半城子水库沥青混凝土面板坝的现状及相关问题探讨

半城子水库是我国北方地区最早采用沥青混凝土面板防渗形式的砂砾石料坝,以其严重的低温开裂和高温流淌问题为国内工程界所熟知。1985年对该坝采用砂砾石料覆盖和沥青混凝土面板加固等综合措施进行了处理。20年来的运行情况表明,这种加固形式是有效、可行的,对该坝相关技术问题的分析,对国内相关工程有一定借鉴意义。     

北京崇青水库浮游生物群落结构及水质健康评价

为了解崇青水库浮游生物群落结构和水质情况,于2017年和2018年夏秋两季(6月、9月)对北京崇青水库进行水质和生物调查,结果发现浮游植物共8门77种,平均密度5.61×106ind./L,生物量41.31 mg/L,属于绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻型水库,优势种为尖脆杆藻Fragilaria acus、普通小球藻Chlorella vulgaris;发现浮游动物共113种,平均密度1048ind./L,生物量1.40 mg/L,主要组成为原生动物和轮虫,优势种为小单环栉毛虫Di-dinium balbianii nanum、针簇多肢轮虫Polyarthra trigla、尖尾疣毛轮虫Synchatea stylata;浮游植物多样性指数H′为2.83,均匀度指数J为0.66;浮游动物多样性指数H′为3.35,均匀度指数J为0.70,利用基础饵料法估计水库鱼产力为4.3×106kg.综合来看,崇青水库水质总体状态良好,营养状态为中营养型;但氮磷含量较高,浮游生物富营养化指示种的出现,表示崇青水库有水质恶化的可能.     

北京市水生态健康评价体系研究及应用

随着社会经济的飞速发展,水生态健康状况评价成为人们的关注重点.建立了由目标层、准则层及指标层等3个层次构成的水生态健康评价指标体系,分为河流、湖泊及水库等3套系统,其中河流评价指标16项,湖泊评价指标21项,水库评价指标21项,用于对北京市流域水生态健康状况进行评价.以密云水库和北运河流域为例,于2019年5、8、10月进行水生态监测和健康评价,结果表明,密云水库健康综合指数为87.76,水生态健康状况处于健康等级;北运河流域的水生态健康状况呈现空间性差异,其总体健康状况有所改善.     

王屋水库水生态修复与保护

针对王屋水库的库容、水库水质及入库水质、库区植被现状,分析水库水质主要存在的问题,通过本试验工程的实施形成一套可供水库水生态修复与保护参照的技术体系,为大规模实施相关工程提供科学依据和技术支持。     

六合区中型水库水生态修复措施初探

六合区5大中型水库的功能以农业灌溉、防洪、供水、渔业养殖为主,近年来水质有逐步下滑趋势,富营养化趋势也渐趋明显,对5大水库进行水生态修复尤为迫切。根据现场查勘及相关资料评价结果,拟采取防护带、隔离带、生态浮床、人工湿地、生态护坡等水生态修复措施,减轻入库污染负荷,改善水库富营养状况。     

基于水生态区的黑河流域水生态健康评价研究

本文以我国西北干旱区典型内陆河流域—黑河流域为例,基于黑河流域水生态区划,以"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型为基础,构建了涵盖13个指标的流域水生态健康评价体系,分析评价了流域内8个水生态区的健康状况。评价表明:黑河流域水生态区中,上游区域水生态健康状况较好,中游次之,中下游极差,下游较差。主要是因为上游地区受到外在污染最轻、人为扰动相对最小;中游地区人口密度相对较大,农业活动等外在扰动相对较多;中下游地区处于荒漠地区,河流、湖库等水体缺乏;而下游地区虽然人口数量少、水体受外来污染影响较小,流域水生态健康性压力相对较轻,但来水量相对不足、水生态系统栖息地条件极为脆弱,致使水生生物栖息地安全状况较差。     

珠海市竹银水库健康评价研究

以珠海市竹银水库为研究对象,基于资料收集和现场调查,从水库生态健康和功能健康两个方面开展水库健康评价研究工作。通过构建以水文水资源、物理结构、水质、水生生物和社会服务功能状况5个准则层为骨架的健康评价指标体系,选取能够反映竹银水库健康状态的12项关键指标,结合水库实际确定指标权重,采用分级指标评分法,逐级加权,综合评分。竹银水库健康状况目标层得分为77分,等级为二级,表征竹银水库处于健康状态;水库健康压力主要为水动力条件差、河道抽水引起污染输入、潜在水华风险和公众满意度不高等。建议结合珠海市“河长制”与“湖长制”工作,针对性地推进竹银水库健康保护与修复工作,进一步提高水库健康水平,发挥其饮用水源地重要功能。     

硅藻指数对浑河水生态健康的评价

文中研究以浑河流域为例,针对流域内的戴斯、生物硅藻、硅藻属、硅藻营养化、特定污染敏感等多种指数进行筛选,筛选出适用于评价浑河流域水生态健康的硅藻指数。评价结果表明,皮尔森相关性分析显示,IDP指数、DES指数、IDAP指数、CEE指数和IDG指数与水环境因子的相关性较高;因子分析结果显示,因子负荷贡献达到50%以上的环境因子被保留下来,分别是氨氮、电导率、总溶解固体、硬度、高锰酸盐指数、总氮、活性磷和流速。最后根据箱体图结果显示,IDP指数、DES指数、CEE指数和IDG指数,可以很好的评估浑河的水体健康状态。     

供水水库多目标生态调度研究

根据我国北方地区径流特征及供水水库调度的实际需求,构建了供水水库多目标生态调度模型。模型将下游生态需水过程分为最小生态需水及适宜生态需水两个等级,要求枯水期水库放水过程能够满足河流最小生态需水要求,确保下游生态不退化;丰水期放水过程贴近适宜生态需水过程,为下游提供良好生境。基于该模型,采用自适应遗传算法,对承德双峰寺水库生态调度问题进行了优化求解,结果表明该模型能够对北方供水水库生态调度决策提供支持。     

First assessment of the ecological status of Karaoun reservoir,Lebanon

Many reservoirs have been constructed throughout the world during the 20th century, with many also suffering from eutrophication. The resulting increased phytoplankton biomass in reservoirs impairs their use. Except for Lake Kinneret, the environmental status of lakes and reservoirs in the Middle East is poorly documented. Karaoun reservoir, also known as Qaroun, Qaraoun or Qarun, is the largest water body in Lebanon, having been constructed for irrigation and hydropower production. This present study reviews Karaoun reservoir, including its characteristics, uses, water quality and phytoplankton succession, to assess the environmental status of the reservoir on the basis of the few existing previous publications about the reservoir. Since 2004, which is 39 years after its construction, the reservoir is considered to be hypereutrophic, with low phytoplankton biodiversity and regular blooms of toxic cyanobacteria. The nutrient and trace metal concentrations would not prevent use of the reservoir for a drinking water supply for Beirut, as is currently being planned, although not all the micropollutants in the lake were documented. Karaoun reservoir is compared to other monitored lakes and reservoirs around the Mediterranean Sea. They share annual toxic cyanobacteria blooms of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and of Microcystis aeruginosa. The phytoplankton composition and succession of Karaoun reservoir is more similar to El Gergal reservoir (Spain) than nearby natural lakes such as Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Lake Trichonis (Greece). Phytoplankton diversity in Karaoun reservoir was the lowest, due to higher nutrient concentrations and a larger decrease in water level in the dry season. Karaoun reservoir represents an interesting example of the potential response of the phytoplankton community in other lakes and reservoirs during the drought periods expected to occur as a result of global climate change.     

江口水库最小生态需水研究

根据水量平衡原理,建立了水库最小生态需水计算模型.以江西省新余市江口水库为例,确定其最小生态需水量及其逐月分配过程.     

陆水水库水质现状分析评价

陆水水库是长江水利委员会直管的水库,又是赤壁市重要的饮用水源地.然而,近年来随着地方经济的发展,特别是小型污染企业利用上游山区的隐蔽性突击生产,加上库区网箱养渔业发展,库区支流突发性污染事故时有发生,对库区水质构成严重威胁.利用长江中游水环境监测中心近几年来在库区的水质监测资料,对库区水质状况进行评价分析,为库区水资源保护提供科学依据.     

长江流域水库型水源地生态补偿研究

水库型水源地是长江流域较为重要的一种水源地类型。基于长江流域70个重要水库型水源地总体状况和生态补偿实践经验,研究总结了水库型水源地生态补偿的3类主要模式,即水价调节类、跨界断面水质考核类和混合类,重点分析了3种类型水源地的具体特点和适用条件,并构建了长江流域水库型水源地生态补偿总体框架。研究内容可为长江流域水库型水源地生态补偿的实施和推广提供参考。     

对引岳济淀生态应急补水的思考

通过引岳济淀生态应急补水工程的介绍,分析了其产生的效益和意义,提出了只有坚持人与自然和谐相处、创造良好的水生态环境才能走可持续发展水利之路的观点。     

海河流域生态现状用水量调查和生态需水量计算方法

流域现状生态用水量调查及根据流域规划目标来确定各类生态要素的需水量，是进行流域生态用水配置规划编制工作的基础。本文按现状生态用水量调查，生态环境需水量计算方法和生态用水配置的基本思路分述海河流域生态环境恢复水资源保障规划。     

国家多层水生态健康保障体系构建

水生态是生态文明建设的重要基础,保障水生态健康是国家水安全的重要组成部分。水生态健康涉及因素多、部门多、学科多,急需要构建系统的保障体系来支撑。本文在系统总结水生态健康前期研究成果的基础上,结合国家构建生态安全的重大需求,提出了判别水生态健康的3个准则,构建了水生态健康5层级划分体系,并分析其各层级的目标和协同保障理念;建立了水生态健康保障体系框架,包括“八大系统”,即监测、评估、诊断、工程、调控、科技、制度、管理系统,论述了水生态健康保障体系的主要内容和关键问题;阐述了水生态健康保障体系协同建设的总体思路以及主要水生态健康保障体系的建设重点。可为全国以及不同层级流域或区域的水生态健康保障体系构建和水安全战略实施提供参考。     

Assessment of impact of water diversion projects on ecological water uses in arid region

In arid regions, large-scale water diversion from rivers leads to significant changes in river flow regimes, which may have large impacts on ecological water uses of river-dependent ecosystems, such as river, lake, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. To assess the integrated impact of water diversion on ecological water uses, we proposed a hierarchy evaluation model composed of four layers representing the evaluation goal, sub-areas of the influenced region, evaluation criteria, and water diversion schemes, respectively. The evaluation criteria for different types of ecological water uses were proposed, and the analytical hierarchy process was used for the integrated assessment. For a river ecosystem, the percentage of mean annual flow was used to define the grade of environmental flow. For a lake ecosystem, water recharge to the lake to compensate the lake water losses was used to assess the ecological water use of a lake. The flooding level of the wetland and the groundwater level in the riparian plain were used to assess the wetland and riparian ecological water uses, respectively. The proposed model was applied to a basin in northern Xinjiang in northwest China, where both water diversion and inter-basin water transfer projects were planned to be carried out. Based on assessment results for the whole study area and two sub-areas, an appropriate scheme was recommended from four planning schemes. With the recommended scheme, ecological water uses of the influenced ecosystems can be maintained at an acceptable level. Meanwhile, economical water requirements can be met to a great extent.