电子血压计气路密闭性检查系统设计

针对目前电子血压计气路密闭性检查设备可靠性差、测量精度和效率低等问题,提出了一种基于可编程、高精度气体压力发生器的自动测试系统,用于血压计产品的压力检定与密闭性检查.系统硬件基于ATMEGA16单片机、KPM直流气泵和BP300T压力传感器而设计.软件上采用PID控制算法,实现压力的精密、稳定控制.此外,系统还可以通过RS232通信接口实现与上位机的数据传输.现场实验表明,系统具有高精度、高效率、低成本、灵活方便等优点,能够实现血压计气路密闭性的高精度、自动化测量.     

海为PLC在工业煤气发生炉控制上的应用

本文着重介绍了海为PLC在工业煤气发生炉控制中的作用,利用海为PLC强大的通讯功能,组成了简洁的小型自动化控制监示系统。对工业煤气发生炉原煤自动加料控制、汽包给水的恒液位控制、送用户煤气总管的恒压控制,以及煤气站后台触摸屏监控系统作了系统的介绍,对煤气发生炉工艺原理及系统构成也作了简单说明。     

质子交换膜燃料电池阳极燃料循环方法

燃料电池发动机系统包括三个子系统:空气供给子系统、燃料供给子系统、水热管理子系统.目前常用的燃料供给系统存在着不同程度的缺点,如氢气利用率低、耗能量大、使用范围小等.将喷射器和离心风机集成应用于燃料电池阳极燃料循环系统,可以使氢气循环比大致恒定接近于1,提高燃料利用率、使氢气在燃料电池阳极分配均匀、耗能较小,使燃料电池阳极系统稳定运行,而且延长质子交换膜燃料电池寿命.     

Estimation of ash recirculation effect upon ash collector efficiency by the example of a TsBR-150U-1280 multicyclone collector

Problems of the mathematical estimation of the amount of recirculating ash and its effect upon the efficiency of gas treating within ash collectors with the scroll and semiscroll gas supply, which are equipped by a gas and ash recirculation system, are considered. Based on the analysis of various publications and operational experience, a conclusion is drawn regarding the complex and substantial effect of the recirculation system upon the ash collector efficiency. The following research tasks are posed: computational determination of ash weight at the ash collector inlet subject to its recirculation, development of measures for enhancement of the ash collector, and estimation of these measures. A computation procedure for consumption of recirculating ash in the ash collector and its sections with the use of formulas of the geometrical progression is represented. Based on the represented procedure as applied to a TsBR-150U-1280 multicyclone collector collecting ash of coal of an Irsha-Borodinsk coalfield, corresponding ash consumptions are determined, including that at which the effective operation of the ash collector is provided. Various variants of the modernization of the mentioned multicyclone collector are developed and estimated. Conclusions are drawn regarding the necessity for further investigations for improvement of the represented procedure, in particular, the effect of the gas speed (boiler load) upon the efficiency of various ash collector units, recirculating ash consumption, and clogging their cyclone units.     

汽轮机转子对中参数的自动检测与调整优化

根据汽轮机检修工艺,对汽轮发电机组转子轴系的对中检测方法进行了研究,提出了轴系参数的检测方案及相关技术,开发了一种高灵敏度的容栅式位移传感器和基于M51单片机的SKRS-232C译码转换及数据采集智能装置,进而组成可用于汽轮发电机组检修中转子对中调试的自动检测系统。针对多转子系统轴系的对中参数调试问题,建立了调整关系分析模型。基于遗传算法提出一种数值分析方法,可有效解决多目标规划中搜索过程易陷入局部优化解和计算效率低等问题。此方法应用到汽轮机转子轴系对中调整方案的参数分析过程,可显著提高计算效率,有效减少调整工作量,为机组的提前装复和投产提供技术保障。     

Optimal Automatic Generation Control of Asynchronous Power Systems Using Output Feedback Control Strategy with Dynamic Participation of Wind Turbines

Abstract—This article presents the design of optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators for an interconnected power system with dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines. The power systems consist of plants with hydro-thermal turbines and are interconnected via parallel AC/DC links. Efforts have been made to propose optimal automatic generation control regulators based on feedback of output state variables, which are easily accessible and available for the measurement. The designed optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators are implemented, and the system dynamic responses for various system states are obtained considering 1% load perturbation in one of the areas. The dynamic performance is compared with that obtained with optimal automatic generation control regulators designed using full state vector feedback. The pattern of closed-loop eigenvalues is also determined to test the system stability.     

Development and optimisation of electrode materials in solid oxide fuel cells

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交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘气体检测系统算法研究与设计

本文基于电化学传感器研制便携式仪器检测交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘挥发物中“特征气体”的浓度,并设计气腔以降低气体耗散速度。为了提高检测效率与气体浓度,采用永磁无刷微型泵提高气体流速。考虑仪器便携性,设计滑模控制器转子估计速度,无需速度传感器即可完成速度闭环控制。设计乒乓控制算法降低PWM高频信号对气体传感电路的影响,提高检测系统的信噪比。分别在实验室与测试现场对比速度开环与速度闭环情况下的检测时间与气体浓度,结果表明,相对速度开环控制,速度闭环时仪器的检测时间缩短至少10倍,检测浓度提高20%以上。     

基于闭环反馈控制和RTK-GPS的自动碾压系统

有效控制坝体的填筑压实质量是保证土石坝安全的关键。为此提出了一种基于闭环反馈控制和RTK-GPS的自动碾压系统,可实现碾压机精确导航和自动碾压作业。该系统包括远程监控装置和机载自动导航控制装置,拥有自动碾压、遥控碾压和人工碾压三种工作模式,具有设备间无线通讯、自动点火启动、调速、转向、刹车功能。此外,该系统采用A*算法实现整体和避障局部路径规划,并结合RTK-GPS技术实现自动导航功能。通过工程实例研究表明,提出的自动碾压系统既能保证在特殊或紧急情况下碾压施工正常进行,又可解决相邻作业面间漏碾、交叉、重复碾压的问题,显著提高压实作业施工质量和效率。该系统具备较大的实际应用价值,可应用于水利、公路、铁路、机场、港口等土石方工程,尤其适用于危险环境或极限条件下的填筑碾压作业。     

GIS组合电器安装质量控制

以常规的GIS组合电器安装为例,按安装一般施工工艺流程,论述从安装前的基础检查,本体安装,水分处理、注气及检漏等对安装质量控制的要点进行探讨,并提出相关控制的注意事项。     

基于机器视觉的岩屑自动拣选系统设计

为解决混合岩屑样品颗粒细小条件下,人工拣选含油岩屑工作效率低的问题,研究设计了岩屑自动拣选系统。系统以含油岩屑在紫外光照射条件下发射荧光的特性为基础,以机器视觉技术为支撑,辅以岩屑输送和归整装置,实现含油岩屑的识别和定位;以电磁阀组、气源以及控制板构成气动执行机构,实现含油岩屑的自动拣选。实验表明,系统对含油岩屑识别准确率100%,定位和拣选可靠,误选率为0。为改变传统的拣选方式,提高工作效率提供了新途径。     

Thermal-hydraulic tests of a recirculation cooling installation for the Rostov nuclear power station

Results obtained from thermal-hydraulic tests of the recirculation cooling installation used as part of the air cooling system under the containments of the Rostov nuclear power station Units 3 and 4 are presented. The operating modes of the installation during normal operation (air cooling on the surface of finned tubes), under the conditions of anticipated operational occurrences (air cooling and steam condensation from a steam-air mixture), and during an accident (condensation of pure steam) are considered. Agreement is obtained between the results of tests and calculations carried out according to the recommendations given in the relevant regulatory documents. A procedure of carrying out thermal calculation for the case of steam condensation from a steam-air mixture on the surface of fins is proposed. The possibility of efficient use of the recirculation cooling installation in the system for reducing emergency pressure under the containment of a nuclear power station is demonstrated.     

Prospective gas turbine and combined-cycle units for power engineering (a Review)

The modern state of technology for making gas turbines around the world and heat-recovery combined-cycle units constructed on their basis are considered. The progress achieved in this field by Siemens, Mitsubishi, General Electric, and Alstom is analyzed, and the objectives these companies set forth for themselves for the near and more distant future are discussed. The 375-MW gas turbine unit with an efficiency of 40% produced by Siemens, which is presently the largest one, is subjected to a detailed analysis. The main specific features of this turbine are that the gas turbine unit’s hot-path components have purely air cooling, due to which the installation has enhanced maneuverability. The single-shaft combined-cycle plant constructed on the basis of this turbine has a capacity of 570 MW and efficiency higher than 60%. Programs adopted by different companies for development of new-generation gas turbine units firing synthesis gas and fitted with low-emission combustion chambers and new cooling systems are considered. Concepts of rotor blades for new gas turbine units with improved thermal barrier coatings and composite blades different parts of which are made of materials selected in accordance with the conditions of their operation are discussed.     

Derivation of pumpless reactant recirculation system based on analogy between fluid flow and electrical circuit for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

A pumpless reactant recirculation system that offers several major advantages over conventional pump‐ or ejector‐based recirculation systems is derived on the basis of the analogy between fluid flow and an electrical circuit. According to the electricity–fluid analogy, a fuel cell fluid system, including a cell and a reactant recirculation device, can be equivalently described in an electrical circuit model, in which voltage, current, and electrical capacitance correspond to pressure, reactant flow, and fluid volume, respectively, in a fluid flow. In the electrical circuit model, a switched capacitor (SC) circuit, a very popular electrical circuit, is incorporated as the recirculation device. The operation of the electrical circuit model of the recirculation system is mathematically generalized. Based on the analogy, the electrically described recirculation system using the SC is transformed into a fluid circuit, and the pumpless reactant recirculation system in a fluid flow that uses a flow controller and two check valves for reactant recirculation is derived. Experimental and simulation results in the fluid flow and electrical circuit model, respectively, were in good agreement, verifying that the electricity–fluid analogy and the operation of the derived pumpless recirculation system are appropriate. The experimental performance of a single cell in the derived pumpless recirculation system was stable and durable over 10 h, demonstrating that the water byproduct could be removed from the cell in the derived pumpless reactant recirculation system. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

沙角C电厂脱硫浆液循环泵磨损问题分析

介绍了沙角C电厂660 MW燃煤机组配套的石灰石/石膏湿法烟气脱硫(FGD)装置的关键设备--吸收塔浆液循环泵运行不到4 000 h的磨损情况,分析认为气蚀是造成循环泵叶轮严重磨损的主要原因,另外泵的设计流量、叶轮材料、安装位置及浆液特性等对磨损也有一定影响.最后提出了防止循环泵磨损的建议措施,可给类似工程吸收塔浆液循环泵的设计选型提供参考.     

燃煤电厂旁路烟气干燥塔控制技术开发

以浙江两电厂为研究对象,分析了旁路烟气干燥脱硫废水零排放技术的控制难点,以不影响粉煤灰质量为目标,建立了多参数控制模型,在考虑烟气酸露点情况下确定最低烟气温度、最大脱硫废水处理量;同时基于能量平衡的精确控制技术和基于关键参数的软测量模型的互为备用,实现了脱硫废水的高效、低能耗干燥。台州第二发电厂脱硫水质控制限制的计算表明,粉煤灰可用作普通混凝土添加剂;长兴电厂脱硫废水干燥塔在旁路烟气挡板门全开的情况下,烟气入口温度357 ℃,脱硫废水质量流量达到4 200 kg/h时,出口温度仍有117 ℃;而在深度调峰工况,烟气入口温度下降到280 ℃时,出口温度高于110 ℃的下线预警值时,系统出力为1 750 kg/h,实验结果与基于能量平衡算法的理论预期基本一致。     

On the possibility of generation of cold and additional electric energy at thermal power stations

A layout of a cogeneration plant for centralized supply of the users with electricity and cold (ECCG plant) is presented. The basic components of the plant are an expander-generator unit (EGU) and a vapor-compression thermotransformer (VCTT). At the natural-gas-pressure-reducing stations, viz., gas-distribution stations and gas-control units, the plant is connected in parallel to a throttler and replaces the latter completely or partially. The plant operates using only the energy of the natural gas flow without burning the gas; therefore, it can be classified as a fuelless installation. The authors compare the thermodynamic efficiencies of a centralized cold supply system based on the proposed plant integrated into the thermal power station scheme and a decentralized cold supply system in which the cold is generated by electrically driven vapor-compression thermotransformers installed on the user’s premises. To perform comparative analysis, the exergy efficiency was taken as the criterion since in one of the systems under investigation the electricity and the cold are generated, which are energies of different kinds. It is shown that the thermodynamic efficiency of the power supply using the proposed plant proves to be higher within the entire range of the parameters under consideration. The article presents the results of investigating the impact of the gas heating temperature upstream from the expander on the electric power of the plant, its total cooling capacity, and the cooling capacities of the heat exchangers installed downstream from the EGU and the evaporator of the VCTT. The results of calculations are discussed that show that the cold generated at the gas-control unit of a powerful thermal power station can be used for the centralized supply of the cold to the ventilation and conditioning systems of both the buildings of the power station and the neighboring dwelling houses, schools, and public facilities during the summer season.     

基于GSM短信息的变电站自动报警排水系统

针对无人值守变电站防汛需由运行管理人员现场检查,反应慢、费时费力、存在安全隐患这一实际问题,研制了基于GSM短信息的变电站自动报警排水系统。系统主要由以PLC为核心的中央处理模块、GSM数据传输模块、信号采集模块、继电器控制模块、上位机组成。可以实现当前水位检测、水位指示、自动排水、自动报警功能,自动报警包括短信报警和上位机报警两种形式。实际工程应用证明,具有实用性强、反应灵敏、动作可靠、操作方便等特点,完全能够满足无人值守变电站防汛的需求。     

基于APS的凝结水系统在超临界机组的应用与分析

某电厂350 MW超临界机组采用基于APS的凝结水系统,该系统功能组主要有2个功能:对凝结水热井至除氧器的凝结水管道段进行注水排气控制;在凝结水变频器启动后,通过凝结水泵再循环阀进行自身循环,为下一功能组进行凝结水管道冲洗做准备。利用功能组成功实现了除氧器上水、凝结水管道冲洗排放、除氧器水位调节阀及凝结水变频调节控制方式的全程自动控制,并减少了运行人员的操作量和操作时间。随着火电机组自动化水平的不断提高,凝结水功能组将得到更广泛的应用。     

Characteristics of Power-Supply Control in Marine Vehicles with a Power Plant Based on Fuel Cells

Today, marine vehicles using environmentally friendly renewable-energy power plants are becoming increasingly widespread worldwide. Hydrogen—oxygen electrochemical generators (ECGs) with a solid polymer electrolyte are one such way to renew electric energy. The main advantages of such power plants are an absence of harmful emissions, low operating temperature, and wide power output range of the ECG depending on the load. However, the maximum efficiency of the system is achieved under the maximum power and the optimal temperature (of the order of 80°C). It should also be noted that, under a “cold” start, the battery does not generate full power. Thus, it is advisable to use a fuel-cell stack in a hybrid power plant, which also includes lithium-ion batteries and other power-storage devices to ensure the necessary maneuverability of marine vehicles. Thus, the problem of power control in hybrid power plants in the transient and steady modes of ship maneuvering is becoming important.