Martensitic Transformation during Simultaneous High Temperature Forming and Cooling Experiments

The main target of hot stamping is to combine accurate forming, low forming forces and high material strength in complex steel components. In the present study, the hot stamping process is simulated by means of simultaneous forming and quenching experiments. This is performed by uniaxial compression tests at high temperatures using a dilatometer. The effects of process parameters like strain, strain rate, initial deformation temperature, austenization time and applied forces on the martensitic transformation of the boron steel 27MnCrB5 are investigated. It is concluded that with increasing strain rate and initial deformation temperature, martensite content, hardness and martensite start temperature (Ms) are increased. On the contrary, when applying larger deformations, the above mentioned properties are decreased. It is also concluded that, regardless of the process parameters, higher applied forces retard the successful martensitic transformation during hot stamping.     

超低碳13Cr-5Ni-2Mo马氏体不锈钢热变形行为及本构关系

 利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对超低碳13Cr-5Ni-2Mo马氏体不锈钢进行单道次高温压缩试验,研究其在900～1 200 ℃、0.1～50 s-1条件下的热变形行为,并讨论了不同变形条件下的微观组织演变规律;基于Sellars双曲正弦模型构建了超低碳13Cr-5Ni-2Mo 马氏体不锈钢的高温流变应力本构方程。研究结果表明,变形温度越高、应变速率越低,则流变应力越小,峰值应变也越小,微观组织由动态回复型向动态再结晶型转变,并且晶粒逐渐长大、粗化。在高温区变形,随着应变速率的升高,动态再结晶晶粒明显细化。所建立的本构方程具有较高的精确度,能反映超低碳13Cr-5Ni-2Mo 马氏体不锈钢的高温变形力学行为,可为热加工数值模拟研究提供参考。     

Reverse Martensitic Transformation and Resulting Microstructure in a Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

The reverse martensitic transformation in cold‐rolled metastable austenitic stainless steel has been investigated via heat treatments performed for various temperatures and times. The microstructural evolution was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction and microscopy. Upon heat treatment, both diffusionless and diffusion‐controlled mechanisms determine the final microstructure. The diffusion reversion from α′‐martensite to austenite was found to be activated at about 450°C and the shear reversion is activated at higher temperatures with A_f′ ~600°C. The resulting microstructure for isothermal heat treatment at 650°C was austenitic, which inherits the α′‐martensite lath morphology and is highly faulted. For isothermal heat treatments at temperatures above 700°C the faulted austenite was able to recrystallize and new austenite grains with a low defect density were formed. In addition, carbo‐nitride precipitation was observed for samples heat treated at these temperatures, which leads to an increasing M_s‐temperature and new α′‐martensite formation upon cooling.     

不同硼含量微合金钢的连续冷却相变行为

 利用热模拟试验技术对实验室制备的含硼微合金钢连续冷却转变形为进行了试验研究,利用光学显微镜研究冷却速度、变形对试验钢显微组织的影响,探讨了硼对转变行为的影响规律。结果表明：适量硼延缓多边形铁素体生成,有利于获得贝氏体组织;无硼及wB=00020%时,分别在1~25及05~25℃/s的冷速都能得到贝氏体组织;wB=00030%时,冷速在2℃/s 以上能得到贝氏体组织;与未变形相比,变形导致试验钢贝氏体冷速区间变窄。在同一冷速下,随硼含量增加贝氏体开始转变温度先降低再升高,显微硬度随硼含量增加先增加而后降低。     

高N马氏体不锈轴承钢的热变形行为

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机在温度为1 040~1 120℃,应变速率为1~20s-1的条件下进行了高N马氏体不锈轴承钢的热压缩变形试验。结合真应力-真应变曲线和热变形组织研究了变形参数对高N马氏体不锈轴承钢的热变形行为和碳氮化物演变规律的影响。结果表明:在该变形条件下,试验钢的真应力-真应变曲线为动态再结晶型。随着应变量的增大,碳化物的平均尺寸呈减小趋势,但数量有所增多。基于热变形方程计算得到的应变量为0.6时的热变形激活能Q为410.7kJ/mol。构建了包含应变量在内的流变应力方程,同时建立了高N马氏体不锈轴承钢的Zener-Hollomon参数本构方程。     

Influence of Thermo‐Mechanical Processing Parameters and Chemical Composition on Bake Hardening Ability of Hot Rolled Martensitic Steels

In recent years, the increasing demand for advanced high‐strength steels (AHSS) has mainly been driven by the automotive industry and the need to reduce weight and to improve safety. Besides good ductility and high strength, AHSS have a high bake hardening and ageing effect, giving additional contribution to the strength of structural parts, subjected to the paint baking process. This paper investigates their bake hardening behaviour in dependence of hot rolling parameters and chemical composition, however, focussing on martensitic steels. Tosimulate the finishing steps of the hot rolling process with slight changes in reduction and temperature and their influence on the final mechanical properties of hot rolled martensitic steels, different thermo‐mechanical paths were applied. The increase in strength due to bake hardening was determined for different thermo‐mechanical schedules. Additionally, samples of different chemical compositions within the characteristic industrial tolerance range were studied under variation of pre‐load conditions, simulating the thermo‐mechanical hot rolling process. The samples were then subjected to bake hardening to study the varying chemical composition on this effect. Furthermore, the local use of bake hardening and ageing in hot rolled multiphase steels was investigated. It could be shown that characteristic values integrally describing the ageing effect, depend on the deformation path and the degree of pre‐strain, as well as on temperature and duration of the subsequent heat treatment. This partial ageing is stable and has a potential to be used for local strengthening of the steels.     

Orientation Dependence of Martensitic Transformation in High Mn TRIP/TWIP Steels

Orientation dependence of transformation such as precipitation, allotropic transformation, martensitic transformation, or even twinning and recrystallization prevails strongly during dynamic transformation under deformation. Using mainly EBSD technique, this works reveals this behavior during tension and compression of high manganese TRIP/TWIP steels containing two types of martensites. The results show that this orientation dependence can lead to the differences in transformation kinetics, variant selection, the sizes, and orientations of new grains. These phenomena are ascribed to the influence of Schmid factor and strain accommodation in different deformation conditions.     

Influence of Partitioning Effects on the Retained Austenite Content and Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel

The effect of a quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment with a quenching temperature (T_Q) range from 20 to 190 °C is investigated for two martensitic stainless tool steels X40Cr14 and “X25CrN13”, focusing on microstructural evolution, hardness, and toughness. The influence on the retained austenite (RA) content, when replacing part of carbon with nitrogen, is of core interest. The amount of RA is analyzed by X-ray diffraction and is additionally proved with electron backscatter diffraction, and the RA content is thermodynamically calculated. Subsequently, the effect of the microstructure on toughness and hardness is investigated. For both steels, the toughness maximum is reached in the region of the RA maximum. The “X25CrN13” attains higher toughness at higher RA contents. Higher RA contents do not benefit X40Cr14. Furthermore, the effect of double tempering at higher tempering temperatures after Q&P on the steels is investigated. Besides RA contents and hardness, dilatometer curves are used to evaluate the formation of fresh martensite in the microstructure. The secondary hardness maximum of “X25CrN13” is reached at 500 °C and that of X40Cr14 is at 480 °C. For double tempering temperature at 520 °C, T_Q has little effect on toughness, and “X25CrN13” shows better values.     

热变形对高铌低碳钢奥氏体→铁素体等温转变影响研究

针对热变形对铌质量分数为0.17%的低碳钢的奥氏体→铁素体等温相变动力学的影响,通过热模拟试验,分析未变形、875℃变形20%和30%条件下奥氏体向铁素体700℃等温转变的动力学,讨论了热变形和铌对奥氏体→铁素体等温相变的影响机制。研究结果表明:热变形主要通过缩短相变孕育期来加速奥氏体→铁素体等温相变;高铌钢奥氏体→铁素体等温转变是2阶段机制,即相变初期铁素体转变率低,第2阶段相变速率高,剩余的奥氏体很快转变为铁素体。