An assessment of the Silt Density Index based on RO membrane colloidal fouling experiments with iron oxide particles

RO membrane colloidal fouling experiments were performed in the laboratory under well controlled and realistic conditions. Iron oxide was selected as a typical inorganic colloidal foulant, due to its importance, as evidenced from well known manufacturer recommendations on iron concentrations in feed waters and from frequently encountered problems in membrane installations. A range of iron concentrations was identified where a linear relationship existed between flux reduction rate and concentration. The performance of the Silt Density Index (SDI) was tested on the basis of the RO fouling data obtained. The range of iron concentrations where measurable and meaningful SDI values could be obtained was remarkably close to membrane manufacturer recommendations. A notable sensitivity of the SDI was also observed with particles for which retention is negligible. However, on the basis of the RO fouling data obtained, it appears that the SDI is not conservative enough. Furthermore, since the SDI cannot predict fouling rates, it cannot discriminate between different types of membranes.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米二氧化硅溶胶和多孔二氧化硅薄膜

稀Na2SiO3溶液经过阳离子交换树脂除去Na^ 离子后,经碱化浓缩制成质量分数约为25％－30％的二氧化硅溶胶,添加化学添加剂丙三醇后加入乙酸乙酯,搅拌水解使溶解的pH值适当降低,聚乙烯醇能使二氧化硅溶胶具有网状结构,易于成膜。薄膜在750－850℃下热处理后孔径分布在100－300nm之间。二氧化硅薄膜在热处理过程中的微结构衍化过程可通过调节二氧化硅溶胶的pH值,添加化学添加剂和热处理温度加以控制。讨论了纳米二氧化硅胶粒溶胶的形成和形成的二氧化硅溶胶先体的成膜化学机理,并对制备的多孔二氧化硅薄膜的微结构,形貌变化和相关的物理性能进行了表征。     

双丙酮丙烯酰胺与海藻酸钠接枝聚合制备双亲性药物载体

双丙酮丙烯酰胺(DAAM)与海藻酸钠(SA)进行接枝聚合反应,过硫酸钾作为引发剂,制备了海藻酸钠-双丙酮丙烯酰胺两亲性共聚物,接枝率可以达到43%,该产物在水相中发生自聚集,形成直径300～500 nm的胶束。用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)、荧光光谱(FS)、元素分析(EA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和Zeta电位对产物进行了表征。结果表明,胶体粒子表面带负电荷,在水中分散,结构稳定。将其用钙离子交联后形成凝胶,对于模型药物布洛芬(ibuprofen)有较好的负载率和缓释行为,载药率可以达到12%。     

硅溶胶、铝溶胶在陶瓷原位胶态成形中的应用

陶瓷原位胶态成形方法是制备近净尺寸复杂陶瓷部件最具应用前景的方法，硅溶胶、铝溶胶也越来越多的应用于其中。本文主要介绍了硅、铝溶胶的分散胶凝原理以及在胶态成形中的应用。     

Preparation and thermal properties of epoxy-silica nanocomposites from nanoscale colloidal silica

Epoxy-silica nanocomposites were obtained from directly blending diglycidylether of bisphenol-A and nanoscale colloidal silica and then curing with 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane. The epoxy-silica nanocompoites showed good transparency and miscibility observed with AFM, SEM, and TEM. The thermal stability of the epoxy resins was improved with the incorporation of the colloidal silica. However, a depression on the glass transition temperature of the resins was observed, owing to the plasticizing effect of the colloidal silica. Moreover, the nanoscale colloidal silica did not show effectively synergistic effect on char formation and flame retardance with phosphorus.     

PTA尾气吸附系统的优化

针对吸附系统内除湿剂硅胶频繁破碎现象进行优化。在找出硅胶破碎原因的基础上,通过吸附塔直径放大18.3%,引出部分尾气,使床层流速降低。在吸附塔进口管处,安装雾沫分离器;在硅胶前沿填充部分耐水硅胶以减少液态水的冲击。再生蒸汽加热管上加调节阀防止硅胶过分干燥。使A塔硅胶使用了540d,B塔硅胶使用了630d。     

正硅酸乙酯水解-聚合的工艺参数研究及纳米SiO2的合成

以正硅酸乙酯为原料,分别以盐酸、硫酸、甲酸、天冬氨酸或其混合酸为水解催化剂制备硅溶胶.研究了不同催化剂、电解质以及醇对水解和胶凝过程的影响,结果发现,以盐酸或以盐酸和天冬氨酸的混合酸为催化剂可以得到较好的硅溶胶,而单独以有机酸和天冬氨酸为催化剂得不到理想的硅溶胶.同时还发现,醇的加入可以起到稳定硅溶胶的作用,而浓度较高的Na2SO4加剧了硅溶胶的聚结.另外,用X -射线衍射和紫外-可见光反射对纳米SiO2进行了分析.     

New insights into sodium alginate fouling of ceramic hollow fiber membranes by NMR imaging

Ceramic hollow fiber membranes are investigated with respect to the fouling behavior. Constant pressure dead‐end filtration experiments have been performed using alginate as model substance for extracellular polymeric substances. In addition to the evaluation of the filtration data using conventional cake filtration model, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to elucidate the influence of Ca²⁺ on the fouling layer structure for alginate filtration within ceramic hollow fiber membranes. To visualize the alginate layers inside the opaque ceramic hollow fiber membranes by means of MRI, specific contrast agents were applied. Supplementary to multi slice multi echo imaging, flow velocity measurements were performed to gain more insight into the hydrodynamics in the fouled membranes. MRI reveals the structure of the alginate layers with the finding that the addition of Ca²⁺ to the alginate feed solution promotes the formation of a dense alginate gel layer on the membrane's surface. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2459–2467, 2016     

烧结温度对SiO2胶体晶体模板结构的影响研究

采用St(o)ber法制备了单分散的SiO2球形颗粒,并在重力沉积条件下制得了高度有序的SiO2胶体晶体模板.采用TG、FTIR、UV-Vis和SEM等表征手段研究了烧结温度对SiO2胶体晶体模板结构的影响.结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,二氧化硅微球间的间隙逐渐减小、排列更加规整有序.采用该二氧化硅胶体晶体(700℃下烧结)为模板制得了聚偏氟乙烯有序多孔材料.     

正渗透膜过程中临界通量的影响因素

临界通量是膜过程中一种重要的污染特性指标.采用阶梯汲取液浓度递增法测定不同污染物、架桥离子浓度及膜面流速对正渗透(FO)膜过程临界通量的影响.结果表明,海藻酸钠(SA)、腐殖酸(HA)及二氧化硅(SiO2)污染时FO膜临界通量值分别为29.32,46.35和32.17 L/(m2·h);随 Ca2+浓度由0 mmol/...     

An experimental study of UF membrane fouling by humic acid and sodium alginate solutions: the effect of backwashing on flux recovery

One of the critical issues for the successful application of ultrafitration in water treatment is membrane fouling due to dissolved organic matter, which negatively affects productivity, product quality and process cost. The aim of the present study is to contribute to the understanding of fouling phenomena by organic matter and the efficiency of the backwashing technique, which is applied in practice to restore membrane flux. In this experimental study commercial humic acid and sodium alginate have been used as model substances representative of natural organic matter and extracellular organic matter, respectively. All fouling experiments were carried out in a special single fiber apparatus. An important parameter considered in the study of both model substances is the concentration of calcium ions, which promote their aggregation and influence the rate of flux decline, the reversibility of fouling and rejection. Membrane fouling by humic acid appears to be the outcome of simultaneous action of several fouling mechanisms. Initially, a relatively rapid irreversible fouling takes place due to internal pore adsorption; however, progressively pore blocking becomes important and a fouling layer develops on the membrane. Sodium alginate fouling on the other hand is apparently due to two consecutive mechanisms; i.e. a rapid irreversible fouling due to internal pore constriction, followed by cake development on the membrane surface which becomes the dominant mechanism. Comparing fouling in both cases it can be inferred that even though sodium alginate fouling is more severe than the one caused by humic acids, it is to a large extent reversible by backwashing. On the contrary, fouling caused by humic acid is characterized by greater and increasing with calcium addition irreversibility, which is not remedied by the periodic backwashing. The different fouling propensity of the two types of macromolecules is apparently due to differences of their physical–chemical characteristics.     

基于SiO2材料的细胞固定化研究及应用

基于SiO2的材料主要由烷氧基与水溶性方法合成：前者主要以TMOS或TEOS为SiO2前躯体,并用其它有机硅化合物,甘油和海藻酸钙等对其进行进行修饰或复合,后者主要以硅酸钠溶液与胶体SiO2为硅源。这种材料可以包埋微生物,植物细胞,动物细胞,包埋后的生物复合材料则成为生物反应器,生物传感器,生物催化剂,人造生物器官等,它们可用于工业化学合成、信号监测、废水处理和细胞治疗。     

Regression analysis of a chemical reaction fouling model

A previously reported mathematical model for the initial chemical reaction fouling of a heated tube is critically examined in the light of the experimental data for which it was developed. A regression analysis of the model with respect to that data shows that the reference point upon which the two adjustable parameters of the model were originally based was well chosen, albeit fortuitously.     

Fine particle deposition in laminar and turbulent flows

The deposition of fine silica and polystyrene spheres was measured for conditions of laminar and turbulent flow (960 ≤ Re ≤ 16040) in a rectangular channel using image analysis. The plate glass deposition surfaces were rendered positively charged by coating them with a cationic copolymer while, under the water chemistry conditions employed, both types of particles were negatively charged. It was found that, contrary to the results for laminar flow, the initial depositon rates in turbulent flow decreased with increasing Re, indicating that deposition was no longer mass-transfer controlled and that particle attachment played an increasingly important role as Re was raised. Attachment was modelled as a rate process in series with mass transfer in which the attachment rate varies inversely as the square of the friction velocity. Under the conditions of the present experiments, no particle re-entrainment was observed, so that the declining rate of particle accumulation on the wall recorded in each run could only be attributed to a declining deposition rate. Even where asymptotic accumulations were reached, particle coverages never exceeded 3.5%.     

异戊二烯橡胶的乳化与乳液稳定性研究

通过反相乳化和脱除溶剂制备了异戊二烯(PIP)橡胶乳液,研究了乳化剂、油水比、乳化剪切速度和胶体SiO2对异戊橡胶乳化液稳定性的影响。结果表明:油酸钾与Span80复配、油水相重量比为1∶1时,经高速剪切均化后得到相对稳定的PIP乳液。而胶体二氧化硅在PIP乳胶粒表面达到吸附饱和,可进一步提高PIP乳液的稳定性。     

Fabrication of stable superhydrophilic surfaces on titanium substrates

We report a method of producing superhydrophilic surfaces on titanium substrates via sandblasting and dip-coating with colloidal silica nanoparticles. The surface exhibits a high level of hydrophilic stability, as it stays superhydrophilic for an excess of 40?days and through multiple wetting–dewetting cycles. The combination of microscale roughness from the sandblasting and nanoscale roughness from the silica particles results in a micro-nano binary structure, which greatly enhances the hydrophilicity of the titanium samples. Due to the simplicity and ease of implementation of this method, such a surface is suitable for potential use in a variety of applications, such as prosthetic dentistry and other biomedical fields.     

硅溶胶结合不定形耐火材料的研究及应用现状

总结了硅溶胶结合不定形耐火材料(包括浇注料、捣打料、喷射料和压入料)的性能研究和应用现状,并展望了硅溶胶结合耐火材料技术研究的方向和前景。     

碱液冷却器结垢原因及防范措施

分析了合成氨装置脱碳系统碱液冷却器严重结垢的原因,从改变结构形式、增加保护设施和改善操作方式等方面提出了改进方案和防范措施。