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1.
Laura Bix Sujit S. Sansgiry Robert Clarke Fernando Cardoso Gauri S. Shringarpure 《Packaging Technology and Science》2004,17(1):3-11
This study investigates the coverage of federally mandated information on over‐the‐counter (OTC) drug labels by electronic article surveillance (EAS) tags applied to the exterior of cartons. Using adult‐strength analgesics containing acetaminophen as a case study, researchers investigated the issue in Houston, Texas (24 stores) and Lansing, Michigan (33 stores). The information obscured by EAS tags was identified and classified for a total of 849 packages using a standardized data collection instrument. The results indicated that 293 packages examined, or 34.5%, had information mandated by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) fully or partially obscured by the EAS tags. Retailers and manufacturers should be aware of such practices to reduce potential liability. Recommendations for improving EAS tag usage on OTC products are presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Laura Bix Hugh Lockhart Susan Selke Fernando Cardoso Michele Olejnik 《Packaging Technology and Science》2003,16(5):199-207
In 1999 the US Food and Drug Administration published a regulation in an attempt to ensure the legibility of OTC drugs, specifying, among other things, a minimum type size of 6 points. This is problematic because different typefaces of the same size vary widely in type heights and, presumably, legibility. We hypothesized that specifying a minimum x‐height, the height of the lowercase x, would produce more consistent legibility than the minimum type size specified within the regulation. Twenty‐six subjects viewed two groups of typefaces using the Lockhart Legibility Instrument to quantify legibility. The first group contained typefaces that were all 6 points, but, by nature of their design, varied greatly in their x‐heights. The second group was made from the same set of typefaces, but these were manipulated so that their x‐heights were equal to the average x‐height of group 1. A likelihood ratio test indicated that the group that varied in x‐height, group 1, produced significantly more variable results than the group with equal x‐heights, group 2. This indicates that specifying a minimum type size may not be the best approach for producing consistent legibility. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The use of over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications is increasing every year among consumers for symptomatic relief of ailments. Consumers have difficulties in reading and comprehending information on the OTC medication packages. A standardized format to present information on OTC medication packages was necessary; hence the FDA announced guidelines, Over‐the‐counter Human Drugs: Labeling Requirements, on 11 March 1999. Manufacturers have been given 6 years since 1999 to comply with the FDA guidelines. The objective of our study was to evaluate marketed OTC medication packages to determine the extent of adoption of the FDA guidelines by manufacturers. Packages (n ± 104) of OTC medication products from three different categories, viz. pain relievers, cough and cold remedies and stomach remedies, were evaluated for general information, written information and product claims. The Compugraphic point system scale was used to measure the font size of written information. In addition variables recommended by the FDA, such as bullets, paragraphs and hyphenations, were also evaluated. All the variables were coded in a database and analysed using the SAS (Version 8.2) statistical package. The study found that some manufacturers have adopted the FDA guidelines. However, many manufacturers did not implement several aspects of the guidelines. Although manufacturers still have a few more years to adhere to the guidelines, early implementation could benefit the consumers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Laura Bix Wataru Kosugi Nora Bello Raghav Sundar Mark Becker 《Packaging Technology and Science》2010,23(7):393-401
This study introduces the use of change detection, a technique used in cognitive psychology to measure attentional scan paths, as a way to objectively evaluate the prominence of varied label elements. There are two major objectives related to this work: (a) to develop change detection software and methodology for label use; and (b) to compare the relative prominence of different label elements on a beverage container. Six label elements (i.e. treatments) were analysed, namely: the manufacturer name, the product name and a warning dot with text in three colours. Study results suggest that experimental set‐up can significantly impact results, specifically the position of the change (p = 0.0078) and the order of appearance (p = 0.069). This is not only important from an experimental design perspective, but also could lead to insights regarding the attentive behaviours of people as they purchase, select and use products. With regard to the elements of the labels tested, we identified a significant difference on time to detect a change (p < 0.0001). Time required for the manufacturer's name, Asahi Breweries, was significantly longer than for any of the other label elements (p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons indicated that for the warning dot, red text was located marginally faster than the warning printed in black (p = 0.0566). Change detection offers the promise to objectively evaluate the relative prominence of a label (or a scene) but is quicker and cheaper than other methods, such as eye tracking, that are currently utilized for this purpose. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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目的为了评估初吸烟高危人群对不同呈现形式的烟草警告标签的认知,并对不同类型警告标签的效果进行对比研究。方法采用了3×3重复测量双因素眼动实验设计和问卷调查相结合的方式。收集139名大学生观看9幅烟草警告标签时的眼动数据,记录其在观看图片时的注视次数、注视时长、首次注视时间等数据。利用问卷收集实验参与者看完烟盒图片后的记忆、认知、态度及潜在行为。结论烟盒表面中上部醒目位置的警告标签最能引起人们的注意,生动反应吸烟危害健康的真实图警告标签的警示作用最强。定期更换烟盒表面警告标签的内容和形式有利于增加初吸烟高危人群对吸烟有害健康的关注和认知,增加其对吸烟的厌恶程度,从而减少吸烟行为。 相似文献
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This paper investigates and reviews literature regarding a range of topics important to the research question – the themes apply across all the topics. The topics include label and package warnings, including tamper‐evident features, to review their effect on the consumer behaviour of changing usage or purchase decisions. This information was then applied to gain insight into anticounterfeit product/package efforts. Based on this research, it appears that there is value for brand marketers to enhance their anticounterfeit efforts and consumer confidence by utilizing warning labels and information labels on their labels or packages. Currently, consumer perception of a domestic counterfeit product threat (promoted as genuine products), even for pharmaceuticals by healthcare professionals, although increasing has still been very low. Generally, the consumers believe and expect that the product purchased from retailers is safe and genuine. The study reviewed many key warning and label communication areas: consumer behaviour review, technical specifications, anticounterfeit, tamper evidence/tamper resistance, over‐the‐counter drugs, alcohol, cigarette, nutrition food and nutrition supplements. To complete the insight on communicating with the consumer, a review of label legibility was included. Before brand marketers consider adding anticounterfeit warning labels, extensive consumer behaviour research should be conducted in areas such as fear appeals and involuntary risk outrage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Mark W. Becker Eric Brunk Katie Cwiakala Laura Bix 《Packaging Technology and Science》2019,32(8):395-404
Marketers have long targeted children in an attempt to influence food purchases. This is not the case for regulators; nutrition information is complex, using decimal places, percentages, and units of measure. It has been suggested that the approach to nutrition labelling in the United States is difficult for some adults to interpret, let alone children. This is unfortunate as children influence purchase decisions and childhood is a critical time for developing long‐lasting eating habits. An alternative approach to traditional nutrition labelling employs the use of front‐of‐pack (FOP) nutrition labels. FOPs provide simplified, truncated nutrition information on the front of packages. The objective of this work was to evaluate how four different FOP label designs impact the ability of children to assess product healthfulness and time to assessment. Children aged 6 to 10 played a video game where they fed “Munchy Monster” the healthier of two products. The principal display panels (PDPs) of two mock brands of cereal appeared together on a computer screen, and children were instructed to feed Munchy Monster the healthier of the two options as quickly as they could by pressing one of two arrows. Across trials, the FOP format varied in a 2 (colour/no colour) × 2 (facial icon/no facial icon) factorial design. Within a trial, both cereals presented the same FOP format, with one healthier than the other. Two groups of children participated in trials; those in the uninstructed group were simply asked to feed the monster the healthier cereal (n = 38); the “minimally instructed group” (n = 41) was told that “this part of the package” (the FOP) might help you decide which is healthier.” Accuracy of selection and time to selection were dependent variables. With regard to accuracy, both groups showed evidence of a significant face by colour interaction (P < .001), with the colour or facial icon presence improving accuracy. For uninstructed participants, accuracy of selection significantly improved with any combination of colour or facial icon, and all other labels were improved when accuracy was compared with the treatments with no face/no colour, but none containing colour and/or facial icons differed from one another. Minimally instructed participants were also more accurate in identifying the healthier product for all FOP label designs compared with the no face/no colour condition (P < .001). However, the trials with FOPs including both face with colour also performed better than the face with no colour label, P = .001. A main effect of colour was evident for both groups when time to correct selection was the dependent variable (α = .01). Results demonstrated that colour coding and/or facial icons significantly benefit selection accuracy and speed, particularly for the youngest children. Minimal training further improved accuracy and speed of responses. FOPs that leverage visual indicators assist even young children in assessing the nutritional value of a product. This should be considered as FOPs are debated and standard practices regarding these labels emerge. 相似文献
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Over the past two decades, there has been a heavy influx in the number of direct‐to‐consumer express shipments of packaged products. As a consequence, parcel delivery companies, such as DHL, FedEx and UPS, have strengthened their presence in air transport. This study measured and analysed the effect of moving single packages through air shipments in the USA using one of the newest service providers, DHL. The study also quantified the effect of placing pictorial markings and warning labels on mid‐sized and lightweight packages when using Next‐Day and 2nd Day services provided by the carrier DHL. Instrumented packages measuring 0.38 m × 0.34 m × 0.34 m and weighing 6.8 kg were shipped from Michigan to California and New York. A total of 48 trips were conducted to collect the data for this study. The results show that for the Next‐Day and 2nd Day service, packages with labels, as compared with those without labels, were subjected to approximately the same number of drops for shipment to California, and approximately 35% less drops for shipments to New York. The drop‐height data for the shipments are presented in terms of drop heights associated with the 90, 95 and 99th percentile of occurrence. Impact orientation is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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该研究采用三因素被试者内一被试者间混合实验设计，考察了警示信息在说明中的位置、呈现方式和消费品因素对消费者危险感受的影响。结果表明：消费者的危险感受受呈现方式因素影响显著，呈现警示图符更能唤起高的危险感受；消费品因素不论对何种类型的危险感受均显示出显著的主效应；位置因素对危险感受影响不显著，对该问题还有待进一步的探索。 相似文献
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Guanghao Jin Chunmei Pei Na Zhao Hengguang Li Qingzeng Song Jing Yu 《计算机、材料和连续体（英文）》2022,73(3):5185-5196
When utilizing the deep learning models in some real applications, the distribution of the labels in the environment can be used to increase the accuracy. Generally, to compute this distribution, there should be the validation set that is labeled by the ground truths. On the other side, the dependency of ground truths limits the utilization of the distribution in various environments. In this paper, we carried out a novel system for the deep learning-based classification to solve this problem. Firstly, our system only uses one validation set with ground truths to compute some hyper parameters, which is named as one-shot guidance. Secondly, in an environment, our system builds the validation set and labels this by the prediction results, which does not need any guidance by the ground truths. Thirdly, the computed distribution of labels by the validation set selectively cooperates with the probability of labels by the output of models, which is to increase the accuracy of predict results on testing samples. We selected six popular deep learning models on three real datasets for the evaluation. The experimental results show that our system can achieve higher accuracy than state-of-art methods while reducing the dependency of labeled validation set. 相似文献
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K. Vijayan Asari C. Eswaran 《International journal of imaging systems and technology》2000,11(2):125-129
A new neural network algorithm based on the counter‐propagation network (CPN) architecture, named MVL‐CPN, is proposed in this paper for bidirectional mapping and recognition of multiple‐valued patterns. The MVL‐CPN is capable of performing a mathematical mapping of a set of multiple‐valued vector pairs by self‐organization. The use of MVL‐CPN reduces considerably the number of nodes required for the input layers as well as the number of synaptic weights compared to the binary CPN. The training of the network is stable because all synaptic weights are monotonically nonincreasing. The bidirectional mapping and associative recall features of the MVL‐CPN are tested by using various sets of quaternary patterns. It is observed that the MVL‐CPN can converge within three or four iterations. The high‐speed convergence characteristics of the network can lead to the possibility of using this architecture for real‐time applications. An important advantage of the proposed type of neural network is that it can be implemented in VLSI with reduced number of neurons and synaptic weights when compared to a larger binary network needed for the same application. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 125–129, 2000 相似文献
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Nie H Yang Z Huang S Wu Z Wang H Yu R Jiang J 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2012,8(9):1407-1414
A novel electrochemical strategy that uses DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electrochemical labels is developed for sensitive and selective detection of sequence-specific DNA. The presence of target DNA mediates the formation of a sandwiched complex between the DNA-wrapped CNT and a hairpin DNA capture probe immobilized on magnetic beads. This allows target-selective collection of the CNT labels by magnetic separation and transfer on the electrode surface modified with an insulating self-assembled monolayer (SAM). After treatment with N,N-dimethylformamide, the collected sandwiched complex releases the bare CNTs and facilitates the removal of magnetic beads from the electrode surface. The bare CNTs can then assemble on the SAM-modified electrode surface and mediate efficient electron transfer between the electrode and the electroactive species in the solution with a strong current signal generated. The results indicate that the developed strategy shows a sensitive response to target DNA with a desirable signal gain and a low detection limit of 0.9 pM. This strategy is also demonstrated to provide excellent differentiation of single-base mismatch in target DNA. It is expected that this electrochemical strategy may hold great potential as a novel platform for clinical diagnostics and genetic analysis. 相似文献
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目的研制一台合格率高、可靠性好的超高速轮转式贴标机。方法采用机械动力学基本理论,对贴标定位方式、压标方式、漏贴检测与剔除等关键技术进行改进。结果样机运行速度达到了60 000瓶/h,贴标合格率为99.5%。该机型实现了在PET瓶上用机械方法进行双标及三标的定位贴标,提高了定位贴标的精度,降低了机器成本,避免了光电定位的不稳定性。实现了更加可靠的自动剔除功能,解决了高速流水线上执行机构剔除时间不够的问题。实现了在PET瓶的瓶盖与瓶身之间折角面贴标的功能,提高了贴标效果,避免了标签倾斜。结论该样机达到各项设计指标。 相似文献
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Parveen Dagar Jayanta Bera Appala Naidu Gandi Lakshya Daukiya Giriraj Vyas Satyajit Sahu 《Advanced Materials Interfaces》2020,7(18)
An electronic counter is an integral component in an analog to digital (A/D) or digital to analog signal conversion circuit. The number of flip‐flops (n) in these devices decides the quality of the conversion as the output is proportional to 2n. Since each flip‐flop is a combination of transistors, and each transistor occupies some space, there is a limitation in the quality of conversion. The smallest 4‐bit asynchronous counter is built by using a self‐assembled redox‐active organic molecule 2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ), where each DDQ molecule is acting as an individual flip‐flop which is the building block of a counter. These molecules reduce the size of the counter by two orders. The output of the counter is obtained by tracking the translational motion of a group of molecules which are oscillating about the average value concerning the applied bias. Sixteen new spatial locations are obtained corresponding to sixteen distinct analog inputs (bias voltage) to the flip‐flops. So, unconventional conversion of an analog signal to ultra‐digital (UD) signal is possible by using an n‐bit counter consisting of as many numbers of flip‐flops and thus can become a system for the conversion of A/UD signal. 相似文献
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讨论了基于市场消费者结构的社会福利最大化下的最小质量标准设计.通过分析最小质量标准(MQS)引入后特定市场消费者结构下进口企业和本国企业之间的质量竞争,探讨了设置不同水平的MQS所导致的博弈均衡演变以及由此引起社会福利的变化.采用数值算例,依据市场消费者结构的分布特征,计算不同水平MQS下市场的博弈均衡解,通过比较均衡下的社会福利水平来设计最小质量标准. 相似文献
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M. R. AYATOLLAHI M. NEJATI 《Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures》2011,34(3):159-176
An over‐deterministic method has been employed for calculating the stress intensity factors (SIFs) as well as the coefficients of the higher‐order terms in the Williams series expansions in cracked bodies, using the conventional finite element analysis. For a large number of nodes around the crack tip, an over‐determined set of simultaneous linear equations is obtained, and using the fundamental concepts of the least‐squares method, the coefficients of the Williams expansion can be calculated for pure mode I, pure mode II and mixed mode I/II conditions. A convergence study has been conducted to examine the effects of the number of nodes used, the number of terms in Williams expansion and the distance of the selected nodes from the crack tip, on the accuracy of the results. It is shown that the simple method presented in this paper, yields accurate results even for coarse finite element meshes or in the absence of singular elements. The accuracy of SIFs and the coefficients of higher‐order terms are validated by using the available results in the literature. 相似文献
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Igor Salvadè Rosaria Del Giorno Donato Gaetano Luca Gabutti 《Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis》2017,21(3):375-384
Introduction: During hemodialysis (HD) the interaction of the blood with the dialyzer triggers both an inflammatory reaction and an activation of the coagulation cascade. An accepted parameter to quantify the extent of coagulation activation during HD is not available. This study aims to evaluate its amplitude, comparing dialyzers made of different polysulfone polymers, by measuring D‐dimers in the filter‐rinsing fluids (Frf) and to test whether Frf D‐dimers are suitable candidate markers to assess contact coagulation activation during HD. Methods: In a prospective, cross‐over study 41 hemodialysis patients were randomly allocated to nine HD sessions with three types of polysulfone membranes: Filter A: Poliflux®RevaclearMAX; Filter B: Helixone®Fx80, Filter C: Polyflux®H210. Findings: A total of 117 HD sessions were studied. The mean (SD) filter (Frf) D‐dimers were 0.19 µg/L (0.56) for Filter A; 0.66 µg/L (2.81) for Filter B; 0.33 µg/L (1.13) for Filter C. Significant differences were found: A vs. B (P < 0.01), A vs. C (P = 0.01); B vs. C not significant. A large between‐patient variability of D‐dimer filter levels was found. D‐Dimers in blood showed a similar trend but differences were not significant. Discussion: The contact activation of coagulation during HD may also vary among filters made up with similar polysulfones. D‐dimer in the filter rinsing fluid but not in the blood can be considered a candidate marker for the evaluation of thrombogenicity during HD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) and to confirm the usefulness of filter rinsing fluid D‐Dimers as a clotting activation marker during HD. 相似文献