钴基催化剂F-T合成的人工神经网络模拟

反应温度、压力、空速和原料气H_2/CO比等工艺操作条件对F-T合成生成重质烃的选择性影响很大。以上述操作参数为输入变量,CO的转化率、甲烷在产物烃中的质量分数C_1和重质烃的质量分数C_5~ 为输出变量,采用LM算法建立了钴基催化剂F-T合成的BP神经网络模型,定量预测工艺操作条件对F-T合成的影响规律。预测结果表明,低温有利于重质烃生成,高温下CO的转化率高,但C_1也高,C_5~ 重质烃的选择性较低。压力升高,C_1下降,CO的转化率和C_5~ 增加。C_1随空速的提高而增加,CO的转化率和C_5~ 随空速的升高而下降。低合成气H_2/CO比CO转化率和C_1较低,C_5~ 重质烃高。进一步的实验验证表明,模型具有较高的预测精度,CO转化率和C_5~ 的相对误差小于8%,C_1小于9%。     

深冷分离CO工艺模拟及分析

利用PRO/II化工模拟软件,对深冷分离CO两种工艺进行了模拟。考察了部分冷分工艺和甲烷洗工艺的适用情况,原料气中微量组分N2对能耗的影响,以及甲烷洗工艺最佳溶剂比的确定。结果表明,部分冷分工艺比较适用于粉煤气化合成气为代表的高CO/H_2合成气,甲烷洗工艺比较适用于蒸汽转化合成气为代表的高H_2/CO合成气;原料气中N_2的含量直接决定了深冷分离装置的能耗;对于甲烷洗工艺,适宜的溶剂比可以定为0.4。     

浆态床法合成二甲醚的模拟研究

对于直接以合成气作为原料，使用Cu-Zn-Al和γ-Al2O3构成的双重催化剂、采用浆态床法合成二甲醚的反应体系，使用全混流反应器模型结合化学反应动力学进行模拟。组分方程使用超松弛迭代方法并结合C 编程进行求解，编制了计算机程序。通过模拟计算，讨论了压力、温度、空速、催化剂配比、反应气中不同氢碳比以及CO2含量对反应收率、DME选择性的影响，并讨论了在不同氢碳比下对CO转化率和CO与H2总转化率的影响，从而寻找合适的反应条件，为工业化生产提供参考。     

天然气与煤联合气化的热力学模拟研究

天然气与煤联合气化工艺通过改变进料条件,能够直接得到H2／CO比可调合成气。为探索进料条件对合成气H2／CO比和温度的影响规律,本文建立了描述天然气与煤联合气化制合成气热力学模型,根据该模型计算了不同进料条件对合成气H2／CO和出口温度的影响。计算结果表明,进料中CH2／O2比例的增加可同时显著提高合成气的H2／CO比和降低反应温度;进料中H2O／O2比例的增加只是显著降低反应温度,而对合成气H2／CO比的影响较小;提高进料温度和操作压力对合成气生产有利。     

Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3甲醇合成催化剂AsH_3中毒热力学分析

利用HSC热力学软件对Cu/Zn O/Al_2O_3甲醇合成催化剂As H_3中毒热力学进行了计算。分析了在150°C~300°C的合成温度下催化剂可能发生的化学反应,并比较各自发反应的化学平衡常数。结果表明:合成原料气组分(CO、H_2O、N_2、O_2)能引起催化剂砷中毒。其中,O_2对催化剂砷中毒的影响最大,参与反应的热力学竞争力最强,产物Cu_3As、As_2O_5、As_2O_3和Cu_3(AsO_4)_2可能导致催化剂失活。为应对砷中毒,应在合成反应之前深度净化合成气。     

甲烷部分氧化合成燃气过程能量耦合工艺的研究

从反应温度、压力和进料量(CH_4、CO_2、H_2O和O_2)等6个变量中固定任意5个,优化剩下的一个变量的方案,研究甲烷部分氧化合成燃气含水蒸气、二氧化碳重整的能量耦合工艺(即平衡时体系的热效应为零)。建立为能量耦合的双层优化模型,即内层通过求解吉布斯自由能的最低限度得到平衡组成;外层通过改变进料组成实现体系的能量耦合。结果表明:0．1 MPa下反应体系的最佳操作温度范围为1 050～1 150 K;固定其他条件,总可通过优化O_2的量使反应体系实现能量耦合,且平衡时加入的O_2可以反应完全;平衡组分中H_2/CO比值主要取决于进料中H_2O/CO_2比值,与O_2量关系不大;另外还得出了能量耦合时变量间的关系和消炭条件。石英管反应器的热中性温度下的实验结果与本文计算结果基本一致。     

Aspen Plus软件模拟生物油模化物水蒸气重整制氢热力学

应用Aspen Plus软件,对生物油模型化合物乙酸进行了水蒸气重整制氢热力学模拟研究,考察了压力、温度和水碳比(S/C)对重整过程的影响,得到了适宜的重整反应条件,并对优化结果进行了数据拟合。结果表明:低压和高温、高S/C有利于H_2生成。在压力为0.1 MPa,温度(550~750)℃和S/C为5~8的条件下,H_2产率大于3.6 mol/molHAc,CH_4和CO产率分别低于0.1mol/molHAc和0.4 mol/molHAc。积碳量随温度和S/C的增大而减小,在S/C大于4后不再产生积碳。     

浆态床合成二甲醚宏观动力学模拟

采用宏观动力学,对以合成气为原料的浆态床液相法合成二甲醚反应进行模拟研究,通过物料恒算建立一组常微分方程组,计算过程采用四阶精度的Runge-Kutta法并结合C++编程求解.通过模拟计算,讨论了压力、温度、空速、催化剂浓度、CO2浓度对反应转化率、收率以及DME的选择性的影响,从而寻找合适的反应器参数,为实际的工业生产提供参考.     

煤制气托普索甲烷化工艺热力学分析

利用化工流程模拟软件Aspen Plus,对煤制气托普索甲烷化工艺第一级带循环回路的反应系统进行了模拟研究。考察了在恒温条件下,反应器的温度、压力、循环比、水蒸气比对反应器出口甲烷含量和热负荷的影响:在绝热条件下,反应器的压力、循环比、水蒸气比对反应器出口温度和甲烷含量的影响。结果表明,在恒温条件下,除循环比外各因素对甲烷平衡含量都有影响,其中温度影响较大,温度越高,甲烷平衡含量越小;在绝热条件下,各因素对反应器出口温度和甲烷平衡含量都有影响,其中循环比影响较大,循环比越大,反应器出口温度越低,甲烷平衡含量越大,通过虚拟正交实验研究,得到各因素对反应器出口温度和甲烷含量的影响大小顺序为:循环比水蒸气比压力。     

煤自燃气体特征及其对瓦斯爆炸下限影响实验研究

现有研究大多从煤自燃单组分气体或部分组分混合气体角度对瓦斯爆炸极限进行分析,而对煤自燃过程中不同阶段产生的混合气体对瓦斯爆炸极限的影响分析不足,对煤自燃与瓦斯爆炸的耦合致灾开展的实验研究较少。针对上述问题,通过模拟煤自燃实验装置研究了煤自燃过程中气体生成特征规律;采用20L球形爆炸装置对瓦斯混合煤自燃各个阶段生成气体进行实验,研究了煤自燃气体对瓦斯爆炸下限的影响。实验结果表明,实验煤样自燃过程中产生的可燃性气体主要为CH_4,CO,C_2H_4,C_2H_6,C_2H_2等,其中CH_4和CO体积分数最高,最高体积分数分别为0.75%和0.37%;煤自燃不同阶段产生的可燃性气体含量随自燃时间的增加和温度的升高均呈现增大趋势,煤自燃加热初期,温度小于80℃主要产生了CH_4,CO可燃性气体,CO可以作为煤自燃缓慢氧化阶段的标志气体;随着自燃时间的持续,温度超过80℃后,开始产生C_2H_4和C_2H_6,随后逐渐产生C_3H_8气体,C_2H_4的出现表明煤氧化进入了加速阶段;煤氧化自燃后期,大约到220℃时出现C_2H_2,此时煤进入激烈氧化阶段;低体积分数的CO能抑制瓦斯爆炸,高体积分数CO能促进瓦斯爆炸,导致爆炸压力变大,爆炸下限降低;煤自燃过程中产生的混合气体增大了瓦斯爆炸压力,爆炸下限最大降低了0.55%,瓦斯爆炸的危险性变大。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.