纳米SiC-Al_2O_3/TiC多相陶瓷复合材料显微结构的研究

考察了纳米SiC -Al2 O3/TiC多相陶瓷复合材料的断裂方式 .由于纳米SiC的加入 ,材料以穿晶断裂为主 .通过透射电镜观察 ,研究了纳米陶瓷复合材料中纳米SiC的分布 ,证明所制备的材料主要为晶内型纳米复合陶瓷 .在纳米SiC -Al2 O3/TiC多相陶瓷复合材料中 ,少量纳米SiC位于基体晶粒间 ,大多数纳米SiC位于基体晶粒内 ,而且纳米SiC的加入细化了基体的晶粒 .通过高分辨透射电镜观察 ,研究了纳米SiC -Al2 O3/TiC多相陶瓷复合材料中 ,纳米SiC与基体间界面结合状态 ,发现在两颗粒间的晶界几乎没有玻璃相 ,证明纳米陶瓷复合材料中晶界得到了加强 ,有利于材料力学性能的提高 .另外研究了裂纹在材料中的扩展行为 ,结果表明 ,纳米粒子对裂纹的扩展起到偏折和钉扎作用     

氧化铝基纳米复合陶瓷显微结构的研究

考察了Al2O3-SiC和Al2O3-ZrO2(3Y)-SiC纳米复合陶瓷的断裂方式。由于SiC的加入,材料以穿晶断裂为主。通过透射电镜观察,研究了纳米复合陶瓷中材料SiC颗粒的分布,证明所制备的材料为晶内型纳米复合陶瓷。在Al2O3-ZrO3(3Y)-SiC纳米复合陶瓷中,小的ZrO2颗粒分布于Al2O3晶粒内,大的ZrO2晶粒位于Al2O3晶粒间,ZrO2的分布影响Al2O3晶粒的形状。通过高分辨透射电镜,观察了Al2O3-SiC和Al2O3-ZrO2(3Y)-SiC纳米复合陶瓷中Al2O3/Al2O3,Al2O3/SiC,Al2O3/ZrO2的界面。在两颗晶粒间的晶界几乎没有玻璃相的存在,证明纳米复合材料中晶界得到了加强,有利于力学性能的提高。     

纳米SiC对Al2O3/TiC基多相陶瓷材料显微结构的影响

从烧结温度、基体晶粒大小、断裂方式、SiC在基体中的分布等几方面研究了纳米SiC颗粒的加入对Al2O3/TiC复相基体显微结构的影响.实验表明,纳米SiC颗粒的加入提高了烧结温度,抑制了基体晶粒的异常长大,明显细化了晶粒.试样的断裂方式从以沿晶断裂为主转变为以穿晶断裂为主.纳米SiC在基体中分布均匀,部分位于晶粒内,另一部分位于晶界上.这种显微结构有利于材料力学性能的提高.     

晶内型结构的Al_2O_3/SiC_p纳米复相陶瓷

利用非均匀成核的方法在纳米SiC粒子表面包覆一层Al2 O3,通过胶态悬浮液将其均匀分散于Al2 O3 基体中 ,制备出晶内型结构为主的Al2 O3/SiCp 纳米复相陶瓷。通过对材料显微结构及断口形貌分析 ,发现Al2 O3/SiCp 纳米复相陶瓷中 ,含纳米SiC粒子的Al2 O3 晶粒内 ,在残余热应力作用下产生了大量的位错。位错的交截、组合导致微裂纹成核 ,从而诱发材料发生非平面穿晶断裂。说明晶内SiC粒子是改变材料断裂模式的主要原因     

晶内型结构的Al2O3/SiCp纳米复相陶瓷

利用非均匀成核的方法在纳米SiC粒子表面包覆一层Al2O3,通过胶态悬浮液将其均匀分散于Al2O3基体中,制备出晶内型结构为主的Al2O3/SiCp纳米复相陶瓷。通过对材料显微结构及断口形貌分析,发现Al2O3/SiCp纳米复相陶瓷中,含纳米SiC粒子的Al2O3晶粒内,在残余热应力作用下产生了大量的位错,位错的交截,组合导致微裂纹成核,从而诱发材料发生非平面穿晶断裂,说明晶内SiC粒子是改变材料断裂模式的主要原因。     

(SiC,TiB2)/B4C复合材料的微观结构及性能

以B4C与Si3N4和少量SiC,TiC为原料,Al2O3和Y2O3为烧结助剂,烧结温度为1 800～1 880℃,压力为30 MPa的热压条件下制备(SiC,TiB2)/B4C复合材料.用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析进行显微结构分析.结果表明:在烧结过程中反应生成了SiC,TiB2和少量的BN.复合材料的主晶相之间有长棒状架构弥散相和束状弥散相,在部分B4C晶粒内部出现了内晶结构.结合对复合材料性能的分析表明:新形成相、均匀细晶和棒状结构对提高材料的性能具有重要作用.通过对材料断口形貌和裂纹扩展模式分析认为,复合材料的断裂机制主要为裂纹偏转.     

纳米SiC增强铝基复合材料中增强颗粒含量对材料结构和性能的影响

以A356铝合金为基体材料,碳化硅(SiC)颗粒为增强体,通过超声分散液相熔融吹塑工艺制备不同SiC质量分数的Al/SiC复合材料,分析SiC的加入量对Al/SiC复合材料的物相组成、微观结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:纳米SiC的加入抑制FeSiAl4.5相生成,加入质量分数1%SiC抑制效果十分显著。Al/1%SiC复合材料中α-Al晶粒尺寸明显减小且共晶硅组织更细化,此时纳米SiC在Al基体中分布均匀。SiC加入量增至2%、3%时,SiC增强体减小,基体α-Al晶粒尺寸与细化共晶硅组织的作用减弱。TEM分析可观察A356中FeSiAl4.5相组织形貌以及Al/SiC复合材料中均匀分布的纳米SiC颗粒。同步辐射X射线吸收谱说明A356基体中Fe元素是以FeSiAl4.5相的形式存在。Al/1%SiC复合材料的力学性能最佳,抗拉强度达到236 MPa、断裂伸长率增至10%,而Al/2%SiC与Al/3%SiC复合材料的力学性能提升有限。     

无压烧结制备纳米复合碳化硅陶瓷

以水基喷雾造粒而成含5%(质量分数)纳米氮化钛(TiN)颗粒的碳化硅(SiC)造粒粉为原料,采用无压烧结制备纳米复合SiC陶瓷。分析了烧结温度及保温时间对复合陶瓷烧结特性与显微结构的影响规律。结果表明:采取二步烧结可以实现SiC陶瓷在晶粒不明显长大的前提下实现致密化,二步烧结,即先升温到1950℃保温15min后迅速降至1850℃烧结1h,制备的SiC陶瓷具有较高收缩率、较低质量损失以及较高的致密度;纳米TiN颗粒加入后能与基体(SiC,Al2O3)部分发生反应生成TiC和AlN,明显改善SiC陶瓷的烧结性能,获得等轴状、细晶显微结构和优越的力学性能。     

ZrO2-Al2O3-TiC纳微米复合陶瓷模具材料的研究

以钇稳定四方氧化锆(Y-TZP)、Al2O3、纳米级的TiC为主要原料,采用真空热压烧结工艺,制备了ZrO2-Al2O3-TiC纳微米复合陶瓷模具材料.研究了该材料的力学性能和微观结构.研究结果表明:当TiC含量为20vol%,Y2O3含量为3mol%时,制备的ZrO2-Al2O3-TiC复合陶瓷模具材料具有良好的力学性能.抗弯强度、断裂韧性和硬度分别达到824 MPa、10.7 MPa·m1/2和11.67 GPa.晶粒细化、穿晶断裂、颗粒桥联、裂纹偏转和相变增韧是主要的增韧补强机理.     

纳米SiC增韧Al_2O_3陶瓷复合材料的制备、表征及力学性能研究

以SiC和Si微米粉为添加剂,采用无压烧结工艺制备了纳米SiC增韧的Al2O3陶瓷复合材料,探讨了SiC含量、烧结气氛和烧结温度对复合材料的烧成收缩率、微观形貌、抗弯强度、维氏硬度及断裂韧性的影响。结果显示：SiC的添加使复合材料的烧成收缩率下降,惰性气氛下复合材料的收缩率要大于氧化气氛和还原气氛时的收缩率。在氧化性气氛下烧结时,当SiC添加量为4%时,复合陶瓷的体积密度为3.80 g·cm^-3,抗弯强度、断裂韧性及维氏硬度均达到最大值,分别为480 MPa、5.12 MPa·m1/2、16.2 GPa。添加SiC后所得复合材料的基体颗粒为椭圆状,粒径为2μm左右,颗粒与颗粒之间结合紧密,颗粒形状的改变可能是因为烧结机理发生变化所致。纳米SiC颗粒位于晶界处,形成了由Al2O3-SiC-Al2O3搭桥联结的晶界,提高了晶界强度,导致裂纹只能在晶内传播。     

Graphite trifluoromethylsulfate C12+SO3CF3−

Graphite trifluoromethylsulfate C₁₂SO₃CF₃, a new binary graphite salt is formed by the irreversible solvolysis of C₈SO₃F in a large excess of trifluoromethylsulfuric acid. The salt is identified as a stage one intercalation compound with a C₀ value of 8.12 Å and characterised by microanalysis, epr and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. Both Raman spectra, in the back scattering configuration, and IR spectra, in transmission as well as reflection geometries, are used to support an ionic formulation as C₁₂⁺SO₃CF₃^?.     

Dielectric relaxation and resistive switching of Bi0.96Sr0.04Fe0.98Co0.02O3/CoFe2O4 thin films with different thicknesses of the Bi0.96Sr0.04Fe0.98Co0.02O3 layer

Bi_0.96Sr_0.04Fe_0.98Co_0.02O₃/CoFe₂O₄(BSFCO/CFO) bilayered thin films with different thicknesses of the BSFCO layer are synthesized on FTO/glass substrates by chemical solution deposition method (CSD). The influence of BSFCO thickness on the microstructure, dielectric relaxation, ferroelectric properties and resistive switching (RS) of the thin films are researched. Strain exists in the prepared thin films and gives rise to structural distortion, which has an effect on charged defects and ferroelectric polarization. Dielectric relaxation that is closely related to the interfacial polarization at the BSFCO/CFO interface is observed, and the dielectric loss peaks along with decreasing intensity shift to high frequency with decreasing strain. The Maxwell-Wagner two-layer model is adopted to investigate the mechanism of dielectric relaxation, and the relaxation time τ is calculated and it shown to be directly proportional to the strain. It is found that the dielectric properties, including low dielectric loss, can be improved by controlling the BSFCO layer thickness. The ferroelectric properties improve with the decreasing strain, the 12-BSFCO/CFO thin film possesses a large P_r ~ 102.9?μC/cm² at 660?kV/cm. The observed resistive switching (RS) behavior is attributed to the interfacial conduction mechanism, it is found that strain-dependent the ferroelectric polarization switching modulates the width of depletion layer and the height of potential barrier at the interface, resulting in the different resistance states.     

Composite cathodes of La0.9Ca0.1Ni0.5Co0.5O3-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 for solid oxide fuel cells

The mixed ionic and electronic conductors of La_0.9Ca_0.1Ni_0.5Co_0.5O₃-Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (LCNC-SDC) are investigated systematically for potential application as a cathode for solid oxide fuel cells based on a Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC) electrolyte. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements are performed in air over the temperature range of 600-850 °C to determine the cathode polarization resistance. The exchange current densities for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), determined from the low-field cyclic voltammetry, high-field cyclic voltammetry, and EIS data are systematically investigated. The activation energies (E_a) for ORR determined from the slope of Arrhenius plots are in the range of 102.33-150.73 kJ mol⁻¹ for LCNC-SDC composite cathodes. The experimental results found that LCNC-SDC (70:30) composite cathode has a maximum exchange current density and a minimum polarization resistance of 0.30 Ω cm² for 850 °C among LCNC-SDC composite cathodes.     

Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-C_7H_7SO_3~--LDHs催化剂的制备

以尿素为沉淀剂,柠檬酸钠为络合剂,采用均相沉淀法制备Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-CO_3~(2-)-LDHs。以制备的Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-CO_3~(2-)-LDHs为前驱体,分别与Na Cl和对甲苯磺酸钠进行离子交换反应得到Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-C_7H_7SO_3~--LDHs新型催化剂,成功实现对甲苯磺酸根负载Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-LDHs。研究表明,Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-C_7H_7SO_3~--LDHs为介孔材料,比表面积为165.6 m~2·g~(-1),平均孔径为14.7 nm,较大比表面积和空隙结构增强了其吸附性能和催化活性。     

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3–BaTiO3–SrTiO3陶瓷的准同型相界与电性能

采用固相法制备了 Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3–BaTiO3–SrTiO3（NBT–KBT–BT–ST）陶瓷,该体系是按（1–2x）（0.8NBT–0.2KBT）–x（0.94NBT–0.06BT）–x（0.74NBT–0.26ST） （x = 0.10、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40、0.45）组合而成的,研究了该系陶瓷的结构与电性能。结果表明：所有样品都处于三方–四方准同型相界区域。该系陶瓷在准同型相界附近表现出了优异的压电性能,压电常数 d33、机电耦合系数 kp和剩余极化强度 Pr随 x 的增加先升高后降低,其中 x=0.35 陶瓷的电性能最佳：d33= 210 pC/N,kp= 0.319,Pr= 39.3 μC/cm2,Ec= 20.2 kV/cm,是一种良好的无铅压电陶瓷候选材料。依据准同型相界组成的线性组合规律来寻找具有优异压电性能的 NBT–KBT–BT–ST 陶瓷准同型相界组成是可行的。     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

A bi-layered composite cathode of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-YSZ and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-La0.4Ce0.6O1.8 for IT-SOFCs

A bi-layered composite cathode of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ (LSM)-YSZ and LSM-La_0.4Ce_0.6O_1.8 (LDC) was fabricated for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells with a thin YSZ electrolyte film. The cell with the bi-layered composite cathode displayed better performance than the cell with the corresponding single-layered composite cathode of LSM-LDC or LSM-YSZ. At 650 °C, the cell with the bi-layered composite cathode gave a higher maximum power density than the cells with the single-layered LSM-LDC and LSM-YSZ composite cathodes, by 52% and 175%, respectively. The impedance spectra results show that the thin LSM-YSZ interlayer not only improves the cathode/electrolyte interface but also reduces the polarization resistance of the cathode. The activation energy for oxygen reduction on the bi-layered composite cathode is much smaller than that on LSM-YSZ composite cathode, and it is suggested that the special redox property of Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ in LDC facilitates the oxygen reduction process on the bi-layered composite cathode. The cell with the bi-layered composite cathode operated quite stably during a 100 h run.     

Preparation and characterization of Cr2O3-TiO2-Al2O3-V2O5 green pigment

Green pigments with high near infrared reflectance based on a Cr₂O₃-TiO₂-Al₂O₃-V₂O₅ composition have been synthesized. Cr₂O₃ was used as the host component and mixtures of TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅ were used as the guest components. TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and V₂O₅ were mixed into 39 different compositions. The spectral reflectance and the distribution of pigment powder were determined using a spectrophotometer and a scanning electron microscope, respectively. It was found that a pigment powder sample S9 with a Cr₂O₃-TiO₂-Al₂O₃-V₂O₅ composition of 80, 4, 14 and 2 wt%, respectively, gives a maximum near infrared solar reflectance of 82.8% compared with 49.0% for pure Cr₂O₃. The dispersion of pigment powders in a ceramic glaze was also studied. The results show that the pigment powder sample S9 is suitable for use as a coating material for ceramic-based roofs.