Cyclic Void Growth Model to Assess Ductile Fracture Initiation in Structural Steels due to Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue

A new model is proposed to simulate ductile fracture initiation due to large amplitude cyclic straining in structural steels, which is often the governing limit state in steel structures subjected to earthquakes. Termed the cyclic void growth model (CVGM), the proposed technique is an extension to previously published models that simulate ductile fracture caused by void growth and coalescence under monotonic loading. The CVGM aims to capture ultra low cycle fatigue (ductile fracture) behavior, which is characterized by a few (generally, less than 20) reverse loading cycles to large inelastic strain amplitudes (several times the yield strain). The underlying mechanisms of low-cycle fracture involve cyclic void growth, collapse, and distortion, which are distinct from those associated with more conventional fatigue. The CVGM represents these underlying fracture mechanisms through plastic strain and stress triaxiality histories that can be modeled at the material continuum level by finite-element analyses. Development and validation of the CVGM is substantiated by about 100 notched bar tests, with accompanying finite-element analyses, metallurgical tests, and fractographic examinations of seven varieties of structural steels.     

Mechanical Performance of Ferritic Martensitic Steels for High Dose Applications in Advanced Nuclear Reactors

Ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steels are considered for core applications and pressure vessels in Generation IV reactors as well as first walls and blankets for fusion reactors. There are significant scientific data on testing and industrial experience in making this class of alloys worldwide. This experience makes F/M steels an attractive candidate. In this article, tensile behavior, fracture toughness and impact property, and creep behavior of the F/M steels under neutron irradiations to high doses with a focus on high Cr content (8 to 12) are reviewed. Tensile properties are very sensitive to irradiation temperature. Increase in yield and tensile strength (hardening) is accompanied with a loss of ductility and starts at very low doses under irradiation. The degradation of mechanical properties is most pronounced at <0.3T _M (T _M is melting temperature) and up to 10 dpa (displacement per atom). Ferritic/martensitic steels exhibit a high fracture toughness after irradiation at all temperatures even below 673 K (400 °C), except when tested at room temperature after irradiations below 673 K (400 °C), which shows a significant reduction in fracture toughness. Creep studies showed that for the range of expected stresses in a reactor environment, the stress exponent is expected to be approximately one and the steady state creep rate in the absence of swelling is usually better than austenitic stainless steels both in terms of the creep rate and the temperature sensitivity of creep. In short, F/M steels show excellent promise for high dose applications in nuclear reactors.     

氢蚀程度对钢疲劳断裂性能的影响

研究了国产钢经不同温度和时间氢暴露后的力学性能、疲劳性能和断裂韧性,用扫描电镜证实了氢蚀后断裂机制发生了变化.研究表明:随氢蚀程度增加,20G钢抗拉强度和塑性降低明显,CrMo钢抗拉强度略有降低,塑性变化不大.氢蚀使20G钢的门槛值有一个最小值,而断裂韧性随氢蚀程度升高而降低,在氢蚀程度较低时,断裂韧性下降程度大;在氢蚀程度较高时,断裂韧性下降程度变缓.碳钢的疲劳性能变化是由于材料损伤作用和氢蚀造成的裂纹表面引起的闭合效应增加二者共同作用的结果.     

Cyclic Deformation Behaviour of Three Austenitic Cast CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP Steels with Various Ni Content

This study presents the cyclic deformation behaviour of three high‐alloyed austenitic cast steels which are characterized by different chemical compositions leading to different austenite stabilities and stacking fault energies. Thus, depending on the chemical composition different deformation mechanisms arise which have a significant influence on the cyclic deformation behaviour and life time relations. The materials were characterized under total‐strain control. The fatigue life relations of Basquin and Manson‐Coffin are applied successfully for all steel variants. The cyclic stress‐strain response is described using the Ramberg‐Osgood relationship. It is shown that the parameters n' and K' depend strongly on the accumulated plastic strain λ_p. The mechanical properties are discussed together with microstructural investigations of deformation structures and martensitic transformations as well as twinning, respectively.     

On the Cyclic Softening Mechanisms of Reduced Activity Ferritic/Martensitic Steels

Low‐cycle fatigue tests were performed in three different ferrite/martensite steels, i.e., the European RAFM steel EUROFER 97 and the commercials AISI 410 and AISI 420, at room temperature (RT) and at 550°C. After the first few cycles, a cyclic softening that continues up to failure is observed for all these steels. The cyclic softening exhibited by AISI 420 is less pronounced than for the other two steels. The comparison between the mechanical responses of the materials was based on the study of the flow stress components, i.e., the friction and the back stresses, and their correlation with the microstructure evolution. In most cases, the strong cyclic softening observed is produced by the decreasing stress values exhibited by both stress components. However, at RT, for AISI 420, the back stress does not present variation during cycling. The decrease of the free dislocation density inside the subgrains and the growth of the mean subgrain size represent the main microstructural evolution.     

Fatigue and Fracture Mechanisms of Aluminum Lithium Alloy Containing Cerium

Ｔｈｅｒｅｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎｉｎｔｒｉｎｓｉｃｔｏｕｇｈｅｎｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｅａｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｎｐａｉｄｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｉｖｅｌｙｔｏｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆｅｘｔｒｉｎｓｉｃｔｏｕｇｈｅ...     

Study of Damage and Fracture Toughness Due to Influence of Creep and Fatigue of Commercially Pure Copper by Monotonic and Cyclic Indentation

Fracture toughness is the ability of a component containing a flow to resist fracture. In the current study, the Ball indentation (BI) test technique, which is well acknowledged as an alternative approach to evaluate mechanical properties of materials due to its semi-nondestructive, fast, and high accurate qualities is used to estimate damage and the fracture toughness for copper samples subjected to varying levels of creep and fatigue. The indentation fracture toughness shows the degradation of Cu samples when they are subjected to different creep conditions. Axial fatigue cycling increases the strength at the mid-gauge section compared to other regions of the samples due to initial strain hardening. The advancement of indentation depth with indentation fatigue cycles experiences transient stage, i.e., jump in indentation depth has been observed, which may be an indication of failure and followed by a steady state with almost constant depth propagation with indentation cycles.     

Mechanisms Governing Fatigue, Damage, and Fracture of Commercially Pure Titanium for Viable Aerospace Applications

In this paper, the cyclic stress amplitude controlled high-cycle fatigue properties and final fracture behavior of commercially pure titanium (Grade 2) are presented and discussed. The material characterization was developed and put forth for selection and use in a spectrum of applications spanning the industries of aerospace, defense, chemical, marine, and commercial products. Test specimens were prepared from the as-received plate stock of the material with the stress axis both parallel (longitudinal) and perpendicular (transverse) to the rolling direction of the plate. The test specimens were cyclically deformed at a constant load ratio of 0.1, at different values of maximum stress, and the corresponding cycles-to-failure is presented. The cyclic fatigue fracture surfaces were examined in a scanning electron microscope to establish the macroscopic fracture mode, the intrinsic features on the fatigue fracture surface, and the role of applied stress-microstructural feature interactions in governing failure. The intrinsic features on the fracture surface as a function of maximum stress and resultant cyclic fatigue life are discussed.     

核反应堆用锆-4合金导向管缩径段成型工艺研究

本文阐述核反应堆用锆-4合金导向管缩径段的旋压成型工艺。采用自行改制的专用旋压设备,选择合适的工模具及旋压工艺设计,缩径段的各项几何尺寸精度均能达到设计技术指标。     

Increasing the Energy Efficiency of the Cyclic Action Mechanisms in Rolling for a Roller Bed Used as an Example

The possibility of increasing the energy efficiency of the production cycle in a roller bed is briefly reviewed and justified. The sequence diagram of operation of the electrical drive in a roller bed is analyzed, and the possible increase in the energy efficiency is calculated. A method for energy saving is described for the application of a frequency-controlled asynchronous electrical drive of drive rollers in a roller bed with an increased capacitor capacity in a dc link. A fine mathematical model is developed to describe the behavior of the electrical drive during the deceleration of a roller bed. An experimental setup is created and computer simulation and physical modeling are performed. The basic information flows of the general hierarchical automatic control system of an enterprise are described and determined with allowance for the proposed method of increasing the energy efficiency.     

Influences of Manufacturing-Related Microstructural Variations on Fatigue in Carbide-Rich Tool Steels

In cold-work applications, tool steels with high carbide contents are used as cutting and stamping tools. The tool service life is limited by wear resistance and fatigue strength. The relationship between manufacturing-related microstructural influences and fatigue strengths of tool steels has not yet been adequately investigated. To investigate these influences on high-cycle fatigue (HCF) strength (N_G = 10⁷), rotating bending tests are performed on AISI D2 and AISI M2/M3. Raw materials are produced by conventional ingot casting and subsequent hot working (HW) as well as in a powder metallurgy (PM) process with hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and forging. Herein, a statistically validated correlation of process-related defect size and the resulting fatigue strength is presented. Both PM steels show significantly higher HCF strength than the HW steels. Critical defects in PM appear to be exclusively small oxide inclusions. In contrast, fatigue cracks in HW are typically initiated by the fracture of large, blocky eutectic carbides. The main factor influencing HCF strength is defect size. Other critical features of the microstructure include matrix hardness, circularity, and defect type. Improvements in fatigue strength can be obtained by reducing the size of fracture mechanical defects, inclusions for PM, and eutectic carbides for HW microstructures.     

核一级容器钢508-3的动态和静态断裂韧度

核一级部件的断裂韧度要求反映在ASME和RCC－M规范中，即KIR－（T－RTNDT）基准曲线。KIP包括KIa,KId和KIc^J。KIc^J的测试国内外已有标准方法，而KIa的测试只有美国公布了正工标准，KId的测试国内外没有标准方法可循。因此，为研究核电材料断裂韧度，首先建立了相应的测试方法，在此基础上试验了国产核一级容器钢508－3的动、静态断裂韧度KIa,KId,KIc，获得了不同温度下的数据，并与ASME和RCC－M规范中的基准曲线作了比较。结果表明，国产508－3钢的动、静态断裂韧度能满足核一级部件的要求。     

Experimental Testing and Computer Simulations of Ductile Fracture in Tool Steels

Ductility was determined in experimental four‐point bending tests of smooth specimens of tool steel. The tool steels had different contents of carbides and carbide sizes and with a hardness of approximately 60HRc. Two of the materials tested were produced powder metallurgically, one was spray formed and one was conventionally uphill ingot cast. Carbide size distribution analysis was performed on planar polished sections of each material. Correlation between carbide microstructure and ductility performance was obtained. The fracture mechanisms were investigated with fractography. A 3D FE‐model was used to simulate the four‐point bending tests and thereby analyse the matrix flow curve. Also the strain at failure was analysed for each material when simulations were performed based on experimental data. SEM‐images of the materials carbide microstructure were used to create 2D FE‐models. The models simulated crack initiation and propagation by removing elements in the steel matrix as the plastic strain reached a critical level. With three variants, simulations of crack initiation and propagation at carbides were investigated. That was carbides with no cohesion to matrix, carbides fixed to the matrix and carbides with internal cracks. Comparison of strains at failure for the 2D and the 3D FE‐models showed good correlation.     

球罐钢焊接接头疲劳与断裂研究

对宝钢三期氧气球罐用ＢＰ４６０ＮＬ１钢板及焊接接头进行了室温和低温断裂韧性试验与疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究，并用金相剖面法测定了裂纹尖端饱和启裂韧性特征值δｉｓ。为宝钢三期氧气球罐的缺陷容限分析及断裂安全评定提供了试验依据。     

我国铁道车辆用高强度耐大气腐蚀钢的进展

回顾了我国铁道车辆用耐大气腐蚀钢的现状，提出了在高速重载条件下铁道车辆及其用钢的新要求。初步总结了我国高强度耐大气腐蚀钢的研究工作，对比分析了国内几个主要钢厂开发生产的高强度耐大气腐蚀钢的工艺性能。     

HDDR钕铁硼材料各向异性产生的机制

研究了NdFeB铸态粉末及HDDR工艺处理过程中不同阶段材料的显微结构、磁性能和各向异性产生的机理.发现NdFeB铸态粉末的各向异性均大于HDDR NdFeB材料的各向异性.随歧化时间延长HDDR NdFeB材料的各向异性单调下降,最终消失,说明HDDR NdFeB材料的各向异性来源于对铸态粉末各向异性的继承;短时间的歧化处理有助于材料获得各向异性;柱状歧化组织作为各向异性的传递介质,以位向关系的方式,将各向异性由铸态粉末传递到了经HDDR处理后的NdFeB粉末.