Studies on a diesel engine fuelled with used transformer oil at different fuel injection nozzle opening pressures

After prolonged use of transformer oils they become waste and utilised in minor applications. Used transformer oil (UTO) possess physical properties similar to diesel fuel. Earlier investigation reveals that the UTO fuelled in a single cylinder, four stoke, direct injection diesel engine developing 4.4?kW at a rated speed of 1500?rpm at 200 bar standard nozzle opening pressure, gave lower brake thermal efficiency and nitric oxide emission and higher smoke compared to diesel fuel operation. In this investigation, the fuel injector in the same engine was subjected to five different injection nozzle opening pressures (200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250). The effect on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine were evaluated, compared with standard diesel fuel operation and presented in this paper. Results indicated that UTO at 230 bar fuel nozzle opening pressure gave a better performance with lower emissions than UTO at 200 bar.     

Thermodynamic investigation of an integrated DI diesel engine with waste heat operated rankine cycle

ABSTRACT

A DI Diesel Engine has been integrated with a Rankine Cycle for making a proposed ‘integrated power generation cycle’. The heat of engine’s exhaust gases and jacket’s water is as a single heat source to produce additional output power through the Rankine Cycle. In exergy analysis, destruction of input exergy is nearly 64.13% due to irreversibilities. The useful exergy output is about 30.3%. The exhaust exergy lost to atmosphere is 5.39%, which is smaller than 20.83% of exhaust energy loss of its input, whereas the useful energy output is almost 38.02%. Moreover, there is the reduction in the BSFC due to the recovery of the exergy from the waste heat. The average reduction in the BSFC is about 18.42%. The results of this proposed cycle also show that the integration of the Diesel Engine with the Rankine Cycle has drastic effect on the efficiencies based on exergy and energy.     

变压器油燃烧过程中的排放特征研究

采用克拉玛依25#变压器油在烟雾箱内进行直接燃烧模拟,确定燃烧产生烟尘颗粒及多环芳烃(PAHs)的排放因子.结果表明:烟尘颗粒的排放因子随燃烧量增加呈先增大后降低并趋于稳定的变化特征,稳定状态下小烟雾箱得到烟尘颗粒的排放因子大于大烟雾箱.新油和废油燃烧产生PAHs的谱分布接近,以中高环PAHs占主导,不同于变压器油中以...     

Experimental analysis of DI diesel engine using dual biofuel blended with diesel

ABSTRACT

In recent years, biodiesel has become more attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engines because of its environmental benefits and the fact is that it is made from renewable resources. The role of biodiesel is not to replace petroleum diesel, biofuels help to improve the economical growth and positive impacts on the environment. The main purpose of this research is to reduce the emission such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_X), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). And to increase the performance characteristics such as break thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC) of diesel engines. Here we used dual biofuel (lemongrass oil plus mint oil) blended with diesel and cerium oxide is added as an additive and undergone the test of engine performance and emission parameters of diesel. The measuring parameters are BTHE, specific fuel conception, CO₂, CO, NO_x and HC.     

The influence of injection parameters on the performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine using biofuel-blended-pure diesel fuel

The transport sector is the most essential driver of growth and economic development, which is one of the biggest contributors to climate change, responsible for almost a quarter of the global carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper, the experiments were conducted for an injection timing of 21° with standard injection pressure of 220?bar at different proportions such as 20%, 40% and 60% of biodiesel blends with pure diesel fuel. Other parameters like injection pressure and mass flow rate are kept constant. The performance parameters for running the engine are 1500?rpm and a rated power of 4.4?kW. The performance test resulted in the increased BTE and reduction in the SFEC for B20 blend as compared to the other proportions. The emission characteristics show that the CO, UHC and NO_x were decreased for B20 when compared with the other proportions.     

Performance and emissions analysis of a diesel engine directly fuelled with waste cooking oil biodiesel

This research focuses on a comparative study of the physical and chemical properties of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel with China stage IV diesel fuel. The estimate method of excess air ratio and the heating value ratio of an engine's cylinder mixture are proposed based on the differences of properties of two fuels. The bench tests of engine performance are carried out with an engine fuelled with two fuels separately. The estimated excess air ratio and the heating value ratio of an engine's cylinder mixture through the method are approximate to the experiment results. This comparison demonstrates that the estimate method can be applied to the performance analysis of an engine. Compared with China stage IV diesel, when a diesel engine is fuelled with WCO biodiesel, the torque and power decline from 1.9% to 13.8%; the brake-speci?c fuel consumption rises from 3.7% to 15.6%; CO, HC and PM emissions decrease significantly and NO_X emissions increase slightly.     

Experimental investigation of the influence of isobutanol addition on engine performance and emissions of a direct ignition diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel blends derived from waste vegetable oil

Biodiesel has become one of the potential alternative sources to replace diesel. Some of the limitations of biodiesel include high NO _x , poor atomization, poor oxidation stability, cold-flow problems, long-term storage problems, etc. Various strategies were discussed to overcome the limitations of biodiesels. Recent research is on effects of fuel additives or fuel composition modification to reformulate the fuel properties. This article is aimed at presenting the experimental investigation of the effects of isobutanol additive on the engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends derived from waste vegetable oils. The experimental investigation was conducted on a direct injection four-stroke diesel engine with different blends, B10, B20, B30, B10 (10% ISB), B20 (10% ISB), B30 (10% ISB), B10 (20% ISB), B20 (20% ISB) and B30 (20% ISB), and engine performance and emission characteristics are evaluated and discussed.     

Performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using linseed oil as biodiesel by varying injection timing

The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing demand leads to research in alternate fuels. The alternate fuels are bio-degradable, renewable and non-toxic. Many types of oils are re-used in biodiesel production, considering their availability, among which linseed oil is the most significant one. Injection timing plays a major role among various injection parameters which affects its performance and emission characteristics. This paper focuses on experimental investigation on a single cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with output of 5.2?kW at 1500?rpm at various injection timings, 20, 23, 26 degree BTDC for observing the performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using methyl esters of linseed oil and its blends. The blends are B10, B20, and fuel characteristics are observed. The results show that when compared with diesel it gives an increase in BTHE and reduction in SFC. Both the biodiesel blends give lesser NOx. Slightly higher CO and HC emission were found. The performance and emissions were increased in when injection increased.     

Analysis of pre-heated crude palm oil,palm oil methyl ester and its blends as fuel in a diesel engine

Diesel engines are widely used in the surface transport system. They are the main source of economic growth of a nation. Nowadays, awareness of the environment compels people to adopt stringent emission norms. The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and the increase in the emission levels have caused concerns globally. An eco-friendly alternate is required to fulfil the growing demand. This paper focuses on alternate fuels and the importance of choosing palm oil. The energy density and higher cetane number are its major advantages. Also it reduces environmental pollution drastically. The viscosity of palm oil is a problem like other vegetable oils, which affects the fuel spray pattern. It reduces the efficiency of the combustion to a large extent. To overcome the problem, the pre-heating technique and transesterification process are adopted in this work. Performance tests were conducted on a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer, and emission was monitored using an AVL exhaust gas analyser. The results indicated that vegetable oil fuels have lower brake thermal efficiency compared to that of diesel. Pre-heated oil and methyl ester showed an appreciable reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and higher exhaust temperature and nitric oxide (NO_x) emission.     

Experimental investigation of performance,combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with chicha oil biodiesel

As the decreasing availability of the fossil fuel is rising day by day, the search of alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute to the conventional fuels is rising rapidly. A new type of biofuel, chicha oil biodiesel, is introduced in this work for the purpose of fuelling diesel engine. Chicha oil was transesterified with methanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain chicha oil methyl ester (COME). The calorific value of this biodiesel is lower, when compared to that of diesel. The COME and their blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% with diesel were tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine and the performance, combustion and emission results were compared with diesel. The test result indicates that there is a slight increase in brake thermal efficiency and decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption for all blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel. The use of biodiesel resulted in lower emissions of CO and HC and increased emissions of CO₂ and NO_x. The experimental results proved that the use of biodiesel (produced from chicha oil) in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel.     

Experimental investigation of injection timing on the performance and exhaust emissions of a rubber seed oil blend fuel in constant speed diesel engine

An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the use of rubber seed oil with diesel at a proportion of 20% by volume (RSO20) in a constant speed (1500?rpm) direct injected four-stroke air-cooled single-cylinder compression ignition engine at different injection timings (24°, 27°, 30°, 33° bTDC (before top dead centre)). A series of tests were conducted at various engine load conditions at the rated power of 5.9?kW. The injection pressure was maintained at 200?bar. As a result of investigations, at the full load condition, the brake thermal efficiency of RSO20 at 30° bTDC is high compared with other injection timings and brake energy fuel consumption is increased when advancing injection timing. There is a significant reduction in unburned hydrocarbon emission and carbon monoxide emission, and the oxides of nitrogen emission (NO_x) is increased when advancing the injection timing.     

Performance characteristics of CI engine using blends of waste cooking oil methyl ester,ethanol and diesel

ABSTRACT

The main emphasis of this work is to explore the biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil and its utilisation in CI engine blended with ethanol and conventional diesel. Waste cooking oil methyl esters (WCOME) was prepared by transesterification with a heterogeneous catalyst such as CaO. Diesel and WCOME blends of five different proportions with 5% of ethanol uniformly added to them were used as a fuel in a variable compression ratio, constant speed, compression ignition engine. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the engine at part and full load conditions were compared with that of neat diesel, varying the compression ratio from 18 to 22. From the experimental results, the blend comprising 20% waste cooking oil, 5% ethanol and 75% mineral diesel showed ameliorated performance and emission characteristics, compared with all the other fuel blends at an optimum compression ratio of 21.     

Impact of compression ratio analysis in waste cooking oil biodiesels–diesel blends as fuel

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of compression ratio on combustion characteristics of diesel engine with waste cooking oils methyl ester–diesel blends as fuel. The DI engine fuelled with Waste Cooking Rice Bran Methyl Ester (WCRBME) and Waste Cooking Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester (WCCSME) prepared by the transesterification process was investigated for its combustion and then compared with petroleum-based diesel fuel (PBDF). Experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1500?rpm and maintained at a full-load condition for the compression ratio of 17:1, 18:1 and 19:1 and blending ratios B20, B40, B60 and B80.The fuel properties were strictly measured as per ASTM testing methods and these observed properties are verified to be well within the limits of ASTM D 6751 biodiesel standards. The combustion characteristics of heat release rate and combustion pressure of WCRBME & WCCSME were found closer to diesel.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by neem oil blended with alcohols

Fuel crisis and environmental concerns have led researchers to look for alternative fuels of bio-origin sources such as vegetable oils, which can be produced from forests and oil-bearing biomass materials. Vegetable oils have energy content comparable to that of diesel fuel. Straight vegetable oils posed several operational problems and durability problems when subjected to long-term usage in compression ignition engine. These problems are attributed to higher viscosity and lower volatility. In this study, performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine operating on neem oil and its blends of 5, 10, 15 and 20?vol% with ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol are evaluated and compared with diesel operation. The results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency is improved with the use of neem oil–alcohol blends with respect to those of neat neem oil. The smoke intensity, CO and HC emissions with neem oil–alcohol blends are observed to be lower with respect to those of neat neem oil at higher loads. The NO _x emission is very slightly reduced with the use of neem oil–alcohol blends except for the neem oil–ethanol blend compared with that of neat neem oil.     

Combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with blends of methyl ester of cotton seed oil

The combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled and direct injection (DI) diesel engine fuelled with methyl ester of cotton seed oil (MECSO) and its blends with neat diesel fuel were examined. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed under steady-state condition with a Kirloskar TAF 1 engine. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), cumulative heat release rate (CHRR), maximum cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration of MECSO and its blends with diesel were evaluated and compared with those of diesel fuel. From the analysis, it was found that the peak cylinder pressure and HRR of diesel were higher when compared with those of MECSO blends. The ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration decreased for MECSO blends compared to those of diesel. However, the CHRR of MECSO and its blends were higher than that of diesel. Finally, the study showed that B25 (25% of MECSO and 75% of diesel) gave optimum combustion characteristics for all loads and could be used as a viable alternative fuel in a DI diesel engine without any engine modifications.     

Experimental investigation of compression ignition engine fuelled by a catalytic fuel reformer

Waste engine oil (WEO) as an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engine is investigated in this study. WEO was thermally cracked with alumina catalyst in the catalytic fuel reformer (CFR). The gas obtained from the CFR was condensed using a water-cooled condenser for analytical purposes. The output of the condenser was named as WEOA (reformulated WEO with alumina catalyst). The different chemical properties of WEOA were analysed. The compositional analysis for diesel and WEOA was made using Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). The experimental investigation was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine and the performance and emissions were compared with those of diesel fuel. Experimental results concluded that the performance and emission level are better than those of diesel fuel. This study concludes that environmentally hazardous waste material such as WEO is recycled and converted into a useful resource and serves as an alternative source of fuel for CI engine.     

Experimental analysis of the effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on a single-cylinder diesel engine using biofuel blended with diesel as fuel

Energy demand is the hot topic of all developing and developed countries. Energy demand has been increasing day by day at a high rate. So, it is necessary to find an alternative solution that is eco-friendly. Biodiesel can be the alternative solution for this problem. The main purpose of this paper is to test the engine performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine using pure cinnamon oil blended with diesel and using cerium oxide as a catalyst. The parameters measured are brake power, brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel conception, CO₂, CO, NO_x and HC.     

Influence of injection timing on cerium oxide nanoparticle doped in waste cooking palm oil bio-diesel and diesel blends fuelled in diesel engine

ABSTRACT

Injection timing (IT) is a vital factor among different injection parameters which governs the emissions and performance factors of the engine. This work portrays the effect of IT on cerium oxide nanoparticle doped Waste Cooking Palm Oil biodiesel and diesel blends. The doping is made at 30, 60 and 90?ppm. The modified fuels are introduced in reducing IT of 19°, 21° and 23°bTDC. 1500?rpm engine is made use in this study. Results revealed a significant reduction in emissions (CO, NO_X, HC and Smoke) at IT?=?23°bTDC. Furthermore, performance (BSFC, BTE) is improved for fuel blends at IT?=?23°bTDC.     

Experimental investigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel blended with biodiesel from waste cooking oil

Experiments were conducted on a 4-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine using ultra-low sulfur diesel, bi oesel and their blends, to investigate the regulated and unregulated emissions of the engine under five engine loads at an engine speed of 1800 rev/min. Blended fuels containing 19.6%, 39.4%, 59.4% and 79.6% by volume of biodiesel, corresponding to 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by mass of oxygen in the blended fuel, were used. Biodiesel used in this study was converted from waste cooking oil.The following results are obtained with an increase of biodiesel in the fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption and the brake thermal efficiency increase. The HC and CO emissions decrease while NO_x and NO₂ emissions increase. The smoke opacity and particulate mass concentrations reduce significantly at high engine load. In addition, for submicron particles, the geometry mean diameter of the particles becomes smaller while the total number concentration increases. For the unregulated gaseous emissions, generally, the emissions of formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, xylene decrease, however, acetaldehyde and benzene emissions increase.The results indicate that the combination of ultra-low sulfur diesel and biodiesel from waste cooking oil gives similar results to those in the literature using higher sulfur diesel fuels and biodiesel from other sources.     

Combustion characteristics of the direct injection diesel engine fuelled with corn oil methyl ester

Petroleum-based fuels is a finite resource that is rapidly depleting. Consequently, petroleum reserves are not sufficient enough to last many years. In this research, an experimental investigation has been performed to give insight into the potential of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for direct injection (DI) diesel engines. The experimental work has been carried out to estimate the combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, DI diesel engine fuelled with corn oil methyl ester (COME) and diesel blends. The COME was preheated to temperatures namely 50°C, 70°C and 90°C before it was supplied to the engine. The optimised preheated temperature of 70°C was chosen based on the higher brake thermal efficiency and lower specific fuel consumption. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics are evaluated by running the engine with COME and diesel blends at this preheated temperature. In this paper, the combustion characteristics are only discussed. The combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, maximum rate of pressure, heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate, mass fraction burned and combustion duration of COME methyl ester and diesel were evaluated and compared with neat diesel. The rate of pressure rise and maximum combustion pressure inside the cylinder were high for COME blends compared with neat diesel. The heat release rate of diesel is higher compared with COME blends. The ignition delay and combustion duration are decreased for COME blends compared with neat diesel. The cumulative heat release rate and mass fraction burnt of COME blends are higher than neat diesel.