基于基因表达式编程的错误定位方法

错误定位是软件调试中最重要且最耗时的部分,错误定位中的任何改进都可以大大降低软件成本,而其中秩函数的选择问题则尤为关键。结合基因表达式编程技术以及基于频谱的错误定位算法,找到适应程序的高效秩函数,提出了一种新的错误定位方法。从程序测试用例的覆盖信息中提取出四种类型的子集信息;通过基因表达式编程训练出适应程序的最优秩函数;利用秩函数计算出每条语句的可疑度值,并按照可疑度值由高到低的顺序逐条检查程序的可疑语句进行错误定位。通过实验,将训练出的秩函数与已经提出的秩函数（如Tarantula,Ochiai等）进行比较分析,结果表明,基于基因表达式编程的错误定位方法具有更精确的错误定位效果和更显著的定位效率。     

结合语句执行补集的程序错误定位

基于频谱的错误定位方法一般利用覆盖信息为每条语句度量出错的可能,即可疑度,通过逐条检查按可疑度值降序排列的语句序列来确定错误语句.针对已有的方法大多只考虑覆盖信息中语句执行信息的问题,分析了语句执行补集对错误定位的积极影响,进一步提出了在语句执行信息基础上结合语句执行补集的错误定位方法.实验结果表明,与其他方法相比,所...     

增强上下文的错误定位技术

错误定位就是寻找程序错误的位置.现有的错误定位方法大多利用测试用例的覆盖信息,以标识一组导致程序失效的可疑语句,却忽视了这些语句相互作用导致失效的上下文.因此,提出一种增强上下文的错误定位方法Context-FL,以构建上下文的方式来优化错误定位性能.Context-FL利用动态切片技术构建数据与控制相关性的错误传播上下文,显示了导致失效的语句之间传播依赖关系;然后,基于可疑值度量来区分上下文片段中不同语句的可疑度;最后,Context-FL以标记可疑值的上下文作为定位结果.实验结果表明,Context-FL优于8种典型错误定位方法.     

面向软件错误定位与理解的测试执行离散特征筛选

软件错误定位与错误理解是软件调试过程中的重要步骤,然而调试人员利用基于覆盖分析的软件错误定位获取的可疑度,从高到低静态分析每条程序语句的检查方式,与实际软件调试过程并不相符。为了能够筛选更有助于理解错误根源的测试执行,尤其是致使程序失效的失效执行,帮助调试人员进行动态差异化分析,针对失效执行提出基于高可疑度覆盖率、揭示错误潜力和覆盖语句可疑度离散特征的3种优先级策略,针对成功执行提出加权余弦相似度匹配策略。通过将3种失效执行优先级策略与随机选择在常用错误定位技术中进行实验对比,验证了基于覆盖语句可疑度离散特征的失效执行筛选策略能够对筛选前后的错误理解工作量变化产生更强的积极影响和更弱的消极影响,并能够在相同工作量下理解更多的错误,进而更有助于将错误定位结果应用于错误根源的理解。     

基于词频-逆文件频率的错误定位方法

错误定位方法大多通过分析语句覆盖信息来标识出导致程序失效的可疑语句.其中,语句覆盖信息通常以语句执行或语句未执行的二进制状态信息来表示.然而,该二进制状态信息仅表明该语句是否被执行的信息,无法体现该语句在具体执行中的重要程度,可能会降低错误定位的有效性.为了解决这个问题,提出了基于词频-逆文件频率的错误定位方法.该方法采用词频-逆文件频率技术识别出单个测试用例中语句的影响程度高低,从而构建出具有语句重要程度识别度的信息模型,并基于该模型来计算语句的可疑值.实验结果表明,该方法大幅提升了错误定位的效能.     

基于GL2-DNN的面向语句覆盖的程序缺陷定位方法

针对现有的基于深度神经网络的缺陷定位方法中参数设定不便，结合遗传算法的全局随机搜索能力、L₂正则化防止模型过拟合与深度神经网络学习复杂非线性能力，提出一种基于GL₂-DNN模型的程序静态缺陷定位算法。通过遗传算法寻找深度神经网络最优超参数；将所得语句覆盖信息与状态值输入深度神经网络计算每条可执行语句的可疑度值；根据可疑度值由高往低排序进行缺陷定位。选用Siemens Suite数据集作为实验样本，将GL₂-DNN与五种缺陷定位算法进行实验对比，结果表明，该算法能更精确地定位缺陷，计算效率也有所提升。     

通过增大边际权重提高基于频谱的错误定位效率

基于频谱的错误定位技术通常利用覆盖信息来求出程序中每条语句的可疑度,并将语句按照可疑度降序排序以寻找错误语句.文中对已有的基于频谱的错误定位算法进行改进,将失败测试用例的边际权重引入到可疑度计算的过程中,即针对某一特定语句,令失败测试用例的权重随着其对该语句覆盖次数的增加而增大.实验结果表明,相对于其它方法,文中提出的方法对错误定位效率有一定的促进作用,即只需检查更少的语句即可找到出错位置.     

结合用例约简与联合依赖概率建模的错误定位

现有的测试用例约简方法不能有效提高错误定位精度,现有的软件错误定位方法不能充分分析元素间的依赖关系.针对以上问题,提出结合测试用例约简和联合依赖概率建模的软件错误自动定位方法,将测试用例约简与软件错误定位统一为一个整体.不同于一般的测试用例约简方法,所提出的测试用例约简方法在程序执行路径的基础上充分考虑了错误测试用例对错误定位的影响,能够为错误定位提供有效的测试用例,为快速、准确地定位软件错误奠定基础.定义了一种新的统计模型——联合依赖概率模型,充分分析了程序元素间的控制依赖、数据依赖以及语句执行状态,并提出基于联合依赖概率模型的错误自动定位方法.通过计算联合依赖关系的可疑度,对可疑节点进行排序,准确定位错误语句.实验结果表明：与SBI,SOBER,Tarantula,SF和RankCP方法相比,该算法可以更加有效地定位软件错误.     

基于条件执行切片谱的多错误定位

基于程序谱的错误定位技术由于其较高的定位效率已成为当前软件调试领域研究热点之一.这种技术通常根据测试覆盖信息计算程序语句发生错误的可疑度来进行错误定位.然而,这种技术会随着程序中错误数目的增多效率不断下降.鉴于此,提出了一种基于条件执行切片谱的多错误定位技术(conditioned execution slicing spectrum-based multiple fault localization,CESS-MFL),以提高多错误定位的效率.CESS-MFL技术首先根据输入变量的谓词条件构建错误相关条件执行切片的谱矩阵,然后依次计算错误相关条件执行切片中的元素(语句或语句块)的可疑度,并生成可疑度报告.实验验证了CESS-MFL技术比当前流行的基于程序谱的Tarantula技术、基于程序切片的Intersection技术、Union技术有更高的多错误定位效率,并且可在有效的时间和空间复杂度内完成.     

基于径向基函数神经网络的机器人系统辨识

介绍了一种三层径向基函数神经网络,其学习算法采用正交最小二乘算法.首先根据正交最小二乘算法得到径向基函数神经网络的结构;然后对该网络的权值进行训练使它逼近给定的函数.为了验证径向基函数神经网络所具有的对任意非线性映射的任意逼近能力和自学习、自适应能力,以两关节机械手为辨识对象来进行实验研究.实验结果表明,该径向基函数神经网络具有良好的模型学习和逼近能力,并且学习速度快、收敛性好、鲁棒性强,尤其适合于具有连续线性与非线性对象的复杂系统的控制实时性要求.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。