分步加醇脂肪酶催化菜籽油制备乙酯生物柴油

研究了脂肪酶催化菜籽油乙醇解反应的几个主要影响因素,即醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间,并研究了正己烷对反应的影响.得出脂肪酶催化菜籽油乙醇解制备生物柴油的最佳反应条件为醇油摩比51、催化剂用量10%、反应温度40℃、反应时间为36 h、正己烷15%.在最佳反应条件下,一次加乙醇时转酯率为86%;采用三步加醇能很好改善催化环境,转酯率达到93%.并利用气相色谱分析了产物中脂肪酸乙酯的组成.     

氨基磺酸催化合成脂肪酸丁酯的研究

以氨基磺酸为催化剂,油酸及菜籽油与正丁醇分别进行酯化反应与酯交换反应制备脂肪酸丁酯。并利用气相色谱及红外光谱对产物进行分析及结构表征。考察了醇(正丁醇)油(油酸及菜籽油)摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对油酸及菜籽油转化率的影响。结果表明,油酸酯化反应的最佳工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比3∶1,催化剂用量为油酸质量的0.8%,反应温度110℃,反应时间1.5 h,此时油酸转化率达到88.6%,产品收率为83.5%;菜籽油酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比10∶1,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的1.0%,反应温度115℃,反应时间2.0 h,此时菜籽油转化率达到85.6%,产品收率为80.1%。     

红花籽油醇解法制备脂肪酸乙酯

通过红花籽油乙醇解反应制备脂肪酸乙酯.研究了反应时间、醇油摩尔比、催化剂(氢氧化钠)用量(占红花籽油质量)、反应温度对红花籽油乙醇解反应的影响.通过单因素实验确定的最佳反应条件为:反应时间60 min,醇油摩尔比7.5∶1,氢氧化钠用量0.5%,反应温度75℃.在此条件下产物中各组分含量分别为:乙酯94.5%,甘三酯0.3%,甘二酯1.0%,甘一酯3.6%,脂肪酸0.6%.     

响应面法优化大豆油脂肪酸乙酯合成工艺

以大豆油为原料,KOH作催化剂,通过大豆油与乙醇的酯交换反应合成了大豆油脂肪酸乙酯。应用响应曲面分析法中的Box-behnken模型对影响大豆油脂肪酸乙酯转化率的四个主要因素（催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间）进行了优化。研究表明大豆油脂肪酸乙酯的最佳合成工艺条件为：KOH用量1.3%,醇油比8.3∶1,反应温度74.8℃,反应时间130min。在此条件下,酯转化率达98.93%。     

固体碱催化亚麻籽油乙酯化反应工艺研究

制备环境友好型固体碱催化剂NaOH/膨润土,用于催化亚麻籽油乙酯化反应,得α–亚麻酸乙酯(ALA)。分别考察醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度及反应时间等因素对酯交换反应影响,经正交实验确定制备α–亚麻酸乙酯最佳工艺条件;研究表明,当醇油摩尔比为9∶1、催化剂用量为5%、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为1.5 h时,亚麻籽油转化率最高,可达91.56%。     

固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化菜籽油醇解反应合成生物柴油的工艺条件

脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM在有机相体系中能有效催化菜籽油醇解反应生成生物柴油。作者研究了酶量、底物比率、反应时间、反应温度、转速、水分质量分数、有机溶剂对产物得率的影响。最佳工艺条件为：在正己烷的反应介质中,酶量50%,醇油摩尔比3∶1,反应温度50℃,转速150r/min,添加质量分数5%的水分,反应12 h后产物脂肪酸甲酯得率可达92.3%。     

聚能式逆流超声强化制备脂肪酸乙酯工艺研究

以大豆油脱臭馏出物为原料,通过聚能式逆流超声强化与乙醇反应制备脂肪酸乙酯。分析醇油体积比、反应温度、超声功率、催化剂用量和反应时间对脂肪酸乙酯转化率、得率、含量和生物柴油转化率的影响。通过正交实验优化得到:脂肪酸乙酯转化率最优工艺条件为醇油体积比20∶1,反应温度35℃,超声功率300 W,催化剂用量1.6%,反应时间30 min;脂肪酸乙酯得率最优工艺条件为醇油体积比30∶1,反应温度40℃,超声功率600 W,催化剂用量1%,反应时间30 min;脂肪酸乙酯含量最优工艺条件为醇油体积比20∶1,反应温度40℃,超声功率600 W,催化剂用量1%,反应时间60 min;生物柴油转化率最优工艺条件为醇油体积比25∶1,反应温度35℃,超声功率500 W,催化剂用量1%,反应时间30 min。     

花椒籽油乙酯生物柴油的制备

以花椒籽油和乙醇为原料,采用酯交换法制备花椒籽油乙酯生物柴油。采用单因素实验研究了催化剂种类和用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间对生物柴油转化率的影响。依据响应面法中的中心组合设计对酯交换反应制备花椒籽油乙酯生物柴油的工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,花椒籽油乙酯生物柴油制备的最优工艺条件为:以乙醇钠为催化剂,催化剂用量1. 7%,醇油摩尔比11. 5∶1,反应时间120 min,反应温度73℃。在最优条件下,生物柴油转化率达到97. 95%。     

二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化合成生物柴油

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化剂,并对其进行红外光谱、XRD表征。再以菜籽油和甲醇为原料,以自制固体酸为催化剂,合成生物柴油。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳反应条件。结果表明:二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化合成生物柴油的最佳条件为磷钨酸负载量40%、醇油摩尔比6∶1、催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的10%、反应时间2. 5 h、反应温度68℃,在此条件下生物柴油转化率可达96. 0%。     

酶法催化酯交换反应制备脂肪酸甲酯工艺研究

利用凯泰中性脂肪酶催化菜籽油与甲醇酯交换制备脂肪酸甲酯,相比而言,采用经乳化后菜籽油作反应原料具有更高转化率;为提高转化率,采用响应面实验设计和分析方法对菜籽油酯交换反应条件进行优化,得到最佳工艺条件:反应温度47℃,反应时间34小时,醇油摩尔比为4.5∶1,脂肪酶用量420UI;在此工艺条件下,酯交换反应转化率达95.81%。采用GC–MS技术分析所得样品,结果表明,菜籽油脂肪酸甲酯主要组份为油酸甲酯。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the