Seismic response of multistory reinforced concrete frame with vertical mass and stiffness irregularities

Irregular buildings behave differently as compared with regular buildings. Seismic design codes have quantified the irregularities in terms of magnitude only ignoring the effect of irregularity location. In the present study, a single parameter to quantify mass, stiffness and strength irregularity in terms of both magnitude and location is proposed on the basis of the dynamic characteristics of the building. Furthermore, building models with different types of irregularity with variation in magnitude and location of irregularity are analyzed by subjecting them to an ensemble of 27 ground motions to create a seismic response databank. In the analysis, the torsional effects generated due to irregularities in the building systems (as per EC 8:2004 provisions) are included. On the basis of regression analysis conducted on this seismic response databank, equations to estimate seismic response parameters such as fundamental period, maximum roof displacement and maximum inter‐story drift ratio etc. are proposed for the irregular buildings in terms of the proposed irregularity index. Finally, applicability of the proposed equations is discussed in brief, and these equations are validated for 2D and 3D building models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构竖向不规则参数的概率评估

采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法分析钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构竖向不规则参数的抗震控制效果。以底层和中间层竖向楼层承载力和刚度不规则的5层和10层RC框架结构为分析对象,考虑地震动输入的随机性,通过非线性动力时程分析确定结构的最大层间位移角,并分析其随竖向不规则系数变化的规律和超越极限状态水准的失效概率。分析结果表明：楼层竖向承载力和刚度不规则对结构最大层间位移角的影响较大,最大层间位移角随竖向不规则系数的减小而增大,底层不规则较中间层不规则的影响大,承载力不规则较刚度不规则的影响大;竖向不规则对结构地震反应超越极限状态水准的失效概率有显著的影响,失效概率随竖向不规则系数的减小而增大,竖向不规则系数越小失效概率越大;承载力不规则系数为0.7和刚度不规则系数为0.8可作为竖向不规则参数的抗震控制点。     

Hysteretic energy response of steel moment‐resisting frames with vertical mass irregularities

Dynamic analyses were carried out to study the seismic response of high‐rise steel moment‐resisting frames in 16‐storey buildings. The frames are intentionally designed using three different design procedures: strength‐controlled design, strong column–weak beam controlled design, and drift‐controlled design. The seismic performances of the so‐designed frames with vertical mass irregularities were discussed in view of drift ratio, plastic hinge rotation, hysteretic energy input and stress demand. A demand curve of hysteretic energy inputs was also presented with two earthquake levels in peak ground accelerations for a future design application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层建筑楼层侧向刚度变化控制准则的研究

从匀质构件在倒三角形荷载作用下的侧移曲线和位移角出发,提出只要控制以弯曲型变形为主的高层建筑结构在地震作用下的侧移曲线、层间位移角比或楼层侧向刚度比与匀质构件的相应参数接近,结构楼层侧向刚度变化趋于均匀.通过算例论述了目前世界上主要国家的结构抗震设计规范对楼层侧向刚度变化控制的局限性,分别讨论了楼层层高突变、结构部分竖向构件截面突变以及上述两种突变同时出现的情况下,结构楼层侧向刚度以及结构受力特性的变化规律,提出了合理的控制楼层侧向刚度变化准则,该准则可以有效地应用于控制以弯曲型变形为主的高层建筑结构楼层侧向刚度的变化.     

Effect of vertical structural irregularity on seismic design of tall buildings

Many tall buildings are practically irregular as an entirely regular high‐rise building rarely exists. This study is thus devoted to assessing the approach and coefficients used in the seismic design of real‐life tall buildings with different vertical irregularity features. Five 50‐story buildings are selected and designed using finite element models and international building codes to represent the most common vertical irregularities of reinforced concrete tall buildings in regions of medium seismicity. Detailed fiber‐based simulation models are developed to assess the seismic response of the five benchmark buildings under the effect of 40 earthquake records representing far‐field and near‐source seismic scenarios. The results obtained from a large number of inelastic pushover and incremental dynamic analyses provide insights into the local and global seismic response of the reference structures and confirm the inferior local response of tall buildings with severe vertical irregularities. Due to the significant impacts of the severe irregularity types on the seismic response of tall buildings, the conservative code approach and coefficients are recommended for design. It is also concluded that although the design coefficients of buildings with moderate irregularities are adequately conservative, they can be revised to arrive at more consistent safety margins and cost‐effective designs.     

Prediction of seismic drifts in multi-storey frames with a new storey capacity factor

Standard procedures exist for the estimation of the total (or roof) displacement of a structure for seismic design, based on the response spectra of single-degree-of-freedom systems. However, for a more realistic prediction of the seismic demands, especially in the context of the performance based design, an appropriate estimation of the storey drift distribution is necessary. A few general approaches are available in the literature, and these often require certain structural modeling analysis. The present paper aims to provide a simple alternative method for the prediction of the storey drift distribution and the critical drift concentration in a RC frame. A new storey capacity factor is introduced, to represent the combined effect of the storey strength and stiffness on the distribution of storey drift along the frame height, while the storey strength and stiffness are evaluated, taking into account different possible plastic mechanisms. The structural regularity is subsequently evaluated based on the storey capacity factor. Nonlinear pushover and dynamic response history analyses are performed on several representative multi-storey frames, to verify the correlation between the storey capacity factor profile and the distribution of the actual storey drifts. Results indicate that the inverse of the storey capacity factor correlates well with the storey drift distributions. An empirical relationship between the critical drift concentration factor and the overall regularity index is derived based on the dynamic analysis results.     

Incremental dynamic analysis of steel frames equipped with NiTi shape memory alloy braces

This paper determines the seismic performance of four‐storey concentrically braced frames equipped with either steel buckling‐restrained braces or buckling‐restrained superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) braces through incremental dynamic analysis. The incremental dynamic analysis technique is used to examine the behaviour of four‐storey braced frames with four different bracing configurations (including diagonal, split‐X, chevron‐V and inverted‐V) under 20 different ground motion records. The study reveals a satisfactory performance at the design intensity level for both types of braced frames. The results show that the SMA braces lead to a uniform distribution of inelastic response over the height of the buildings, as well as mitigating seismic response in terms of maximum inter‐storey drift and residual roof displacement. By comparing the responses of SMA and buckling‐restrained braced frames under higher intensities of earthquake loading, it is found that the SMA braces can be more beneficial especially under severe ground motion excitations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of soft‐storey mechanism caused by infill elimination on displacement demand in nonlinear static procedure using coefficient method

In recent earthquakes, many buildings have been damaged due to the soft‐storey mechanism failure. The seismic design codes for buildings do not contain enough criteria to predict the real displacement of such buildings. This paper focuses on evaluating the nonlinear displacement of buildings that fail in soft‐storey mechanism form. Results show that the nonlinear static procedure with coefficient method, which is described in Chapter 3 of ASCE/SEI 41‐06, does not have sufficient accuracy for estimation of structure displacement demand in such buildings. In this paper, the coefficient methodology is used for evaluating the target displacement for 5‐storey, 8‐storey and 15‐storey special moment resisting steel frames. For this purpose, dynamic nonlinear time‐history analysis has been applied for the mentioned structures having a soft‐storey mechanism failure form. The numerical results of storey displacement and interstorey drift were compared with those values obtained from the coefficient method described in Chapter 3 of ASCE/SEI 41‐06. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rapid assessment of seismic demand in existing building structures

Seismic assessment of building structures can be a very involved process. This paper presents a simplified and rational manual procedure for rapid predictions of maximum inter‐storey drift demand in tall buildings, which does not require frame analysis nor finite element analysis to be carried out and can be expedited by the use of a spreadsheet program. The methodology comprises a series of stages, beginning with the development of an elastic design response spectrum (or a uniform hazard spectrum) for specifying the level of seismic hazard, followed by the inclusion of a site‐specific factor that represents the effects of soil amplification. The maximum seismic inter‐storey drift demand of the building is then predicted from the displacement response spectrum for a given height and the estimated lateral natural periods of the building. The proposed manual procedure can be further developed to cater for limited ductility demand behaviour in the building. The predicted drift demand is an important indicator of potential seismic damage (risk), and may be utilized for the rapid assessment of damage and loss (cost) for considered earthquake scenarios. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层建筑结构侧向刚度规则性计算方法研究

GB50011-2001《建筑抗震设计规范》提出的"层间剪力位移比"的计算方法对侧向刚度规则性的判断存在局限性,在一些特殊情况下会得出不正确的结论,为了解决侧向刚度规则性判断的问题,提出了"层间剪力位移角比"的侧向刚度计算方法,结合算例可以看出,对于以弯曲变形为主的结构,此方法结构概念明确,得出的结论符合工程经验,是对规范方法的很好的补充。     

火电厂主厂房结构试验及基于位移的设计方法研究

为了解决目前火电厂主厂房此类特殊工业建筑的性能指标不确定及设计中存在的问题,进行主厂房结构的抗震性能试验研究,提出采用基于位移的抗震设计方法。通过试验研究,给出了不同地震作用下结构的破损形态及变形性能指标,结合前期研究成果,确定了主厂房结构的抗震性能目标,采用层间位移角限值作为结构性能水准的量化指标。给出了基于位移的设计方法在主厂房设计中的应用关键点及设计步骤,运用此方法进行某火电厂主厂房不同性能水准下的计算分析。结果表明,应用基于位移的设计方法可以有效地保证不同强度地震作用下结构及设备的安全,尤其是对罕遇震作用下结构的破坏控制;给出的相关设计指标满足要求,可供同类工程设计时参考和应用。     

东莞天利中央花园抗震性能评估

东莞天利中央花园为部分框支剪力墙结构体系,厚板转换,具有楼板局部不连续等多项不规则。根据结构特征、构件的部位和重要程度以及开发商的需求,针对不同设防水准的地震作用,制订了一系列抗震性能目标。对薄弱连接板和转换厚板,采用中震承载力极限状态设计法。使用SAP2000进行静力非线性分析,用能力谱法进行性能评估。结果表明,薄弱连接板、转换厚板和框支柱等都能满足大震不屈服的性能目标。     

钢筋混凝土框架结构基于位移的抗震设计方法研究

根据钢筋混凝土框架结构的特点,将其性能划分为使用良好、人身安全和防止倒塌三个水平,并用层间位移角限值予以量化;用作用倒三角形水平分布荷载的等截面悬臂柱的侧移曲线作为框架结构的初始侧移模式。在此基础上,将多自由度体系转化为等效单自由度体系,导出了相应的等效参数。结构的目标位移根据其性能水平确定,并用假定的侧移模式给予修正。在等效线性化的前提下,由等效位移用弹性位移反应谱求出等效周期,然后对结构构件进行刚度设计和承载力设计。最后用静力弹塑性分析方法对结构进行分析,校核结构的侧移形状与初始侧移模式是否一致,并用推覆至相应性能水平时的侧移曲线作为修正后的侧移曲线重新计算。算例分析表明,本文方法简单实用,便于操作,而且能够控制结构在不同强度水准地震作用下的性能。     

A model for earthquake risk management based on the life-cycle performance of structures

Over 50 years of design life, buildings are exposed to different magnitudes and frequencies of earthquakes that require consideration of life-cycle cost (LCC). The LCC entails quantifying the building performance under seismic hazard and investments throughout the life of the structures. Traditional LCC utilises probabilities of being in different damage states. However, for buildings with inherent irregularities (e.g. vertical irregularity and plan irregularity), these probabilities are not readily available. In this paper, a system-based approach, utilising fuzzy set theory, is used to quantify the possibility of being in different damage states. The analysis is limited to study the effect of seismic exposure on the building LCC. The proposed method is illustrated with two case studies, a six-storey reinforced concrete (RC) building located in Vancouver, Canada, and vulnerability of an urban centre with 1000 RC buildings. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is carried out to highlight the impact of different building performance modifiers on the LCC.     

Equivalent non‐linear single‐degree‐of‐freedom system of spatial asymmetric multi‐storey buildings in pushover procedure: theory and applications

In the present paper, the issue of the approximate definition of a new equivalent non‐linear single‐degree‐of‐freedom (NLSDF) system on spatial asymmetric reinforced concrete (r/c) tall multi‐storey buildings is presented. In order to achieve this goal, three different types of r/c systems are examined: the first type refers to multi‐storey planar r/c frames; the second type refers to asymmetric single‐storey r/c building; and the third type refers to asymmetric multi‐storey r/c buildings. The definition of the NLSDF system is mathematically derived, considering suitable dynamic loadings on the masses of each r/c system using simplified assumptions. The NLSDF system is very useful in the seismic design of the r/c systems, since it is widely used in all forms of various pushover analyses that have been published in the past. The use of the equivalent NLSDF system in combination with the inelastic design spectra can give an acceptable evaluation of the maximum required seismic floor displacement for a known design earthquake. The present paper concludes the total theory of definition of the optimum equivalent NLSDF system for the above three types of buildings that possess the required normality by the contemporary seismic codes in elevation. In order to illustrate the theory, three numerical examples are presented, respectively. The final numerical required displacement results by the use of the equivalent NLSDF system are verified and checked by non‐linear response history analyses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软弱地基土上建筑物不均匀震陷机理研究

从震害现象、理论分析、动三轴仪实验和大型振动台实验等几个方面 ,研究软弱地基土上建筑物不均匀震陷机理。分析结果表明 :建筑物不均匀震陷取决于地震波输入类型、土层类型及建筑物类型 ;一般情况下 ,地震波的不对称性和不规则性对建筑物不均匀震陷起重要作用 ,在土层较均匀和结构较对称时 ,建筑物仍可能出现明显的不均匀震陷 ,这时地震波的不对称性和不规则性起决定作用 ;目前常用的分析方法难以计算出建筑物不均匀震陷 ,无法给出与实际震害现象和实验相一致的结果 ,关键问题是现有土体残余应变势是以等幅谐波实验为基础的 ,没有考虑地震波的不对称和不规则性对土单元变形发展的影响这一必要条件     

偏心框剪结构地震作用下弹塑性扭转反应分析

为考察实际偏心框剪结构在地震作用下的扭转反应规律,按规范设计一组具有不同偏心率的实际框剪三维偏心结构算例,采用精细有限元模型进行不同地震水准下的多波非线性动力时程分析,对比其层间位移角、扭转角、塑性铰分布、延性系数等弹塑性地震反应。结果表明,位移比控制在高规要求的1.4限值内时,位移反应可满足规范的性能要求;刚性边构件的延性需求比柔性边大2倍～3倍;刚性地基假定下框剪结构的刚性边剪力墙构件底部在人工波大震输入时延性需求过大,应引起重视。     

某框架结构抗震鉴定与加层加固改造设计

某9层现浇混凝土框架结构房屋,由于使用功能的改变,要对其进行加层改造。为保障其以后能够正常安全的使用,依据抗震规范对其进行了全面的结构检测和抗震鉴定。通过现场检测、结构计算分析,针对结构直接加层带来的柱轴压比超限、梁承载力不足、层间位移超限等问题,给出了鉴定结论,同时提出了补强加固建议,可供类似工程参考。     

钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙结构基于位移的抗震设计方法

根据钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙结构的特点,将其性能划分为使用良好、保证人身安全和防止倒塌三个水平,并用层间位移角限值予以量化。以作用倒三角形水平分布荷载的等截面弯剪悬臂杆的侧移曲线作为其初始侧移模式。对于使用良好性能水平,将侧移曲线上反弯点对应的楼层处的层间位移角刚好达到相应限值时的侧移曲线作为目标侧移曲线,据此计算等效单自由度体系的等效参数以及原结构的基底剪力和各质点的水平地震作用。对于保证人身安全和防止倒塌的性能水平,根据Pushover曲线与需求曲线的关系对结构予以调整,使结构满足这两个性能水平的要求。     

新版结构规范和超限审查若干问题探讨

新修订的《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)、《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)、《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》(JGJ 3—2010)已陆续发布和实施。全国《超限高层建筑工程抗震设防专项审查技术要点》(建质[2010]109号)也已于2010年修订和实施。在新版结构规范使用过程中,仍发现存在一些感到疑惑的问题或值得探讨的方面,如相邻楼层刚度比计算的问题、框-剪结构中剪力墙数量及设计方法的问题、混合结构框架-核心筒和筒中筒的界限问题、刚重比计算指标与重力二阶效应的问题、"地震安评"的问题、加强层斜撑和相邻楼层受剪承载力比计算的问题、结构扭转不规则和塔楼偏置的问题等,这里一并提出来,供大家讨论。