A Study on Degree of Starch Gelatinization in Cakes Baked in Three Different Ovens

The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of different baking ovens and different cake formulations on the degree of starch gelatinization during cake baking. Baking was performed in microwave, infrared–microwave combination, and conventional ovens. Starch gelatinization levels of fat free, 25% fat, and 25% Simplesse™-containing cake samples were examined using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and rapid visco analyzer (RVA). Both DSC and RVA results showed that increasing baking time increased gelatinization level for all baking types significantly. It was also found that the effect of fat content on starch gelatinization was different depending on the type of baking. Addition of fat reduced the degree of starch gelatinization in conventional baking. However, fat enhanced the gelatinization in microwave and infrared–microwave combination ovens. Usage of Simplesse™ as a fat replacer decreased the starch gelatinization in all types of baking significantly. There was insufficient starch gelatinization in microwave-baked cakes in which the degree of gelatinization ranged from 55% to 78% depending on formulation. On the other hand, it ranged from 85% to 93% in conventionally baked cakes. Combining infrared with microwaves increased degree of starch gelatinization (70–90%).     

青香蕉微波干燥中淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的研究

明确微波干燥(Microwave drying,MD)过程中青香蕉水分迁移与其淀粉糊化行为的关系及其对淀粉消化特性的作用,以青香蕉片为研究对象,设计不同微波功率密度,研究青香蕉MD干燥特性、淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的变化.结果表明微波功率密度和MD时间对青香蕉中淀粉糊化行为和消化特性影响显著.当青香蕉含水率高于45％,在...     

Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Rice Starch

Rice starch–water suspension (20%) were subjected to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment at 120, 240, 360, 480, and 600 MPa for 30 min. Polarizing light microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rapid visco analyzer (RVA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the physicochemical and structural changes of starch. Microscopy studies showed that the treatment of starch with HHP under 600 MPa for 30 min resulted in a complete loss of birefringence and a gel-like appearance. The treatment of starch suspension with HHP at 600 MPa resulted in a significant increase in swelling power and solubility at low temperature (50–60 °C), but opposite trends were found at high temperature (70–90 °C). The DSC analysis showed a decrease in gelatinization temperatures and gelatinization enthalpy with increase of pressure levels. RVA viscograms of starches exhibited an increase in peak, trough, and final viscosities, peak time, and pasting temperature but decrease of breakdown, setback viscosities, and pasting temperature when pressure was increased. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the HHP treatment converted rice starch that displayed the A-type X-ray patterns to the B-type-like pattern. These results showed that the treatment of rice starch in 20% starch/water suspension at a pressure of 600 MPa for 30 min led to a complete gelatinization of starch granules.     

微波间歇干燥对北方粳高粱蛋白质及淀粉品质的影响

为明确微波干燥对高粱蛋白质、淀粉等品质的影响,以粳高粱‘龙杂10号’为原料,在微波干燥机上进行了间歇式干燥实验,并测定了干燥前后高粱蛋白质量分数、淀粉相关特性（淀粉质量分数、微观形貌、官能团、老化性质及糊化特性）等;分析了差异蛋白表达、功能分类及代谢路径的变化。结果表明：在实施的实验条件下,天然高粱经微波干燥后,总蛋白质量分数变化不显著,变化量不超过0.4%;85 个变化显著的差异蛋白中有51 个表达上调,34 个表达下调;差异蛋白质极显著参与碳代谢、糖酵解/糖异生、光合生物碳固定、氨基酸的生物合成、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢、三羧酸循环等代谢途径（P＜0.01）;随单循环微波作用时间延长,总淀粉、直链淀粉质量分数呈增加趋势,与天然高粱相比,最大增加量分别为2.55%和1.06%;淀粉未产生新的官能团;部分淀粉颗粒形貌产生一定变化;回生值最大增加量达到267 mPa·s,淀粉更易老化;淀粉相变温度变化不明显,糊化焓值下降显著。研究结果将为高粱微波干燥产业化应用及高粱深加工提供理论和数据支持。     

微波预处理对玉米淀粉液化的影响

以黏度和还原糖含量为指标,探讨了微波预处理对高浓度玉米淀粉液化的影响,并对其机理进行了分析。结果表明:经微波预处理后,高浓度玉米淀粉在糊化、液化过程中的粘度低于对照,而还原糖含量明显高于对照,为高浓度玉米淀粉的液化创造了更好的条件。其主要机理可能是:微波预处理使玉米淀粉颗粒表面变得粗糙,且出现孔洞,增加了颗粒的比表面积,同时颗粒结构变得疏松,结晶度下降,导致在升温糊化、液化过程中酶对淀粉颗粒的降解作用更加明显;另外,微波预处理也可能使部分淀粉链发生了一定程度的降解。     

Bread quality of frozen dough substituted with modified tapioca starches

Rheological properties of dough and bread quality of frozen dough-bread containing 18.4% of hydroxypropylated (HTS), acetylated (ATS), and phosphorylated cross-linked (PTS) tapioca starch with different degrees of modification and 1.6% of dried powdered gluten were compared to the same amount of native tapioca starch (NTS) or wheat flour-bread. Doughs substituted with native or modified tapioca starches had the same mixing tolerance as 100% wheat flour. The dough was frozen and stored for 1 week at −18°C, and thawed (one freeze-cycle). The amount of freezable water in the dough substituted with native or modified tapioca starches was not significantly different from that of wheat flour. Frozen dough-bread substituted with highly modified HTS (degree of substitution; DS 0.09–0.11) retarded bread staling, while lowly modified HTS (DS 0.06–0.07) or ATS (DS 0.02–0.04), and PTS (0.004–0.020% phosphoryl content) substitution fastened bread staling as compared with frozen dough-bread baked from wheat flour. The breadcrumbs containing HTS and ATS felt tacky, whereas the bread containing PTS was dry feel. HTS and ATS swelled and collapsed easily during heating, while PTS was difficult to swell and disperse as compared with NTS, therefore the gelatinization properties seemed to affect the texture of bread. Breadcrumb containing HTS showed small firmness during storage, and highly modified HTS-h (DS 0.1) was the smallest. This means highly hydroxypropylated tapioca starch significantly retards bread staling. Staling properties and texture of frozen dough-bread with various tapioca starches were the same as conventional bread baked with the same amount of tapioca starches. These results suggest that a one freeze–thaw cycle and a 1-week frozen period do not change characteristics of starch, gelatinization and retrogradation properties as compared with the conventional method, and the highly modified HTS-h is prominent anti-staling food-stuff in frozen dough.     

Impact of Starch Gelatinization on the Kinetics of Maillard Reaction in Freeze-Dried Potato Systems

The objective of the present work was to contribute to the understanding of the changes in water-distribution and water–solids interactions that take place after starch gelatinization and to elucidate their influence on the kinetics of Maillard reaction in low-moisture potato starch systems. Maillard reaction was studied in freeze-dried native (NS) and gelatinized (GS) potato starch systems at 70°C. Water sorption isotherms were studied in a wide range of relative humidities (RH) and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model was applied. Thermal transitions were studied by differential scanning calorimetry; molecular mobility was estimated through time-resolved ¹H NMR, and Maillard reaction was followed photocolorimetrically. In NS systems, the Maillard reaction rate was inversely dependent with the increase of RH. These results are due to a heterogeneous distribution of water and reactants within the starch matrix. In GS systems, the rate coefficient of the Maillard reaction increased up to RHs between 75% and 84% and then decreased at higher RH values. In this case, Maillard reaction rate could be related to the physical properties of the matrix: T _g, water sorption, and water mobility can be relevant tools to predict the Maillard reaction rate-dependence on water content.     

高直链玉米淀粉的糊化特性研究

目的研究水浴加热、微波加热和高压加热方法对高直链玉米淀粉糊化性能的影响,为高直链淀粉的进一步开发和应用提供理论基础。方法以高直链玉米淀粉为原料,在过量水分存在条件下,分别采用水浴加热、微波加热和高压加热制备高直链玉米淀粉糊,分别研究不同温度和微波功率下,高直链玉米淀粉糊碘兰值和酶解力随糊化时间增加的变化规律。结果水浴加热、微波加热和高压加热糊化过程中高直链玉米淀粉的碘兰值和酶解力均随时间的延长呈上升趋势,微波加热高直链玉米淀粉糊的碘兰值和酶解力低于高压加热但高于水浴加热,微波加热淀粉的糊化速度大于水浴加热和高压加热。结论高压加热淀粉糊化效果好,淀粉的糊化程度高,是使高直链淀粉完全糊化的较好方法。     

Gelatinization of starch in mixed sugar systems

Sugars affect the gelatinization of starch, with the effect varying significantly between sugars. Since many food products contain a mixture of sugar sources, it is important to understand how their mixtures affect starch gelatinization. In a Rapid Visco Analyser study of maize starch gelatinization, changing proportions in binary mixtures of refined sugars saw a largely proportionate change in starch gelatinization properties. However, binary mixture of pure sugars and honey, or a model honey system (the main sugars in honey) and honey responded differently. Generally, replacing 25% or 50% of the refined sugar or model honey system with honey gave a large change in starch gelatinization properties, while further increases in honey level had little further effect. Differences between honey and buffered model honey system (either gluconic acid, or a mixture of citric acid and di-sodium phosphate) showed the sensitivity of starch gelatinization to the composition of the nonsaccharide component.     

高压蒸煮及微波预熟工艺改良糙米品质的研究

选择糙米为原料,通过分析其经过高压蒸煮和微波预熟处理后糊化度和感官品质的变化确定最佳预熟工艺,研究预熟化对糙米营养成分、质构特性和米粉微观结构的影响.结果表明,两种预熟工艺处理后糙米淀粉含量较未处理的糙米增加了约6.54％和8.41％、总糖含量增加了20.88％和22.96％、蛋白质含量增加了2.33％和4.91％、脂...     

A Model for Quantitating Energy and Degree of Starch Gelatinization Based on Water, Sugar and Salt Contents

A mathematical model defining the relation of moisture, sucrose and salt on the degree of starch gelatinization obtained from DSC, was developed. As moisture increased to 1.0g water, gelatinization rose to 85% and was complete at 1.5g water. Addition of 5% to 15% sucrose had no effect between 0.5 and about 0.8g water, but at higher moistures degree of gelatinization decreased with increasing sucrose. Salt showed a similar effect. The model covered 30% to 80% water, 0% to 15% sucrose, and 0% to 7.5% salt (R²=0.94). A test application of the model extended to rice and wheat starch, showed some correlation, but not conclusively.     

Prediction of the degree of starch gelatinization in wheat flour dough during microwave heating

In order to produce quick-boiling noodles, we made partially pre-gelatinized wheat flour dough by the microwave heating method. A cylindrical-shaped piece of wheat flour dough containing 3% NaCl was heated by 117 W microwave oven operating at 2450 MHz. The sample dough was intermittently heated to allow sufficient gelatinization of the starch granules of the dough. The resultant changes in the internal temperature profiles of the sample dough were measured and compared with numerical prediction, which is the two-dimensional heat conductive equation with a term for internal heat generation based on Lambert’s law. In order to calculate the internal heat generation during microwave heating, we measured the dielectric properties of wheat flour dough at 2450 MHz from 10 to 70 °C by the open-ended coaxial probe method. The calculated temperature history could describe the feature of the experimental one during intermittently microwave heating. Furthermore, the progress of starch gelatinization according to the heat transfer in the sample dough was predicted by the Runge–Kutta gel method. A tendency that the total gelatinization degree increased slowly during the microwave intermittent heating was obtained in the calculated result.     

60Co-γ射线及微波辐照双重作用下淀粉的结构表征

通过60Co-γ射线及微波双重辐照制备辐射变性淀粉,测试辐射变性淀粉的糊化温度及溶解度.同玉米原淀粉和H2O2氧化淀粉相比,γ辐射、微波改性亦能提高淀粉的糊化温度和溶解度,降低淀粉黏度;采用丁醇沉降法分别测定其直链、支链淀粉含量,得出辐射变性淀粉的直链淀粉含量高达58.9%,相比玉米原淀粉,辐射变性淀粉的支链淀粉的降解...     

Application of unreacted-core model to in situ gelatinization of chickpea starch

Unreacted-core model for reaction-controlled systems was tested on modeling of starch gelatinization in whole chickpea (in situ) during cooking. Experiments were conducted in deionized water at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C. The process was followed through images of the flat sides of the chickpea cotyledons. During cooking between 60 and 100 °C, a white core in the original color of the cotyledons and a surrounding opaque yellow zone were observed on the cotyledons. According to birefringence studies starch granules in the yellow zone were gelatinized, and in the white core they remained ungelatinized. The formation of the yellow color was connected to the gelatinization in the peripheral zone. During cooking at 50 °C the color change was not observed because of working below the gelatinization temperature of chickpea starch. The area of the gelatinized zone increased at the expense of the area of the ungelatinized core with the progress of the cooking. The unreacted-core model fitted the process very well, and the estimated gelatinization times were in good agreement with the experimental gelatinization times. The kinetic data for the gelatinization reaction estimated after verifying the unreacted-core model were in agreement with the literature. These findings indicated that the in situ gelatinization of chickpea starch can be modeled using the unreacted-core model, and the process is effectively gelatinization-controlled under the given conditions.     

Physicochemical and functional properties of makal (Xanthosoma yucatanensis) starch

Physicochemical and functional properties of makal (Xanthosoma yucatanensis) starch were determined. Granules were oval in shape and 12.4 μm average diameter. Starch purity was high (96.7%) with low protein (0.1%), fat (0.2%), fibre (0.4%) and ash (0.1%) contents. Amylose content was 22.4%. The gelatinization temperature was 78.5 °C and transition enthalpy was 15 J/g. At 90 °C, solubility was 32.9%, swelling power was 28.6 g water/g starch and water absorption capacity was 19.2 g water/g starch. Pasting characteristics were: temperature 75 °C, maximum viscosity 280 BU, breakdown −8 BU, setback 180 BU and consistency 172 BU. Clarity, expressed as transmittance, was 35.8%. Gel deformation was 20.8% with a 0.03 kgf maximum load. Makal starch’s high gelification temperature and firmness make it appropriate for use in high temperature food systems, but its low stability in refrigeration and freezing cycles make it inadequate for use in foods subject to those conditions.     

Water dynamics in white bread and starch gels as affected by water and gluten content

Three levels of water (180, 220 and 260 g/345 g flour) and three levels of gluten (giving 11.2, 13.0 and 14.2 g protein/100 g flour) were used to study the effects of water and gluten on water mobility in white bread using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. Changes in the transverse relaxation time (T₂) were related to water mobility. The three water levels resulted in three different moisture contents in the finished bread (0.55-0.77 g H₂O/g solids). Distributed exponential analysis showed two distinct regions of T₂ (30-600 μs and 1-60 ms), associated with multiple domains of water in the bread crumb. There was no significant difference in peak T₂ values with different gluten content, but significant differences were observed with different moisture content. The results suggested that the mobility of water associated with starch decreased dramatically because of gelatinization. To further investigate the effect of gluten on starch gelatinization, NMR measurements were made directly on model systems containing starch and various gluten amounts. The starch-gluten gels had higher T₂ values than pure starch gels, indicating less swelling of starch granules and absorption of water. This was attributed to less water available to starch in the presence of gluten.     

Pasting,rheological properties and gelatinization kinetics of tapioca starch with sucrose or glucose

Effects of sugars (sucrose and glucose) on the pasting, rheological and thermal properties of tapioca starch (TS) were studied. Rapid visco-analyser (RVA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that pasting and gelatinization temperature of TS increased with increased sugar concentration in the order of sucrose > glucose. Peak, breakdown, final and setback viscosities tended to increase with increased sugar content. Rheological parameters calculated from Herschley–Bulkley model showed sugar addition increased the yield stress and consistency coefficient, while decreased the thixotropy of TS gels. Loss tangent determined from dynamic viscoelastic tests revealed that sugars increased the solid-like characteristics of TS gels. Kinetics analysis showed E_a raised and rate constants declined in the presence of sugars, suggesting the same sugar effect as the experiments of RVA and DSC. And thus kinetics analysis could provide new evidences for the influence of sugars on starch gelatinization.     

Thermal and Pasting Properties of Microwaved Corn Starch

Corn starch with 15–40% moisture was irradiated at 0.17 or 0.5 W/g for 1 h using the sophisticated Ethos 1600 microwave apparatus that accurately controls temperature and wattage. Temperature of irradiated starch was measured during microwaving. Thermal and pasting properties were studied on dehydrated starch after microwave irradiation. Temperature increases were greatest during the first 10 min for starch at all moisture contents at both microwave power levels. Starch irradiated at 0.17 W/g had a temperature below onset gelatinization temperature (T_o) after 1 h. Higher temperatures were observed for starch with higher moisture content and microwaved at 0.5 W/g. Compared to native starch, starch with 15–40% moisture had higher T_o (measured using differential scanning calorimetry) and with 35–40% moisture had higher peak gelatinization temperature and lower enthalpy change of gelatinization. All paste viscosity parameters measured by the Rapid Visco Analyser were reduced and pasting temperature was elevated for starch irradiated at 0.5 W/g compared to native starch.     

Kinetics of cowpea starch gelatinization and modeling of starch gelatinization during steaming of intact cowpea seed

Steaming of cowpea seeds prevents weevil infestation during storage. Physicochemical changes such as starch gelatinization from steaming may lead to seed resistance to weevil penetration and digestion. A kinetics of starch gelatinization was constructed and incorporated in a heat and mass transfer model to quantitatively investigate starch gelatinization in intact seeds during steaming. The outer layers of steamed seeds (0.5 mm thick) were removed by a specially designed grinding device to measure degree of starch gelatinization (DG). The predicted DG in the outermost layer of seeds was found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The average relative error for DG was 14.6%.     

EFFECT OF FISH PROTEIN, SALT, SUGAR, AND MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON THE GELATINIZATION OF STARCH IN FISH-STARCH MIXTURES

Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the effect of fish protein, salt, sugar, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) on gelatinization of tapioca and sago starches in fish cracker mixtures. One endothermic transition was observed for fish-starch mixtures (10–90% wet fish) if the moisture content was more than 61%. The effect of the salt on the starch gelatinization is greater than sugar and MSG. Sugar and MSG addition to the mixture had little effect on gelatinization of starch in the system. Two percent salt increased the gelatinization temperature by 4–5 C. The onset (T₀) and peak (T_p) temperatures increased with increases in fish content in fish-starch mixtures but the conclusion temperatures (T_c) remained relatively constant. Increases in fish content also narrowed the gelatinization temperature ranges.