Thermodynamic analysis and optimisation of an irreversible radiative-type heat engine by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm

Finite-time thermodynamics with an ecological principle is used for a heat engine with an irreversible radiative along with losses owing to internal irreversibilities and the heat transfer through finite-temperature differences. In this study, the ecological function is optimised regarding the cycle temperature ratio and the effects of the extreme temperature ratio and the internal irreversibilities are investigated on the optimum cycle performance. Paper presented here used a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm called NSGA-II to optimise the thermal efficiency, the dimensionless ecological function and the dimensionless power simultaneously. Rather than a sole ultimate optimum outcome resulting in conventional single-objective optimisation, a set of optimum solutions were obtained called the Pareto optimal frontier. Hence, in order to select a final optimal answer, a progression of decision making was utilised. Two decision-making procedures were employed in the objectives’ space to obtain the optimum answers from the Pareto optimum outcomes.     

Thermodynamic and multi-objective optimisation of solar-driven Organic Rankine Cycle using zeotropic mixtures

This paper communicates the performance of low-grade solar heat source powered Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). To investigate the system performance, first law and exergetic efficiencies, power output are evaluated and compared for zeotropic mixtures of (iso)butane/(iso)pentane and cyclohexane/R123. The results indicate that there exists an optimal mass fraction for which energy and exergetic efficiencies, and power output are maximum corresponding to a given value of expander inlet temperature compared with pure fluids. However, the specific volume flow ratio of the expander is higher for zeotropic mixtures; which results in a lower economy of mixtures than pure fluids. The use of an internal heat exchanger in the system improves cycle performance. Moreover, the multi-objective genetic algorithm further improves the performance of ORC and exhibits better exergetic efficiency 51–57% and 0–14.09% reduction in lower expander-specific volume flow ratio (v ₆/v ₅) than thermodynamically optimised ORC.     

Thermodynamic investigation of an integrated DI diesel engine with waste heat operated rankine cycle

ABSTRACT

A DI Diesel Engine has been integrated with a Rankine Cycle for making a proposed ‘integrated power generation cycle’. The heat of engine’s exhaust gases and jacket’s water is as a single heat source to produce additional output power through the Rankine Cycle. In exergy analysis, destruction of input exergy is nearly 64.13% due to irreversibilities. The useful exergy output is about 30.3%. The exhaust exergy lost to atmosphere is 5.39%, which is smaller than 20.83% of exhaust energy loss of its input, whereas the useful energy output is almost 38.02%. Moreover, there is the reduction in the BSFC due to the recovery of the exergy from the waste heat. The average reduction in the BSFC is about 18.42%. The results of this proposed cycle also show that the integration of the Diesel Engine with the Rankine Cycle has drastic effect on the efficiencies based on exergy and energy.     

Performance of a reversible heat pump/organic Rankine cycle unit coupled with a passive house to get a positive energy building

This paper presents an innovative technology that can be used to deliver more renewable electricity production than the total electrical consumption of a building while covering the heat demand on a yearly basis. The technology concept uses a heat pump (HP), slightly modified to revert its cycle and generate electricity, coupled to a solar thermal collector roof. This reversible HP/organic Rankine cycle unit presents three operating modes: direct heating, HP and organic Rankine cycle. This work focuses on describing the dynamic model of the multi-component system followed by a techno-economic analysis of the system under different operational conditions. Sensitivity studies include: building envelope, climate, appliances, lighting and heat demand profiles. It is concluded that the HP/ORC unit can turn a single-family house into a PEB under certain weather conditions (electrical production of 3012?kWh/year and total electrical consumption of 2318?kWh/year) with a 138.8?m² solar roof in Denmark.     

Enhancing and multi-objective optimising of the performance of Stirling engine using third-order thermodynamic analysis

Stirling engine is an external combustion engine which uses eternal heat sources like solar radiation for heating a compressible fluid inside cylinders. In the recent years, significant attention is drawn to Stirling engines due to the clear advantages, high efficiency potential, flexible fuel, lower nitrogen oxides, quiet and minimal vibration, high reliability and highest specific output work for any closed regenerative cycle. The third order thermal analysis is one of the analyses which has been applied in several studies which have been carried out on Stirling engines. NSGA-II algorithm is applied to optimise the differential regenerator pressure (bar) and the power output (kW) for a Stirling engine system. In this study, three decision-making techniques are utilised to optimise the solutions, obtained of the results. At last, the employed techniques are compared with the data of an experimental research work.     

基于遗传算法的建设工程风险决策多目标优化研究

在建设工程风险决策过程中,只考虑单个目标因素的决策并不能满足实际工程的要求。为了使决策更加科学、合理,在风险识别和风险评价的基础上,综合考虑包括风险管理成本在内的多个目标因素对决策结果的影响,建立了工程风险多目标决策优化模型,通过多目标遗传算法NSGA-Ⅱ,实现了工程风险决策方案的优化。最后,对优化结果的分析和评价,证明了所建立的模型在解决工程风险决策问题上的有效性和实用性。     

Thermodynamic analysis of low-grade solar heat source-powered modified organic Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture (Butane/R1234yf)

This paper communicates detailed energy and exergy analysis of low-grade energy resource of solar-powered organic Rankine cycle (ORC) integrated with both the internal heat exchanger and open feed water heater, ORC incorporated with the internal heat exchanger, with open feed water heater and basic ORC, respectively. Results indicate that highest first law efficiency (11.9%), exergetic efficiency (51.88%) and lowest exergy destruction (1749?kW) are obtained for ORC integrated with both internal heat exchanger and open feed water heater among other considered ORCs. Moreover, zeotropic mixture (butane/R1234yf) shows better first law and exergetic efficiency and lower exergy destruction than pure fluid.     

Concurrent multi-scale modelling and updating of long-span bridges using a multi-objective optimisation technique

This paper aims at developing an innovative technique of concurrent multi-objective optimisation for updating the multi-scale model of long-span bridges. A multi-scale model is established for the purpose of concurrently analysing the global response of the structure and nonlinear local damages in order to assess structural state and local damage evolution or deteriorating, respectively. A multi-objective optimisation technique is proposed in this work for concurrent multi-scale model updating, in which several key issues including the determination of the objective functions and constraint conditions, the multi-objective optimisation algorithm and how to find the optimal solution from many non-inferior solutions are studied. The proposed concurrent multi-objective optimisation technique is applied to update the initial multi-scale model of Runyang Suspension Bridge (RYSB) near Shanghai, and the updated model is validated by the data from the field tests conducted for obtaining the response in global (dynamic properties) and local levels.     

电压缩式制冷循环与吸收式制冷循环的热力学比较分析

采用效率与损失分析方法,计算比较了电压缩式制冷循环与单效吸收式制冷循环的效率及两种制冷循环在典型工况下各环节的损失。结果表明,当采用合适的发生器温度和热源温度时,两种制冷循环的效率基本相同;电压缩式制冷循环的主要损失发生在压缩机环节,吸收式制冷循环的主要损失发生在吸收器和发生器。讨论了两种制冷循环的改进途径。     

热泵循环的(火用)分析与研究

指出了<热泵定义的拓展及其(火用)效率表达式的改进>一文中存在的问题,引证文献证明了热力学与工程领域对热泵的定义是一致的.通过(火用)分析导出热泵(火用)效率的表达式,从而证明原文作者得出ηex＞1的结论的理论缺陷.     

基于Rankine模型的墙体位移–土压力近似计算

墙体位移是影响土压力的核心要素。根据Rankine土压力模型,以试样在单剪试验中的剪切过程近似模拟墙后土体由静止进入极限状态的历程,构建土体剪应变与墙体位移在等极限应变条件下的几何方程和基于点应力状态的剪应力与土压力平衡方程,结合以双曲线表达且与几何方程相匹配的剪应变–剪应力理想非线弹塑性物理模型,建立综合反映土体变形与强度特性及初始应力状态影响的墙体位移–土压力函数关系,讨论极限状态下墙体位移的主要影响因素。分析表明:静止与被动(或主动)状态之间的墙体位移–土压力曲线是土体应力–应变特性的宏观体现,两者随变形的增加呈现出相似的变化规律;主动(或被动)状态下的墙体位移随土体极限剪应变、滑移区范围的增加而增大,随静止土压力系数的降低而减小(或增大);工程设计常用力学指标下的粗细粒土进入主动状态时,墙体位移与墙高之比为0.6‰~15.0‰,被动时为-0.5%~-5.9%,理论分析与相关文献模型试验结果吻合。     

DOE applied to multi-response optimisation study on performance,combustion and emission characteristics of a VCR diesel engine

There are various parameters which may influence the IC engine performance. The trial and error method is a technique used to identify the best parameters. However, this method demands extensive experimental work and results in a great waste of time and resources. Thus, the design of experiments (DOEs) developed by Taguchi is employed. The multi-responses which need to be maximised are brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, cylinder pressure and cumulative heat release rate, whereas the responses which are to be minimised are specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. In the present study, an optimised DOE(L9) orthogonal array based on the Taguchi statistical method was formulated and a series of experiments were conducted under controlled supervision by considering three different injection operating pressures (IOPs) (200, 220 and 240 bar) and three different compression ratios (CRs) (16.5, 17.5 and 18.5). The main objective of this paper is to find the best suited IOP and CR values which obtain higher performance, better combustion and lower emissions.     

多方法混合周跳探测与修复算法研究

研究了相位减伪距法、电离层残差法、宽巷相位减窄巷伪距法三种经典周跳探测算法,针对三种方法的不足,对其进行有机组合,设计并实现了一个多方法混合周跳探测与修复的算法,同时改进了周跳的搜索策略。实例分析表明,该算法原理简单、便于实现,能够快速准确地分离出周跳并加以修复,具有较强的实用性。     

内燃机循环变动的理论研究

概述了火花点火式内燃机燃烧循环变动的研究现状,详细阐述了内燃机结构参数及运转参数对内燃机燃烧循环变动的影响,以促进内燃机循环变动的研究。     

Life cycle utility-informed maintenance planning based on lifetime functions: optimum balancing of cost,failure consequences and performance benefit

Decision-making regarding the optimum maintenance of civil infrastructure systems under uncertainty is a topic of paramount importance. This topic is experiencing growing interest within the field of life cycle structural engineering. Embedded within the decision-making process and optimum management of engineering systems is the structural performance evaluation, which is facilitated through a comprehensive life cycle risk assessment. Lifetime functions including survivor, availability, and hazard at component and system levels are utilised herein to model, using closed-form analytical expressions, the time-variant effect of intervention actions on the performance of civil infrastructure systems. The presented decision support framework based on lifetime functions has the ability to quantify maintenance cost, failure consequences and performance benefit in terms of utility by considering correlation effects. This framework effectively employs tri-objective optimisation procedures in order to determine optimum maintenance strategies under uncertainty. It provides optimum lifetime intervention plans allowing for utility-informed decision-making regarding maintenance of civil infrastructure systems. The effects of the risk attitude, correlation among components and the number of maintenance interventions on the optimum maintenance strategies are investigated. The capabilities of the proposed decision support framework are illustrated on five configurations of a four-component system and an existing highway bridge.     

基于全寿命周期成本的地埋管地源热泵系统间歇运行能效分析

间歇运行状态影响竖埋管地源热泵系统的换热性能,进而影响系统的全寿命周期成本(LCC)。利用DeST软件对某办公建筑进行了逐时负荷模拟分析,建立了地下换热器三维管群换热模型以及热泵系统各部分的能耗模型,通过对热泵系统在连续运行15年和间歇运行15年工况下的计算结果进行对比分析,间歇运行的LCC值相对于连续运行的LCC值降低了13.45%,间歇运行模式在热泵系统全寿命周期内的平均节能率为17.20%。间歇运行模式可以有效的提高系统能效和降低LCC值。     

Evaluation and optimisation of receiver height in a compound parabolic collector with low acceptance angle

This research presents the method of finding an optimised location of a tubular receiver for a compound parabolic collector (CPC) with 6° acceptance angle. Due to low acceptance angle, reflected rays concentrate below the focus of a parabola. Graphical ray tracing (GRT) approach is implemented to execute the optical analysis with and without manufacturing error in the collector. It is performed on collector–receiver combinations by varying receiver height below the focus and they are compared on the basis of utilised area and projection ratios. The ideal cases of collector–receiver combinations which contribute high utilisation and projection ratio are selected and verified with the camera target method (CTM) performed on the actual set-up. It is built for water heater application to validate the results obtained from GRT and CTM. The thermal performance of CPC at various receiver heights is compared by thermal efficiency and therefore the optimum receiver height is concluded.     

基于进化策略的路基稳定性分析

基于边坡稳定分析的简化毕肖普（A.W.Bishop）条分法,提出用进化策略搜索最危险滑动面及其对应的最小安全系数的方法.该方法模拟了生物进化过程,克服了传统方法容易陷入局部最小值的缺点,是一种全局优化算法,并通过某一高路堤公路边坡对其进行了验证.