湿地N2O排放通量影响的研究

氮素通过干湿沉降、地表径流、农业灌溉等途径进入湿地中,导致湿地N2O的产生和排放发生变化,而N2O是一种温室气体,具有较高的温室效应潜力,会对环境造成严重影响。本研究模拟白洋淀芦苇湿地,构建人工模拟湿地系统进行外加氮素试验,用静态暗箱-气相色谱法进行N2O的通量观测,研究外源氮素输入对湿地N2O排放通量的影响。结果表明,外源氮素形态的不同不仅影响湿地系统中环境因子的改变,还会影响氮素进入湿地系统后的迁移转化。硝态氮是湿地N2O产生和排放的主要影响因子,芦苇湿地系统中氮素的反硝化作用强于无植被湿地系统,N2O的排放主要发生在反硝化过程中。     

Effect of polyaluminium chloride on phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater

Total phosphorus (TP) removal in aged constructed wetlands poses a challenge, especially when treated with swine wastewater with high concentrations of phosphorus (P). Our earlier studies with anaerobic lagoon swine wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands showed a decline in P removal (45-22%) with increased years of operation. These particular wetlands have been treated with swine wastewater every year since the first application in 1997. Preliminary lab-scale studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in the removal of phosphate-P (PO4-P) from swine wastewater. The experimental objective was to increase the phosphorus treatment efficiency in constructed wetland by adding PAC as a precipitating agent. PAC was added by continuous injection to each wetland system at a rate of 3 L day(-1) (1:5 dilution of concentrated PAC). Swine wastewater was added from an anaerobic lagoon to four constructed wetland cells (11m wide x 40m long) at TP loads of 5.4-6.1 kg ha(-1) day(-1) in two experimental periods, September to November of 2008 and 2009. Treatment efficiency of two wetland systems: marsh-pond-marsh (M-P-M) and continuous marsh (CM) was compared. The wetlands were planted with cattails (Typha latifolia L.) and bulrushes (Scirpus americanus). In 2008, PAC treatment showed an increase of 27.5 and 40.8% of TP removal over control in M-P-M and CM respectively. Similar trend was also observed in the following year. PAC as a flocculant and precipitating agent showed potential to enhance TP removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater.     

Comparison of measured and simulated distribution of microbial biomass in subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands.

The multi-component reactive transport module CW2D has been developed to model transport and reactions of the main constituents of municipal wastewater in subsurface flow constructed wetlands and is able to describe the biochemical elimination and transformation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. It has been shown that simulation results match the measured data when the flow model can be calibrated well. However, there is a need to develop experimental techniques for the measurement of CW2D model parameters to increase the quality of the simulation results. Over the last years methods to characterise the microbial biocoenosis in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands have been developed. The paper shows measured data for microbial biomass and their comparison with simulation results using different heterotrophic lysis rate constants.     

Danish guidelines for small-scale constructed wetland systems for onsite treatment of domestic sewage.

The Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy has passed new legislation that requires the wastewater from single houses and dwellings in rural areas to be treated adequately before discharge into the aquatic environment. Therefore official guidelines for a number of onsite treatment solutions have been produced. These include guidelines for soakaways, biological sand filters, technical systems as well as different types of constructed wetland systems. This paper summarises briefly the guidelines for horizontal flow constructed wetlands, vertical flow constructed wetlands, and willow systems with no outflow and with soil infiltration. There is still a lack of a compact onsite solution that will fulfil the treatment classes demanding 90% removal of phosphorus. Therefore work is presently being carried out to identify simpler and robust P-removal solutions.     

人工湿地处理农村生活污水研究与应用进展

结合农村生活污水特点,分析人工湿地的去污机理以及存在问题,并对其进行技术经济分析,介绍人工湿地在国内外农村的应用情况。结果表明:技术上,人工湿地对有机物去除率较高,可达60%~99%,采用系统完善、组合湿地、联合其他工艺等改进方法后,人工湿地对氮磷有很好的去除效果;经济上,人工湿地投资运行费用远远低于传统工艺,经济可行性好。指出虽然人工湿地存在气温影响、系统堵塞、植物选择等问题,但作为一种在国外农村地区广泛成功应用的处理工艺,在我国农村具有很强的推广意义。     

不同布水方式下水平潜流人工湿地水动力学机制研究

通过6种布水方式（一般推流、多向入流、部分回流、波流、对角流、多点进水）下水平潜流人工湿地的脉冲示踪剂实验研究，获得其水力停留时间概率分布密度曲线。用4种不同概率分布函数（正态分布、对数正态分布、卡方分布、瑞利分布）对其水力停留时间的概率分布密度进行拟合分析，结果表明：对数正态分布的拟合效果更好。将对流扩散模型和连续反应器模型分别用于6种布水方式下的示踪剂迁移过程模拟，结果表明：连续反应器模型比较适合模拟部分回流式布水方式，对流扩散模型能够较好模拟其他5种布水方式。考虑多向入流和多点进水的示踪剂浓度叠加作用，进一步利用基于对流扩散机制的叠加模型进行示踪剂迁移过程模拟，结果表明：基于对流扩散机制的叠加模型能够较好模拟多向入流、多点进水类型的水平潜流人工湿地。     

广州海珠湿地二期水系整治实例分析

海珠湿地是海珠生态城的核心,湿地二期水系整治充分利用原生水系,通过采取疏通水道、河涌清淤,新开(扩宽)河道、水窦、涵闸建设、调清活水等扰动小、造价低、后期维护成本低廉的水利措施,提高了园区防洪排涝标准,构建了湿地水生态骨架,提供了良好的湿地水环境及水景观。     

The role of plant uptake on the removal of organic matter and nutrients in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: a simulation study.

Plants in constructed wetlands have several functions related to the treatment processes. It is generally agreed that nutrient uptake is a minor factor in constructed wetlands treating wastewater compared to the loadings applied. For low loaded systems plant uptake can contribute a significant amount to nutrient removal. The contribution of plant uptake is simulated for different qualities of water to be treated using the multi-component reactive transport module CW2D. CW2D is able to describe the biochemical elimination and transformation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The model for plant uptake implemented describes nutrient uptake coupled to water uptake. Literature values are used to calculate potential water and nutrient uptake rates. For a constructed wetland treating municipal wastewater a potential nutrient uptake of about 1.9% of the influent nitrogen and phosphorus load can be expected. For lower loaded systems the potential uptake is significantly higher, e.g. 46% of the nitrogen load for treatment of greywater. The potential uptake rates could only be simulated for high loaded systems i.e. constructed wetlands treating wastewater. For low loaded systems the nutrient concentrations in the liquid phase were too low to simulate the potential uptake rates using the implemented model for plant uptake.