复式河槽漫滩水流流速分布二维解析解

通过水深平均纵向与横向流速的乘积(UV)d和垂线平均流速的平方Ud2获得了二次流项系数K的横向分布;根据(UV)d和Ud2在各区域内的关系,引入常系数a和b来表征二次流,进而给出了新的垂线平均流速二维解析解.该解析解表明,b只出现在水深线性变化区域的解析式中.分析发现,a的符号代表各区域内二次流的旋转方向,二次流强度则由a和b的取值共同决定;各区选定合适的a值可以得到较好的计算结果,b值对流速分布的影响主要在主槽区和主槽边坡区.采用英国FCF不同系列试验资料对计算模型进行验证,结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合较好.同时,比较了a和b在不同断面形态的复式河槽中的取值,并就其变化规律进行了分析.     

弯曲复式河道水流特性数值模拟研究

为了解二维、三维模型在弯曲复式河道水流数值模拟中的应用情况,利用物理模型试验数据验证二维模型的计算结果,并对断面水面线进行了分析。可以看出,二维数模不适用于弯道水流的局部模拟,而适用于宏观水流流动的模拟。采用三维模型分析了弯曲复式河道中的二次流现象,结果表明,三维数模对于弯道水流的二次流、垂线流速分布模拟效果比较理想,可以得到弯曲河道水流运动的基本规律。     

复式河槽漫滩水流的三维数值计算

采用紊流模型中的雷诺应力模型(RSM)对非对称复式河槽水流的三维紊流进行了数值模拟。数值模拟计算结果与试验结果的比较表明RSM能够很好地模拟滩槽交互区内的二次流、主流速分布和床面剪切力,此模型模拟复式河槽是可靠的。最后用RSM模拟了对称复式河槽在不同水深下的流速场及床面剪切力分布,得出当水深增加时,滩槽交互区二次流动纵向涡增强,而浅滩主流速及床面剪切力迅速增大的结论。     

复式断面河槽流速横向分布及其对滩唇形成的影响

通过对水流微小控制体进行受力分析,建立了复式断面流速横向分布模型,该模型考虑了侧向副流惯性力的影响。采用实验资料对该模型进行检验,模型计算值与实测值符合较好。运用该模型计算了不同条件下复式断面流速和挟沙力的横向分布,并定量分析了横向分布特性对滩唇形成的影响。分析表明,水流漫滩时,复式断面的横向挟沙力变幅较大,尤其是在主槽和河漫滩交界处,挟沙力减小迅速,而含沙量减小相对较小,泥沙发生淤积,容易形成滩唇。单从水流挟沙力角度考虑,水流漫滩后水深越小、滩槽的糙率差越大,越容易形成滩唇。     

Numerical investigation of flow through vegetated multi-stage compound channel

This paper addresses the problem of the renormalization group k turbulence modeling of a vegetated multi-stage compound channel. Results from Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter（ADV） tests are used with time and spatial averaging（doubleaveraging method） in the analysis of the flow field and the characterization. Comparisons of the mean velocity, the Reynolds stress, and the turbulent energy distribution show the validity of the computational method. The mean velocity profile sees an obvious deceleration in the terraces because of vegetation. Secondary flow exists mainly at the junction of the main channel and the vegetation region on the first terrace. The bed shear stress in the main channel is much greater than that in the terraces. The difference of the bed shear stress between two terraces is insignificant, and the presence of vegetation can effectively reduce the bed shear stress.     

桩墩影响下的水动力数值模拟

建立平面二维数值水槽模型,将桩墩作为不透水边界处理,利用三角形加密网格精确模拟桩墩形状,计算分析缓流河道中单排桩墩影响下水位和流速的变化,并探讨了方墩与圆墩对水流变化的影响差异以及糙率与紊动黏性系数对壅水数值的敏感性。研究结果表明:①桩墩引起的水流变化沿纵、横向呈现出不同的分布形式,沿横向呈波状分布。墩身上游主要表现为水位壅高,流速减小;墩身下游则表现为水位跌落,流速在墩间区域增加,而在墩后区域减小。②方墩对水流变化的影响比圆墩大;上游壅水随糙率变化较小,但对紊动黏性系数的变化较为敏感。     

复式断面河流洪水的水流特性

本文描述了复式断面河流洪水的水流特性，并用流体力学的基本理论加以论证。在各国学者对复式断面洪水研究成果的基础上，建立了亲的能量耗散的理论模型。     

复式断面明渠三维紊流的数值模拟

本文采用非线性ｋ－ε紊流模型和Ｎａｏｔ－Ｒｏｄｉ代数应力模型（Ｎ－Ｒ模型）模拟复式断面明渠三维紊流。非线性ｋ－ε模型用张量形式推出，适用于边界形状复杂的流动，而Ｎ－Ｒ模型采用一种补充关系式反映计算点与界面距离对雷诺应力的影响，能较好地反映界面的作用。对一个复式断面明渠实例进行计算，给出了流速场（包括主流、二次流），壁面剪切力和雷诺应力分布，并与实验结果进行详细比较，还研究了浅滩粗糙壁面时的流动，除     

植被作用下的复式河槽漫滩水流紊动特性

分别选取塑料吸管、鸭毛和塑料大草模拟乔木、灌木和野草,通过水槽试验,探讨了不同滩地植物作用下的浸滩水流紊动特性。试验结果表明,纵向、横向和垂向三个方向的脉动流速基本满足正态分布;时均流速与采样时间的长短有关;横向动量交换比垂向动量交换大,横向动量基本上是主槽向滩地传递;不同的滩地植物对水流的紊动强度的影响不同。滩地种植植物后,水流的紊动强度增强。纵向和垂向的紊动强度相当,都服从S型分布。     

Impact of depth ratio on flow structure and turbulence characteristics of compound open channel flows

Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control. In this study, large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows with four different depth ratios (h_r = 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75). The main flow velocity, secondary flow, Reynolds stress, and bed shear stress were obtained from numerical simulations. The depth-averaged streamwise momentum equation was used to quantify the lateral momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplain. The instantaneous coherent structures were presented by the Q criterion method. The impact of h_r on flow structure and turbulence characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of h_r, the high velocity area in the main channel shifted to the floodplain, and the dip phenomenon became more obvious; the Reynolds stress largely contributed to the lateral momentum exchange within the flows near the side walls of floodplain; and the vortex structures were found to significantly increase in the floodplain region.     

Parameter estimation in channel network flow simulation

Simulations of water flow in channel networks require estimated values of roughness for all the individual channel segments that make up a network. When the number of individual channel segments is large, the parameter calibration workload is substantial and a high level of uncertainty in estimated roughness cannot be avoided. In this study, all the individual channel segments are graded according to the factors determining the value of roughness. It is assumed that channel segments with the same grade have the same value of roughness. Based on observed hydrological data, an optimal model for roughness estimation is built. The procedure of solving the optimal problem using the optimal model is described. In a test of its efficacy, this estimation method was applied successfully in the simulation of tidal water flow in a large complicated channel network in the lower reach of the Yangtze River in China.     

梯形渠道边坡系数优选模型研究与应用

打破传统经验选取边坡系数的局限性,更好地优化梯形灌溉渠道断面设计,降低渠道建造或改造工程投资,在分析渠道水力最佳断面、侧墙稳定性以及土石方开挖费用的基础上,设计出能够使工程费用最小的梯形渠道边坡系数优选模型并在工程设计中加以应用,使渠道工程设计更加合理、经济.     

淹没状态下河道植物偏斜高度与糙率的关系

利用室内变坡水槽,模拟了复式河道滩地3种植物对漫滩水流的干扰作用,并借助声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)施测了不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算了不同条件下的河道糙率。基于水动力及植物柔性变形分析,建立了淹没状态下的植物河道糙率计算的基本关系,反映出糙率值不仅与水流动力条件有关,还与植物类型、淹没高度、布置及其自身力学性能有关,同时,利用试验资料及理论分析成果,进一步获取了植物河道的附加糙率值,借此分析与评价河道植物对水流阻力的影响程度。     

复式断面河道“Y”型交汇河口水流水力特性

通过制作交汇角为90°的复式断面河道“Y”型交汇河口模型,利用三维声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)和测针获取流速及水位数据,对支流河口处的水流流态包括水面形态、水流流速和水流分区进行分析。结果表明复式断面河道交汇口处流场具有很强的紊动特性,其中分离区问题是航道整治和有关环境部门应重视的部位。     

Analysis of flow around impermeable groynes on one side of symmetrical compound channel:An experimental study

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influences of floodplain impermeable groynes on flow structure,velocity,and water depth around the groyne(s).A wooden symmetrical compound channel was used.Groyne models with three different groyne relative lengths,0.5,0.75,and 1.0,were used on one floodplain with single and series arrangements.Analysis of the experimental results using the measured flow velocity and water depth values showed that flow structure,velocity,and water depth mainly depend on groyne relative length and the relative distance between series groynes.The flow velocity at the main channel eenterline increased by about 40%,60%,and 85%,and in other parts on the horizontal plane at the floodplain mid-water depth by about 75%,125%,and 175% of its original value in cases of one-side floodplain groyne(s)with relative lengths of 0.5,0.75,and 1.0,respectively.The effective distance between two groynes in series arrangement ranges from 3 to 4 times the groyne length.Using an impermeable groyne with a large relative length in river floodplains increases the generation of eddy and roller zones downstream of the groyne,leading to more scouring and deposition.To avoid that,the groyne relative length must be kept below half the floodplain width.     

非对称复式断面明渠中污染物输移扩散的大涡模拟

运用大涡模拟计算了两个非对称复式断面明渠内的水流运动和污染物扩散,其中由亚格子尺度涡运动引起的亚格子应力与物质扩散通过Smagorinsky-Lilly亚网格模型模拟。预测结果与Shiono等使用激光多普勒流速计(LDA)和激光诱导荧光技术(LIF)测量的实验数据进行了对比,计算得到的流场结构和污染物浓度分布均较好地吻合于测量结果。成功地再现了在其中一个复式断面明渠中观测到的横向浓度分布呈现显著双峰值的现象,根据计算的流场得出复式断面明渠中流向交替变化的强烈横向流动是产生这种现象的主要原因。     

粗糙床面明渠水力特性研究

粗糙床面非均匀流的水槽试验表明,非均匀流断面的垂线流速分布需用两个对数公式分别描述;粗糙床面的流速分布较光滑床面不均匀;非均匀流的紊流度分布随相对水深的增大而趋于均匀;粗糙床面非均匀流糙率系数的变化规律与光滑床面近似。     

Combined analytical solution of overland flow and sediment transport

With reference to the kinematic wave theory coupled with the hypothesis of constant linear velocity for the rating curve, rising limb analytical solutions have been calculated for overland flow, over an Hortonian-infiltrating surface, and sediment discharge. These analytical solutions are certainly easier to use than the numerical integration of the basic equations and they may be used to obtain an initial evaluation of the parameters of more complex models generally devised for complicated cases.Notation a exponent of the Horton law [T^–1] - b exponent of the rill erosion equation - B inter-rill erosion coefficient [ML^–m–2T ^m–1] - c sediment concentration [ML^–3] - c _o reference sediment concentration [ML^–3] - E _I inter-rill erosion [ML^–2T^–1] - E _R rill erosion [ML^–2T^–1] - f _c final infiltration rate of the soil [LT^–1] - f _o initial infiltration rate of the soil [LT^–1] - h flow depth [L] - h _o reference flow depth [L] - i infiltration rate [LT^–1] - k rill erosion coefficient [ML^–1–b T^–1] - K integration constant - L() Laplace transformation - m exponent of the inter-rill erosion equation - n Manning's coefficient [L^–1/3T] - p rainfall intensity [LT^–1] - q water discharge per unit width [L²T^–1] - q _s sediment discharge per unit width [ML^–1T^–1] - t time [T] - t _p ponding time [T] - x distance along the flow direction [L] Greek Letters coefficient of the stage-discharge equation [L^2–T^–1] - exponent of the stage-discharge equation - rill erosion coefficient [L^–1]     

黄河下游河槽治理方法分析

本文对已有的河槽形态与水流狭沙力关系的研究成果进行了探讨。进一步在考虑米沙组成变化、河槽综合阻力变化的条件下．计算得到了黄河下游典型断面流量分级平均水沙条件下河槽平衡输沙横剖面。平衡横断面与实际断面比较．下游无论游荡段与弯曲段，实际断面都显得过于宽浅。分析认为，尽管河槽缩窄可加大水挟沙能力．但受河型发育机制的制约．在现有水沙和边界条件下黄河下游河槽的横剖面是无法自动调整形成输沙平衡形态的。文中还利用黄河下游来水来沙和河道冲淤实测资料证明了黄河下游水流不冲狭沙量小于不淤沙量．河道从淤积转向冲刷时．水流含沙量明显降低，固此减少同流量下台沙量的变化有利于减轻下游河遭淤积。从理论分析结果看：缩窄中、小流量“下的河槽．以多级河槽方式重点整治花园口以下河段．使横断面总体形态呈上凸形．能显著减小黄柯河槽中的淤积；同时，应配合河道整治，利用水库调节水沙和进行必要的挖沙疏浚措施。具体实施方法还需要进一步研究；     

黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流特征研究

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流特征及其主要影响因素。研究结果表明:1986年后,河道萎缩,相同洪水流量下,主槽分流比有所减小,滩地分流比有所增大;1999年后,小浪底水库蓄水拦沙运用,下游河道持续冲刷,主槽过流能力有所恢复,主槽分流比必然有所增大。运用回归分析方法,建立了黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流比与滩槽过水宽度比、过水深度比、过水面积比、流速比、糙率比和主槽宽深比的单因素响应关系和多因素综合关系,在此基础上提出,定量方面,可运用多因素综合关系式依据未来滩槽6项单因素大小对黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流比进行预测;定性方面,在黄河下游滩槽治理过程中,应注意维持主槽一定的平滩流量和较为窄深的断面形态;注意给滩地留出一定的行洪宽度,在必要的行洪宽度内,尽量减少人类活动对滩地的影响,保持滩地畅通的过水通道,保证滩地相应的过洪能力,减轻河道行洪压力,从而达到确保全断面行洪安全的目的。