Der Einfluss von Imperfektionen in dünnwandigen geschweißten Rechteckquerschnitten unter Druckbeanspruchung

On imperfections in thin‐walled welded rectangular hollow section compressive members. This contribution presents the results of a research project analysing some aspects of stability failure of thin‐walled RHS compression members that are likely to exhibit combined global and local buckling. In particular the influence of various imperfections, namely residual stresses due to weld‐ing and local as well as global geometrical defects, on the load‐carrying capacity is subject to detailed experimental and numerical investigations. The insight into the structural behaviour leads to recommendations for standardized imperfections that should be used in the context of the numerical modelling of class‐4 square and rectangular hollow section members subjected to compression.     

十字加劲钢板剪力墙的抗剪极限承载力

我国《高层民用建筑钢结构技术规程》规定了钢板墙剪切弹性屈曲不先于剪切屈服,其明显的不足是没有利用板的屈曲后强度,同时弹性屈曲也不能作为结构在弹塑性阶段的设计指标。本文应用板的大挠度弹塑性有限元方法对十字加劲方形钢板剪力墙的屈曲后性能和极限承载力进行了系统的研究,并在大量数值分析的基础上,提出了以板的平均剪切应变相应的剪应力作为钢板剪力墙承载能力的极限状态,以达到利用薄板屈曲后强度的目的,进而提出了钢板剪力墙承载力的设计简化计算公式及钢板墙侧柱刚度阈值的计算公式,供设计参考。数值计算结果表明,影响钢板墙抗剪性能主要有三个参数:板高厚比、肋板刚度比和边柱刚度。     

Ermüdungsprobleme dünnwandiger kaltgeformter Bauteile

Fatigue behaviour of thin‐walled coldformed steel profiles. Current design concepts for thin‐walled structural members take local buckling into account in determining the ultimate capacity. Local buckling may be accompanied by large deformations, which entail secondary bending stresses. Such secondary stresses can be neglected in usual design, but there are no information available regarding their influence on fatigue design. For the investigation of that problem fatigue tests were carried out with thin‐walled cold‐formed U‐channels exposed to pure bending. Following the systematically numerical investigations it will be proposed to limit the cyclic load by 60% of the ultimate load in order to avoid fatigue damage of thin‐walled cold‐formed profiles.     

Strength of slender concrete filled high strength steel box columns

The use of thin walled steel sections coupled with concrete infill has been used on various building projects with great advantage. The currently available international standards for composite structures are limited to the design of concrete filled steel columns with compact sections. However, there is limited research work in the literature available which is concerned with slender concrete filled thin-walled steel columns. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study of thin walled steel sections utilising high strength steel of a thin walled nature and filled with normal strength concrete. A numerical model is developed herein in order to study the behaviour of slender concrete filled high strength steel columns incorporating material and geometric non-linearities. For this analysis, the equilibrium of the member is investigated in the deformed state, using the idealised stress–strain relationships for both the steel and concrete materials, considering the elastic and plastic ranges. This paper presents both an experimental and theoretical treatment of coupled local and global buckling of concrete filled high strength steel columns sometimes termed interaction buckling. The experimental results of columns with high strength steel casings conducted herein by the authors are used for comparison. The effect of the confined concrete core is also addressed and the method shows good agreement with the experimental results of concrete filled steel columns with compact sections. The behaviour of concrete filled steel slender columns affected by elastic or inelastic local buckling is also investigated and compared with relevant experimental results. The paper then concludes with a design recommendation for the strength evaluation of slender composite columns using high strength steel plates with thin-walled steel sections, paying particular attention to existing codes of practice so as not to deviate from current design methodologies.     

薄壁钢管混凝土梁-柱的钢板局部屈曲分析

高强钢和混凝土的应用,使得薄钢板开始应用在填充混凝土的钢管梁柱中。然而,在组合梁柱中薄钢板的应用可能会增加局部屈曲,这将减弱这些构件的强度和延性性能。通过有限元分析方法,分析了在填充混凝土的薄壁钢管梁-柱中钢板的临界局部屈曲和局部屈曲后性能。运用几何和材料非线性分析来研究在压力和平面内弯曲作用下钢板中的临界局部和后张局部屈曲强度。非线性分析中考虑了钢板的初始几何缺陷和残余应力,材料屈服和应变硬化。基于非线性有限元分析结果,本文提出一组设计公式,以确定这种组合梁柱的临界局部屈曲和钢板的极限强度。此外,还提出在不均匀压力作用下,钢板极限强度设计中有效宽度的计算公式。这一组设计公式可以直接用于组合梁-柱的设计和考虑局部屈曲作用后的薄壁钢管混凝土梁-柱分析。     

薄壁钢梁稳定性计算的争议及其解决

在规范修订过程中,对钢梁的整体稳定性计算,有学者对《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的临界弯矩计算公式提出了质疑,并提出了新的计算公式。本文对规范所依据的公式和新提出的公式所依据的理论进行了对比,对新公式所依据的理论提出了疑问。为避免薄壁构件理论引入的各种假设带来思辨上难以解决的争议,本文采用ANSYS通用有限元程序的三维板壳单元SHELL63进行了6组共36根梁的整体失稳分析。有限元分析结果表明,采用板稳定理论求得的梁临界弯矩与《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的公式符合较好,而与新提出的公式比较相差较大。本文根据薄壁梁弯扭稳定理论,推导了考虑非线性正应变和剪应变的梁失稳过程应变能的变化公式,从而解释了考虑非线性剪应变的理论与ANSYS分析结果不符的原因,并对传统的稳定理论得到的结果进行了肯定。     

Formänderungsgrößenverfahren mittig gedrückter dünnwandiger Stäbe mit einfach‐ und doppeltsymmetrischen offenen Querschnitten

Deformation method for centrically compressed thin‐walled bars with mono‐ and bisymmetrical open cross‐sections. In correspondence with the classic deformation method of warping torsion for thin‐walled bars [1], that method has been moved into the field of column stability. For the single cross‐sectional symmetry, the general solution of the fundamental system of equations has been found and its particular shapes for three basic kinds of column support presented. Thereby, the formulas or the boundary simplified for analysis of the bimoments have been settled. These relations have been simplified for the double cross‐sectional symmetry. An analysis of a bisymmetrical cross‐section has lead to the determination of the necessary boundary forces for the three kinds of column support considered. It has been shown that all the relations for torsion are similar to those for bending. A proposal for the calculations of the critical loads of torsional buckling in continuous columns has been formulated and a relevant numerical example given. The paper calls special attention to the related merits of Professor Kurt Klöppel , a graduate of the former Technischen Hochschule Danzig. Actually, already 100 years have passed since the foundation of TH Danzig. It is also the predecessor of the contemporary Politechnika Gdańska, with which the author is being connected since 1949.     

Experimental study of critical and post-buckling behaviour of prestressed stayed columns

A full scale experimental investigation into the strength and behaviour of prestressed steel stayed columns in compression has been conducted. Results, including full load versus end-shortening curves, for a total of 18 test specimens are presented. Two critical modes of buckling — symmetric and antisymmetric — with interactive post-buckling are demonstrated experimentally and the imperfection sensitivity of the stayed columns is investigated. Interactive buckling is observed primarily when the individual buckling loads of the antisymmetric and symmetric modes are close or when the antisymmetric mode is critical. Analysis of the results reveals that increased prestress leads to an increased load-carrying capacity when instability occurs in the symmetric mode, but the reverse trend is found when the antisymmetric mode is critical.     

Drillknicken einfach‐symmetrischer Stahlstützen mit erzwungener Drehachse

Torsional buckling of mono‐symmetrical columns of steel structures with prescribed axis of rotation. Presented herein solution concerns the problem of elastic, spatial stability of mono‐symmetrical I‐columns of steel structures with prescribed axis of rotation placed in the plane of the cross‐sectional symmetry, parallel to the longitudinal axis. In association with it one‐bay columns with point elastic constraints, along the length, due to torsion and warping have been considered. The point's constraints have been taken into account model using a distributional calculus. The columns are loaded by the combined compressive force and bending moment, acting in the plane of the cross‐sectional symmetry. For the columns under constant bending moment the prob‐lem of stability has been solved in the closed form for the arbitr‐ary conditions of ends supporting. Whereas for columns under non‐uniform moment the solution has been obtained by the Bubnov‐Galerkin orthogonalization method for chosen conditions of the ends supports. The solutions have been depicted by calculations, in which the critical load of the elastic, torsional buckling has been determined for steel columns with prescribed axis of rotation. The computations have been executed by the help of an own software worked out on the basis of the introduced solutions. The experimental investigations carried out on I‐columns, braced laterally and longitudinally, under compression and bend‐ing, in order to determine their critical loads of elastic spatial buckling have been presented as well. These experimental inves‐tigations are to verify the theoretical solution derived by approximation method. General remarks and conclusions of practical nature have finished the work.     

Experimental study on steel tubular columns in-filled with plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete

An experimental investigation on the structural behaviour of steel tubular columns in-filled with plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete is presented in this study. A total of 16 concrete-filled steel tubular columns were constructed and tested subjected to biaxial bending and short-term axial load. The main variables considered in the test study were the cross section, slenderness, concrete compressive strength and the load eccentricity. In the presented study, a theoretical method for the prediction of ultimate strength capacity and load-deflection curves of concrete filled steel tube columns is proposed. In the analysis procedure, the nonlinear behaviour of the materials is considered and the slenderness effect has been taken into account. The experimental ultimate strength capacities and load-deflection curves of both plain and steel fiber concrete-filled tube columns have been compared with the analysis results and discussed in the paper. The results indicate that the addition of steel fibers in core concrete has considerable effect on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube columns.     

Compressive behaviour of laminated structural glass members

Several experimental investigations in the past few years have highlighted the fact that the compressive strength of glass was significantly higher than its tensile strength, allowing new applications of glass in compression members. However, due to the high slenderness of structural glass elements made of thin glass panels, they tend to fail in a brittle manner. A substantial amount of fundamental research has been carried out in the past few years to investigate the stability behaviour of structural glass elements. However, although buckling of glass panels has been quite well studied, a very poor amount of research has been addressed to glass columns, which by contrast represent the most interesting case due to their direct application in buildings. In this paper, the results of ten compressive tests on glass panels and columns are presented and discussed. The main variables considered were slenderness of panels and the shape of the cross-section for columns. The results of six bending tests on monolithic and laminated glass panels are also shown, and the level of connection between the glass sheets was evaluated. A review of the theoretical background is provided and the results achievable with existing analytical models are compared.     

Behaviour of thin steel plate shear walls regarding frame members

Steel plate shear walls in buildings are known to be an effective and strong means for resisting lateral forces. The view of some structural designers is to use heavy stiffeners to reinforce and increase the buckling capacity of shear walls; whereas, if the walls are left unstiffened and allowed to buckle, their energy absorption will increase significantly due to the post-buckling capacity. On the other hand, the optimal design of thin steel plate shear walls (TSPSWs), which are categorized as thin-walled structures, involves the proper prediction of their buckling strength. In turn, this prediction is a function of the status of their assumed boundary conditions. Many design rules conservatively suggest simply supported boundary conditions for elastic member restraints. In this paper, the effects of surrounding members (i.e. beams and columns) on the overall behaviour of TSPSWs are studied. The results show that, unlike the present view, the flexural stiffness of surrounding members has no significant effects, either on elastic shear buckling or on the post-buckling behaviour of shear walls. The torsional rigidity has a significant effect only on the elastic buckling load, and the extensional stiffness slightly affects the post-buckling capacity.     

Thin-walled cold-formed sections subjected to compressive loading

The weakening effects of local buckling on the compressive load carrying capability of thin-walled cold-formed sections is examined and discussed. Theoretical results are presented for the pin-ended support condition and a study is made of the local buckling and overall bending interaction behaviour of compression members with different cross-sectional shapes. It is shown that singly symmetric plain channel sections exhibit considerably different interactive equilibrium characteristics to those of I-sections for which the shear centre and section centroid are coincident.

The theoretical results given have been obtained through the solution of a differential equation which governs, approximately, the overall bending behaviour of a locally buckled compression member. Both local and overall imperfections are considered in the theoretical approach and it is shown that the effect of these is to reduce the ultimate compressive carrying capacity of cold-formed sections.

An experimental investigation of the behaviour of concentrically loaded pin-ended I-section struts and columns is reported and the findings from this are compared with theoretical predictions. The theoretical predictions of load-deflection equilibrium behaviour and stress variations with load are shown to be in good agreement with those obtained from test.

The provisions made in the UK Code of Practice and the American Specification pertaining to the design of cold-formed compression members are briefly outlined and compared. It is shown that with regard to I-section struts and columns the American design procedure gives, in general, more conservative estimates of collapse.     

Verbesserte Tragfähigkeit von dünnwandigen Tragwerken durch Hybridbauweise und Flächenstrukturierung

Improved load‐carrying capacity of thin‐walled structures via hybrid and non‐smooth wall constructions. This contribution deals with modified wall constructions of thin‐walled structures which aim to improve their load‐carrying capacity and imperfection‐sensitivity without a corresponding increase in total weight.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam–columns,Part II: Verification and applications

The theory and algorithms of a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam–columns with local buckling effects were presented in a companion paper. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas for steel plates are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. Performance indices are used in the PBA program to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam–columns. This paper presents the verification and applications of the PBA program developed. The axial load–strain curves, ultimate axial loads and moment–curvature curves for thin-walled CFST columns predicted by the PBA program are verified by experimental data. The PBA program is then utilized to investigate the effects of local buckling, depth-to-thickness ratio, concrete compressive strengths, steel yield strengths and axial load levels on the stiffness, strength and ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam–columns under axial load and biaxial bending. The PBA technique developed is shown to be efficient and accurate and can be used directly in the performance-based design of thin-walled CFST beam–columns and implemented in advanced analysis programs for composite columns and frames.     

考虑弯矩作用梭形钢格构柱的稳定性能

通过弹性屈曲分析和考虑大变形的弹塑性非线性分析首次考察轴力和弯矩共同作用下梭形钢格构柱的稳定性能。首先提出梭形格构柱截面刚度变化率的概念并分析其弹性屈曲性能,进而考察弯矩作用对梭形格构柱稳定性能的影响,重点分析轴向应力、弯曲应力和剪应力的发展历程,文中还考察了分肢钢管间距及隔板厚度对稳定承载力的影响。结果表明,截面刚度变化率决定桅杆的弹性屈曲模态;屈曲模态为"C"形的桅杆,弯矩作用导致稳定承载力的降低程度小于屈曲模态为"S"形的桅杆;可通过调整分肢钢管间距获得梭形格构柱的最大稳定承载力,相应的分肢间距与"C"形、"S"形屈曲模态转换的临界分肢间距基本一致;增加隔板厚度对提高"S"形屈曲模态桅杆的稳定承载力更为有效。     

Der Widerstand von Stahl‐ und Verbundbrückenpfeilern gegen hochdynamische Beanspruchung bei Explosion

Blast resistance of steel and composite bridge piers. Not much attention has been paid to the response behaviour of steel‐concrete composite constructions subjected to explosive load, despite its high interest. Based on current knowledge in material research, single‐ and multi‐cell steel and composite columns are simulated and loaded by car bomb blast pressure. The different load carrying behaviour and resistance capacity of steel and composite cross sections is evaluated herein. In search of a blast resistant column type, special focus is directed to the column cross section shape, which effects the local load transmission. The different failure modes of the column types are investigated and the differing resistance capacity of all cross section types is pointed out in a comparative analysis. In the studies, the simulation software MSC.Dytran developed by MSC Software Corporation is applied.     

Experimental study on seismic behavior of concrete filled steel tube columns under pure torsion and compression–torsion cyclic load

Based on the quasi-static test on eight CFST columns subjected to pure torsion and compression–torsion cyclic load, the torsion behavior of CFST columns with various section types, steel ratios and axial load levels was studied. The test results showed that the hysteretic curves of CFST columns under pure torsion and low compression–torsion cyclic load are very plump, which indicate that CFST columns have good seismic capacity. The unloading stiffness of CFST columns was equal to the initial elastic stiffness. The torsion capacity of CFST columns could be improved by the low compressive load, and the ductility was also good. But the torsion capacity of CFST columns would be reduced by the high compressive load. When CFST columns subjected to pure torsion, spiral diagonal compressive struts will be created in the in-filled concrete, and the axial components of the diagonal compressive force of the in-filled concrete was equal to the axial tensile force of the steel tube in order to satisfy the axial load equilibrium condition on the section, so the axial strain will be produced in the steel tube. The shear strain has good linear relationship with the rotation angle of the section when CFST columns subjected to pure torsion and compression–torsion combined action. Based on the test results and literatures available, the torsion mechanism of CFST columns was preliminarily analyzed.     

焊接箱形截面短柱稳定承载力及设计方法

现行GB 50017-2003《钢结构设计规范》对焊接箱形截面构件在考虑壁板局部失稳后的稳定极限承载力计算未建立成熟的设计理论.采用板壳单元,精确地模拟了箱形截面短柱的壁板局部失稳及其相互作用,在大挠度、弹塑性范围内对箱形截面的稳定极限承载性能进行研究.在大量数值分析的基础上,分别归纳总结箱形截面短柱在承受轴向压力、纯...     

Nonlinear analyses of thin-walled channel section columns

The paper presents a detailed comparison of nonlinear analyses of thin-walled channel section columns with tests. The columns are analysed as beam-columns having nonlinear constitutive relationships. The constitutive relationships are obtained firstly, by assuming elastic material behaviour and allowing local buckling of both flanges and web, and secondly, by assuming elastic-plastic material behaviour and confining local buckling deformations to the web. Based on the comparison, including theoretical and experimental load-shortening and load-deflection curves, it is concluded that the nonlinear theory generally closely agrees with the tests.The paper also investigates the applicability of combining an elastic nonlinear analysis with a spatial plastic mechanism analysis to describe the structural behaviour both before and after the ultimate load. The question of when this combination can be expected to accurately describe the column behaviour over the full loading range is discussed.A separate section compares theoretical ultimate loads with test strengths. The nonlinear analyses employed in the paper provide ultimate loads which agree with the test strengths to within 2% on average where primary local buckling occurs in the web of the channels, and 11% on average where primary local buckling occurs in the flanges of the channels.