User behavior and energy efficiency in north cyprus university dormitories: a case study

Journal of Housing and the Built Environment - Recent studies present the fact that technological advancements and improvements in building physical elements are not sufficient on their own to...     

Effects of alternative control strategies of water-evaporative cooling systems on energy efficiency and plume control: A case study

This paper reports the evaluations of energy efficiency, plume potential as well as plume control of a huge chiller plant using water-evaporative cooling towers for heat rejection for a super high-rising commercial office building in a subtropical region of Hong Kong. The evaluations were carried out in a dynamic Transient Simulation Program (TRNSYS)-based simulation platform using alternative control strategies including set-point control logics of the supply cooling water temperature and cooling tower fan modulation control methods as well as different number control means of cooling towers. The results show that different control strategies have significant effects on the energy efficiency of the chiller plant. The quantification of the energy efficiency demonstrates significant energy-saving potential by using advanced technologies for implementing optimal control strategies in this cooling system. The results also reveal that the plume may occur frequently in spring and summer seasons and occasionally in other months due to the odd subtropical weather conditions. Control strategies also have significant effects on the frequency of the plume occurrence. The effective energy efficiency control and effective plume control using wet–dry (i.e., hybrid) cooling towers are also discussed.     

Raising the stakes for energy efficiency: A qualitative case study of California's risk/reward incentive mechanism

This article examines California's experience implementing the Risk/Reward Incentive Mechanism (RRIM) between 2007 and 2012. RRIM is a system of financial rewards and penalties designed to motivate California's investor-owned utilities to expand their energy efficiency programs and meet ambitious energy-savings targets. The RRIM is credited with achieving a substantial amount of cost-effective energy savings. Nevertheless, a dispute over the savings attained and the subsequent impact on ratepayers led the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to pause halfway through the implementation period and overhaul the incentive system. The following policy recommendations flow from the analysis. First, in terms of incentive design, avoid sharp payment distinctions that do not reflect meaningful differences in program performance and do not expect an incentive to single-handedly shift the balance between investment in new electricity generation and investment in programs to reduce energy consumption. Second, in terms of institutional factors, expect that incentives will put pressure on evaluation processes and engender new disputes, and implement a high-stakes incentive only if institutional arrangements for savings measurement and dispute resolution are in place and accepted by all parties. Third, in terms of implementation, put incentives in place before utility energy efficiency programs are designed and implemented and design incentives to be as predictable and repeatable as possible.     

中学的灾害教育

灾害教育的定义国内一些学者认为灾害教育(Disaster education)的称谓最合适。防灾教育和减灾教育从内涵来看,涵盖不了该种教育的全部目的和内涵。目前还没有灾害教育的完美定义。我们尝试提出:灾害教育是为达到防     

Cfd analysis and airflow measurements to approach large industrial halls energy efficiency: A case study of a cardboard mill hall

This paper deals with numerical methods for predicting air flow patterns in large industrial halls. Some major findings of the investigation of the airflow patterns in paper machine hall of Umka Cardboard Mill are presented in the paper. The main reason for the interest in this problem is to find optimal locations for extract air intake connections of the ventilation system connected to the exhausted air waste heat utilization. Previous studies have shown that the amount of heat released from the cardboard machine to the surrounding air in the hall and extracted by the series of ceiling mount axial fans was almost 30% of the total waste heat from the paper machine's drying section. These results have indicated the need for the waste heat utilization, but also for the optimization of the ventilation system. CFD simulation for predicting of air flow patterns was applied. The accuracy of the simulation was evaluated by comparing its results with the results of field measurements. Simulation results served well for qualitative analysis, gave better insight in general air movements inside the hall and indicated the extract air intake locations. By utilizing the waste heat from proposed optimal locations, fuel savings of 5% and reduction of 1140 t/year in CO₂ emissions can be achieved.     

区域供热锅炉多联产改造及其节能分析——以天津空港经济区为例

对4台75t/h的蒸汽锅炉分别进行了热电联产改造(增加2台7MW的背压汽轮发电机组)和热冷联产改造(增加溴化锂吸收式制冷机组)的节能分析,建议进行热电冷三联产改造。     

A study of energy efficiency of private office buildings in Hong Kong

A benchmark study of the energy efficiency of private office buildings in Hong Kong was conducted in 2002 because energy efficiency was declining. In the study, private office buildings were divided into five user groups. For each group, a multiple regression model was developed to find the relationship between Energy Use Intensities (EUIs) and other factors, such as operating hours, for normalization and benchmarking purposes. In this paper we make use of the regression results to study the energy efficiency of private office buildings by different grades. In Hong Kong, office buildings are divided into three grades (A, B, and C) based on the quality of the facility, which is reflected in rental values; a Grade A office building denotes expensive luxury. We found that the EUI of Grade A office buildings is the highest, consuming over 50% of the total energy used in office buildings. Recently, the annual EUI of office buildings has improved even though Grade A floor space is increasing. This may be due to the promotion of the energy efficiency program launched in the last decade.     

Building energy performance: A LCA case study of kenaf-fibres insulation board

The paper presents a life cycle assessment of a kenaf-fibre insulation board following the international standards of the ISO 14040 series. Each life-cycle step has been checked, from kenaf production and board manufacture by an Italian firm, to use and disposal.     

浅谈建筑节能在我国的发展现状及前景分析

介绍了建筑节能的概念,探讨了建筑节能的重要性,指出建筑节能是社会发展的需要,能够减轻环境污染,促进建筑业发展,通过总结我国近几年来建筑节能工作的进展情况,对我国建筑节能工作的发展前景进行了分析,以期促进我国建筑节能工作。     

地理信息中台在智慧城市中的应用——以南京市为例

空间数据是智慧城市不可或缺、基础性的数据资源,又是其他信息交换、共享与协同的载体.本文在研究物联网、云计算、大数据、人工智能、空间信息等信息技术的基础上,基于“中台”架构理念,结合南京市不同领域对空间信息的应用需求,提出集空间数据、异构GIS平台服务、通用地理信息业务及技术于一体的“地理信息中台”能力建设,作为智慧南京...     

关于新建中小学校的几点建议

根据中小学校的设计依据,并结合相关土地政策,从停车位配置、生活服务用房设置、绿色建筑技术等方面,阐述了新建中小学校的一些策略,以提高中小学校的建设品质,为学生创造出舒适的教学环境。     

Life-cycle energy analysis of buildings: a case study

Energy use is a widely used measure of the environmental impact of buildings. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of both the operational and embodied energy attributable to buildings over their lifetime. The method of assessing lifetime building energy is known as life-cycle energy analysis. With Kyoto target obligations necessitating the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions at the national level, it seems increasingly probable that analyses of this kind will increase in use. If conducted in primary energy terms, such analyses directly reflect greenhouse gas emissions, except for a few processes which involve significant non-energy related emissions such as cement manufacture. A Life-Cycle Assessment would include these issues, as well as other environmental parameters, though probably with a corresponding decrease in system boundary completeness. This paper briefly explains some of the theoretical issues associated with life-cycle energy analysis and then uses an Australian based case study to demonstrate its use in evaluating alternative design strategies for an energy efficient residential building. For example, it was found that the addition of higher levels of insulation in Australia paid back its initial embodied energy in life-cycle energy terms in around 12 years. However, the saving represented less than 6% of the total embodied energy and operational energy of the building over a 100-year life cycle. This indicates that there may be other strategies worth pursuing before additional insulation. Energy efficiency and other environmental strategies should be prioritized on a life-cycle basis. La consommation d'energie est un parametre tres utilise lorsque l'on veut mesurer l'impact des batiments sur l'environnement. Des etudes conduites recemment ont mis en lumiere l'importance de l'energie operationnelle et celle de l'energie intrinseque degagees par les batiments pendant leur duree de vie. L'analyse energetique des batiments pendant leur cycle de vie est une methode d'evaluation de l'energie d'un batiment pendant sa duree de vie. Pour respecter les objectifs de la Conference de Kyoto, il faut quantifier les emissions de gaz de serre au niveau national; il semble donc de plus en plus probable que la pratique de ces analyses va aller en augmentant. Si elles portent sur l'energie primaire, ces analyses rendront parfaitement compte des emissions de gaz a effets de serre, sauf pour quelques procedes industriels, comme la fabrication du ciment, ou les emissions de ces gaz ne sont pas liees a l'energie. Toute evaluation du cycle de vie doit tenir compte de ces questions mais aussi d'autres parametres environnementaux, mais avec, sans doute, une moindre nettete des limites des systemes. Le presente communication expose brievement quelques uns des problemes theoriques lies aux analyses energetiques sur le cycle de vie et s'appuie sur une etude de cas australienne pour demontrer son utilite a evaluer d'autres strategies de conception de batiments a usage d'habitation a faible consommation d'energie. On a constate, par exemple, qu'en Australie le fait d'ajouter des niveaux d'isolation remboursait en 12 ans environ l'energie intrinseque initiale en terme d'energie sur le cycle de vie. Toutefois, les economies representaient moins de 6% de l'energie intrinseque totale et de l'energie operationnelle du batiment sur un cycle de vie de 100 ans. Cela veut dire qu'il serait peut etre interessant d'envisager d'autres strategies avant d'augmenter l'isolation. On devrait donner priorite a l'efficacite energetique et a d'autres strategies environnementales sur la base du cycle de vie.     

From energy efficiency to integrated sustainability in housing development in China: a case study in a hot-summer/cold-winter zone in China

China has introduced a series of policies and laws to promote green building since 2000. Energy efficiency is the central issue, partly due to China’s energy structure. As advocated by these policies and laws, more and more green buildings are being built. The overall aim of this paper is to explore a more sustainable framework for green residential buildings, from energy efficiency to integrated sustainability. A critical case study is presented of the Landsea Housing Project in Nanjing, a hot-summer/cold-winter zone. The analysis suggests applying a systematic approach—covering all aspects of green housing development, including technical, economic, social and environmental—in China, arguing that this is a more effective way to meet the sustainability goals.     

中小学校舍加固方案刍议

针对目前不同结构体系的校舍现状,结合无锡市中小学校舍加固的实际工作情况,建议了校舍加固应遵循的加固原则和加固方法,以期达到加固后校舍安全、降低工程造价和加快工程进度的目的。     

谈色彩与建筑节能

阐述了建筑节能的应用和推广应注意的几个方面，从另一个独特视角对建筑节能与建筑色彩的关系做了简要分析，以促进色彩在建筑中的应用。     

Cleanroom energy efficiency strategies: Modeling and simulation

To maintain ultra-low particle concentrations, cleanrooms can require several hundred air changes per hour. These ventilation rates make cleanrooms 30-50 times more energy intensive than the average U.S. commercial building. There are an estimated 12 million m² of cleanroom space in the U.S., consuming over 370 PJ of energy each year. This paper explores opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of cleanrooms while maintaining or improving operating conditions.This paper documents the modeling of a 1600 m² cleanroom in upstate New York. The TRNSYS model includes TMY2 weather data; building geometry and material properties; empirical data on occupancy, lighting and process equipment; and sophisticated HVAC systems. The model was validated based on metered steam, chilled water and electricity usage. Under 8% error was achieved in all fields.Four strategies were simulated: a heat recovery system for exhaust air, resulting in an 11.4% energy reduction with a 2.7-year simple payback; solar preheating of desiccant dehumidifier regeneration air (2.4% energy reduction, 11.5-year payback); improved lighting controls (0.3% energy reduction, 1.5-year payback); and demand-controlled filtration (4.4% energy reduction, 3.1-year payback). Implementation of recommended strategies is predicted to save 9 TJ, 862 tonnes of CO₂, and $164k annually.     

论中小学建筑照明设计

针对教室对光源高效率及节能的特殊要求,为了充分利用天然光,合理的布置灯具并使其效率达到最高,以最大限度的进行节能,就恒大绿洲西地块小学,介绍了其小学内部照明设计的布置及安装,以提高灯具的使用效率。     

Using indicators to profile energy consumption and to inform energy policy in a university—A case study in Ireland

The services sector has the least amount of energy end use data available, which poses significant challenges to companies within the sector attempting to benchmark their energy performance and inform energy management decisions. This paper explores through a case study analysis the use of simple performance indicators and how additional data and new metrics can greatly enhance the understanding of energy trends and in particular the assessment of building energy performance. The country chosen for the analysis is Ireland, where the services sector has experienced high energy demand growth since 1990 (4.1% annually) compared with the EU-15 (1.5% annually). Despite this growth, the available energy data is poor, in particular for the public service sub-sectors. The case study chosen is an institution within the education sub-sector, University College Cork. The paper presents some simple energy performance indicators that have been used to date to inform energy policy. The paper then introduces new approaches and tools for assessing energy performance in buildings and how these may be utilised to improve the energy policy decision making and energy management. It discusses how these approaches are been implemented for buildings with separate functions, presents some initial results and discusses future planned work.     

住宅能耗现状及节能措施

简述了我国住宅建设的能耗现状及其节能潜力,提出四条可行的有效的节能措施。     

建筑节能的实施对节能窗行业发展的影响分析

窗户是建筑围护结构的开口部分,是薄壁轻质透明构件。窗户又是建筑能耗损失的主要通道,时室内环境和舒适性具有重要影响。因此,推广使用节能窗是建筑节能工作的一个重要环节。本文主要分析了随着我国建筑节能的实施,时节能窗及相关行业发展的影响。