Nuclear data sheets for A = 83

The 1966 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 83 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to November 1, 1974. Information from approximately 90 papers and communications has been included in the present evaluation.Data on nine A = 83 nuclei are presented. This A-chain is characterized by a paucity of reaction data compared with radioactive decay data. Only the half-life for ⁸³Ge is known. For ⁸³As, the half-life is known but few details of the decay scheme have been determined. The decay schemes of the ⁸³Se ground state and first-excited state are reasonably well established, and levels in ⁸³Se are known from (d,p). The decay schemes of ⁸³Br and ⁸³Rb are well established, and these decays give all adopted information on levels in stable ⁸³Kr. The complex decay scheme for ⁸³Sr is reasonably well established, which leads to all information on levels in ⁸³Rb. Information on ⁸³Sr levels is obtained from ⁸³Y decays and (d,t). The decay schemes for two ⁸³Y isomers have been reasonably well determined, but the ordering of the isomers is not known. The compilers regard the identification of ⁸³Zr as uncertain.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 100

The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 100 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to December 1, 1973. Information from approximately 100 papers and communications has been included in the present evaluation.Data on nine A = 100 nuclei are presented. The assignment of a 7.1-s activity to the decay of the ¹⁰⁰Zr ground state and the assignment of 1.5-s and 3.1-s activities to the decay of ¹⁰⁰Nb isomers adopted by the compilers differ from assignments proposed in the published literature. The decay scheme for ¹⁰⁰Zr is not known, and the separate decay schemes for the two ¹⁰⁰Nb isomers have not yet been determined. Many spin assignments have been made for the stable nuclei ¹⁰⁰Mo and ¹⁰⁰Ru. The decay scheme for ¹⁰⁰Tc is well established, but no excited levels in this nucleus are known. The decay of ¹⁰⁰Rh has been extensively studied. From an evaluation of all data, the compilers propose decay branching ratios to low-lying levels in ¹⁰⁰Ru which differ somewhat from those given in the literature. The spins of a few low-lying lying levels in ¹⁰⁰Rh are known. Details of the ¹⁰⁰Pd decay scheme are uncertain since the decay energy and the decay branching ratio to the ¹⁰⁰Rh ground state have not been measured and relative photon intensities for some transitions in the decay are not accurately known. The first level scheme for ¹⁰⁰Pd, which has recently been proposed, is presented. The assignment of a 2.3-m activity to ¹⁰⁰Ag decay appears well established, but the compilers regard the assignment of an 8-m activity to ¹⁰⁰Ag decay as uncertain. The half-life of the ¹⁰⁰Cd ground state has been measured, but no decay scheme has been proposed.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 79

The 1975 version of Nuclear Data Sheets (75Ur03) has been revised. Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass number 79 (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr) has been evaluated and presented together with adopted level energies, level Jπ's and γ-rays in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁹Zn and ⁷⁹Ga.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 75

The experimental nuclear spectroscopic data for known nuclides of mass number 75 (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr) have been evaluated and presented together with Adopted properties for levels and γ rays. New high-spin data are available for ⁷⁵Ga, and ⁷⁵Rb; and lifetime data for high-spin states in ⁷⁵Br and ⁷⁵Kr. For ΔJ =1, M1+E2 transitions in two rotational bands in ⁷⁵Kr, several B(E2)(W.u.) values are anomalously high, deviating by 2–3 σ values from currently accepted RUL(E2) = 300. In the opinion of the evaluators, there is need to remeasure level lifetimes and multipole mixing ratios in ⁷⁵Kr to resolve this serious discrepancy. New precise single-particle transfer cross section data are available for ⁷⁵Ga, ⁷⁵Ge, ⁷⁵As and ⁷⁵Se from several different reactions (2009Ka06,2008Sc03); these data give information for occupancy of valence neutron orbitals in the ground states of target nuclides: ⁷⁶Ge, ⁷⁶Se and ⁷⁸Se. No significant new data since the 1999 NDS for A = 75 have been reported for ⁷⁵As and ⁷⁵Se. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁵Co, ⁷⁵Ni and ⁷⁵Sr. For ⁷⁵Fe, only the isotopic identification is made with one observed event. The radioactive decay schemes of ⁷⁵Co and ⁷⁵Ni are unknown while those for ⁷⁵Rb and ⁷⁵Sr are incomplete. This work supersedes the data presented in the previous NDS evaluation of A = 75 published by 1999Fa05.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=76

The 1976 version of A=76 mass chain (76Be41) has been revised. Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass number 76 (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb) has been evaluated and presented together with adopted level energies, level Jπ's and γ-rays in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁶Zn and ⁷⁶Rb. Levels in ⁷⁶Ga are known only from a tentative level scheme from ⁷⁶Zn decay.High spin levels and band structures are known for ⁷⁶Se, ⁷⁶Br, and ⁷⁶Kr from (HI,xnγ) reactions.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 78

The evaluated spectroscopic data are presented for known nuclides of mass 78 (Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Ge,As,Se,Br,Kr,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr). Excited-state data are nonexistent for ⁷⁸Ni, ⁷⁸Cu and ⁷⁸Zr. For ⁷⁸Zr, only the isotopic identification is established without any knowledge of its half-life and decay modes. Only limited excited state data exist for ⁷⁸Y. The radioactive decays of the following isotopes are not considered by the evaluators as well established: ⁷⁸Cu, ^78mRb, ⁷⁸Sr and ⁷⁸Y. High-spin excitations are known for ⁷⁸As, ⁷⁸Se, ⁷⁸Br, ⁷⁸Kr, ⁷⁸Rb and ⁷⁸Sr. Significant amounts of new data have been added since the last NDS publication of A = 78 evaluation more than 18 years ago.This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A = 78 published by 1981Si13 and 1975Ru01 and the one published in ‘update’ mode by 1991Ra06.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 74

The 1966 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 74 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to December 1, 1975. Results from approximately 95 papers and communications have been included in the present evaluation.Data on seven A = 74 nuclei are presented. The main features of the decay schemes for ⁷⁴Zn and 8.1-m ⁷⁴Ga appear to be known. An upper limit of 50% has been established for the β-decay branching ratio for 9.5-s ⁷⁴Ga. Both β⁺- and β^?,-decays of ⁷⁴As are well established. Many excited levels are known in ⁷⁴Ge, ⁷⁴As, and ⁷⁴Se from a variety of decay and reaction experiments, but few spin assignments are firm. The level identification for a 26.8-ns isomer in ⁷⁴As is uncertain. An 8.0-s activity previously assigned to ⁷⁴As is now believed to occur ¹⁹⁷Au. The decay schemes for two ⁷⁴Br isomers are reasonably well established, but the energy difference between the two isomers is not well known. The decay scheme for ⁷⁴Kr is well established, but results on excited levels in ⁷⁴Kr are contradictory.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 77

The experimental nuclear spectroscopic data for known nuclides of mass number 77 (Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y) have been evaluated and presented together with adopted properties for levels and γ rays. New high-spin data are available for ⁷⁷Ga, ⁷⁷Br and ⁷⁷Kr. New precise single-particle transfer cross section data are available for ⁷⁷Ge, ⁷⁷As, ⁷⁷Se and ⁷⁷Br from eight different reactions (2009Ka06,2008Sc03); these data give information for occupancy of valence neutron orbitals in the ground states of target nuclides: ⁷⁶Ge, ⁷⁶Se and ⁷⁸Se. No significant new data since the 1997 NDS for A = 77 (1997Fa12) have been reported for ⁷⁷Rb and ⁷⁷Sr. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁷Ni, ⁷⁷Cu and ⁷⁷Y. Level schemes from the radioactive decays of ⁷⁷Ni to ⁷⁷Cu and ⁷⁷Y to ⁷⁷Sr are unknown, while those for the decays of ⁷⁷Cu to ⁷⁷Zn and ⁷⁷Ga to ⁷⁷Ge are incomplete. Detailed gamma-ray data for ⁷⁷Ge from thermal-neutron capture in ⁷⁶Ge, together with extensive gamma-ray data from ⁷⁷Ge decay to ⁷⁷As have become available from 2012Me04. This work benefited from earlier evaluations (1997Fa12,1989Fa07,1980Si05,1973Ur02) of A = 77 nuclides, however, the data presented here supersede those in above evaluations.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 95

Experimental data on ground and excited state properties for all known nuclei with mass number A=95 have been compiled and evaluated. States populated in radioactive decay, as well as in nuclear reactions, have been considered. For these nuclei, level and decay schemes, as well as tables of nuclear properties, are presented. This work supersedes the 1993 evaluation by T. W. Burrows (1993Bu08). In summary, three isomers were identified in ⁹⁵Ag and their respective decay schemes were presented (2003Do09) though only limits on their half lives could be obtained. Besides, high resolution prompt gamma-spectroscopy of ⁹⁵Ag has been reported for the first time (2003Ma24). A comprehensive level scheme ⁹⁵Pd is now available through the ε decay of ⁹⁵Ag (2005Ha45) and the energy of the 21/2+ spin-gap isomer have been established for the first time by observing the gamma-rays from the yrast levels (2003Ma24). The level scheme of ⁹⁵Rh has been extended up to 39/2 h by in-beam spectroscopy (1994Ro08) and the γ-delayed proton decays from ⁹⁶Ag isomers to low-lying levels in ⁹⁵Pd have been observed (2003Ba39). The high spin level scheme of ⁹⁵Ru has been extended up 43/2 h (1994Gh06) and the lifetime or lifetime limits of several high spin states have been reported (2004Ga08). In ⁹⁵Tc, the level scheme has been extended by in-beam spectroscopy (2000Gh01). New data on high spin states in ⁹⁵Mo have been available through in-beam spectroscopy using heavy ion reactions [(1998Kh04),(2004Ch18),(2009Zh11)]. The data on ⁹⁵Nb has been considerably extended by (t,p) reaction (2005Ra30) and by (⁸²Se,p2nγ) reaction (2005Bu08). In ⁹⁵Zr, new measurements on μ (2005St24) and Q (1998Se01) have become available. Controversy on the existence of a 23 keV state in ⁹⁵Zr has been resolved by a high-resolution measurement using magnetic spectrometer (2003So23). New data on high spin states have been published through heavy-ion induced fission [(2002Fo03), (2005Pa48)]. Very recently, new high spin data on ⁹⁵Y by n-induced and spontaneous fission decay have been available (2009Ur02). High spin data on ⁹⁵Sr have been reported by γ-spectroscopy of spontaneous fission decay (2004Hw04). In ⁹⁵Rb, revised estimate of γ-n decay intensity (2002Pf04) and mass excess (2007Ra23) have been reported. New data on ⁸⁵Kr it decay have been reported [(2006Ge05),(2007Si17)] and incorporated.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 80

Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass number 80 (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y) have been evaluated and presented together with adopted energies and Jπ of levels in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁸⁰Zn, ⁸⁰Ga and ⁸⁰Y.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 88

The Midstream Evaluation, A = 88 [Nuclear Data Tables A8, 345–371 (1970)] has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before September 1, 1975. Data for the nine known members of the A = 88 isobar are presented.Very little is known about ⁸⁸Se and the available data are inconsistent. The γ-ray spectrum following the ⁸⁸Br decay has been measured. The resulting level scheme for ⁸⁸Kr is shown in Drawing 2. The dashed levels result from energy sums involving only two γ-rays and no coincidence data. These data and the ⁸⁶Kr(t,p) data indicate that the levels at 1644.1 keV (β^?) and 1654 keV (t,p) are not equivalent. More decay and reaction data are required before the ⁸⁸Kr level properties can be considered firm. The γ-rays following the ⁸⁸Kr β-decay are well established. The agreement of the resulting ⁸⁸Rb level scheme with that obtained from the ⁸⁷Rb(d,p) reactions is quite good. The ⁸⁸Rb β-decay has been well established through many extensive measurements using several different source preparations. The levels of ⁸⁸Sr have been investigated through many reactions (more than 20 given here) and the ⁸⁸Rb β- and ⁸⁸Y ε-decays. Adopted levels through 4.85 MeV are given on the Data Sheets. Above 4.85 MeV inconsistencies in the various energy calibrations obscure the assignment of corresponding levels. A detailed discussion of the various ⁸⁸Sr(n,γ) experiments can be found in 69Ly07. The ⁸⁸Y ε-decay is presented as an adopted scheme derived from data discussed in ten publications. The levels of ⁸⁸Y are well established through many reactions including several (charged particle, nγ) which provide some very accurate level energies. The simple ⁸⁸Zr ε-decay is shown on Drawing 1. The adopted level properties are from the ⁹⁰Zr(p,t)⁸⁸Zr reactions. These data correspond well through 3 MeV. The ⁸⁸Nb ground-state and isomeric ε-decays need further work. The 14.3-m decay data presented here are in poor agreement with a recent measurement by 74Ba55 which identifies an additional 26 γ-rays, 18 of which are not placed in the decay scheme. The tentative assignment of J^π(^88gNb)=(8⁺) and J^π(^88mNb)=(4^?) are based on weak arguments and should be reconsidered in the light of new decay data. The relative position of these levels is unknown. Very little data are available for ⁸⁸Mo.In a few cases unpublished data have been frequently cited by other researchers. These unpublished data have been included for reference and are clearly marked as such. The Adopted Properties were not influenced by these data.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 89

The 1961 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 89 and the 1970 Midstream Evaluation, A = 89 [M. W. Johns, J. Y. Park, S. M. Shafroth, D. M. Van Patter, and K. Way, Nuclear Data Tables 8, 373 (1970)], have been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to August 1, 1975. Results from approximately 150 papers and communications chosen from the extensive literature for this A-chain have been included in the present evaluation. Numerous additional references dealing wtih reaction mechanism studies and nuclear structure theory are not included in this compilation, but are available upon request from the Nuclear Data Project.Data on nine A = 89 nuclei are presented. Only the half-lives for ⁸⁹Se and ⁸⁹Br have been determined. The decay schemes for ⁸⁹Kr and ⁸⁹Rb appear to be well established. The decay scheme for ⁸⁹Sr is particularly simple, but the intensity for the single γ-ray in the decay is not well known. Many spin assignments have been made for levels in ⁸⁹Sr, ⁸⁹Y, and ⁸⁹Zr from a variety of decay and reaction studies. The decay schemes for low-spin and high-spin isomers in both ⁸⁹Zr and ⁸⁹Nb appear to be well established, but the energy ordering of the two isomers in ⁸⁹Nb is not known. On the basis of recent results, it appears that the previously claimed isotope ⁸⁹Mo has not yet been observed.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 78

Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass number 78 (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr) have been evaluated and presented together with adopted energies and Jπ of levels in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁸Zn. Data for ⁷⁸Rb and ⁷⁸Sr are very scarce.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=75

The experimental nuclear data for mass=75 have been reviewed, superceding 1981 evaluation by Ekstrom (81Ek02). Detailed level and decay schemes together with summary (adopted), arguments for Jπ assignments and experimental data of the known nuclei (Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb) are presented. ⁷⁵Cu has been identified as a β⁻ delayed neutron emission precursor while ⁷⁵Ga has been studied in detail in ⁷⁵Zn β⁻ decay recently. In ⁷⁵Ge, there are quite a few new data available, specially on particle-transfer reactions. Not much new information is known for ⁷⁵As except for a particle transfer reaction and ⁷⁵Se ε decay. The same is true for ⁷⁵Se except for a neutron capture study. New data have been reported for ⁷⁵Kr and ⁷⁵Br.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 91

Experimental nuclear structure and decay data for all known A=91 nuclides (As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd) have been evaluated. This evaluation, covering data received by 1 September 2013, supersedes the 1998 evaluation by C. M. Baglin published in Nuclear Data Sheets86, 1 (1999) (15 December 1998 literature cutoff), and subsequent evaluations by C. M. Baglin added to the ENSDF database for Kr, Sr and Zr (29 December 2000 literature cutoff) and by B. Singh for ⁹¹Tc (6 November 2000 literature cutoff).     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 139

The 1966 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets has been revised according to experimental data received prior to January 1974, including approximately 150 papers.Data are presented for 11 nuclei (I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, and Eu). No decay schemes are available for the ground-state decay of I, Pm, Sm, or Eu, and no excited states or gamma transitions have been definitely assigned to I, Xe, Pm, or Eu. The Xe and Cs decay schemes have been extensively studied; however, no J^π assignments are available for the 50 excited states of Cs because of the lack of gamma multipolarity assignments and no J^π assignment for the Xe ground state. The Ba level scheme includes about 100 levels with about 43 J^π assignments because of the extensive Cs decay, (n,γ), and (d,p) data. The La level scheme includes about 80 levels with about 27 J^π assignments. More detailed J^π assignments cannot be made primarily because of the lack of gamma multipolarity data or definitive l-values in reaction data. About 28 levels have been assigned to Ce with only 17 J^π assignments, again primarily because of the lack of gamma multipolarities. Pr has been assigned 30 levels with 24 J^π values. Rather extensive gamma multipolarities (35) are assigned in Pr. Only 6 levels have been placed in Nd, with J^π assignments for only the ground state (29.7 m) and isomer (5.5 h), the other four levels being due to (α,xnγ) data. Four levels are suggested in Sm from the 9.5-s isomer internal gamma decay to the ground state (2.6 m), although no J^π values are known since no gamma multipolarities are known and no decay scheme is available for the ground state.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 90

The 1961 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A=90and the 1970 Midstream Evaluation, A=90+J. B. Ball, M. W. Johns, and K. Way, Nuclear Data Tables8, 407 (1970)+, have been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to May 1, 1975. Results from approximately 225 papers and communications chosen from the extensive literature for this A-chain have been included in the present evaluation. Numerous additional references dealing with reaction mechanism studies and nuclear structure theory are not included in this compilation, but are available upon request from the Nuclear Data Project.Data on nine A=90 nuclei are presented. The decay of ⁹⁰Br has been observed, but the decay scheme has not been established. Recent unpublished results on ⁹⁰Kr and ⁹⁰Rb decays are presented. These results are not yet comlete, but appear to be considerably more extensive than previously published work. The particularly simple decay schemes for ⁹⁰Sr and ⁹⁰Y are wellk known. A few spin assignments have been proposed for levels in ⁹⁰Sr, but additional reaction studies would be useful. Many spin assignments have been made for levels in ⁹⁰Y, ⁹⁰Zr, ⁹⁰Nb, and ⁹⁰Mo from a variety of decay and reaction studies. The results for ⁹⁰Zr are particularly extensive. The decay schemes for ⁹⁰Nb and ⁹⁰Mo appear reasonably well established. Recent results on the decay of two ⁹⁰Tc isomers are presented, but the decay schemes have not been established and the energy ordering of the two isomers is not known.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 78

The 1966 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 78 has been revised on the basis of all experimental data received before September 1, 1974. Experimental data, detailed level schemes, and arguments for J^π-assignments are presented. Two new isotopes, ⁷⁸Ga and ⁷⁸Rb, are now known to exist and a third, ⁷⁸Sr, has been tentatively identified. A significant amount of new information is given for the ⁷⁸Se, ⁷⁸Br, and ⁷⁸Kr level schemes, while very little new information is available for the level schemes of ⁷⁸Ge and ⁷⁸As.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 74

The 1976 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 74 (76Ko07) has been revised. Nuclear structure data for known nuclides (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb) of A = 74 have been evaluated and presented. The excited-state data on ⁷⁴Rb are non-existent and those for ⁷⁴Zn, ⁷⁴Ga, and ⁷⁴Kr are scarce. High spin levels are known for ⁷⁴Se, ⁷⁴Br and ⁷⁴Kr.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 103

The 1961 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 103 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to March 1, 1974. Information from approximately 150 papers and communications has been included in the present evaluation.Data on nine A = 103 nuclei are presented. The compilers regard the assignment of fission-fragment γ-rays to ¹⁰³Zr and ¹⁰³Nb as uncertain, and no measurements on the decay of these nuclei have been made. The half-lives of ¹⁰³Mo and ¹⁰³Cd are known, but no decay schemes have been proposed. The compilers propose a decay scheme for ¹⁰³Tc based mainly on unpublished measurements, but further work is needed to determine absolute transition intensities and the decay energy. The decay schemes for ¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁰³Pd, and ¹⁰³Ag appear to be well established on the basis of extensive but mainly unpublished results. The spins of a few low-lying levels in ¹⁰³Ru are determined by single-nucleon transfer reactions. Spin assignments have been made for most low-lying levels in the stable nucleus ¹⁰³Rh from ¹⁰³Ru decay, ¹⁰³Pd decay, and Coulomb excitation. The spins of many levels in ¹⁰³Pd have been determined from extensive unpublished results in ¹⁰³Ag decay, single-nucleon transfer reactions, and in-beam γ-ray studies. Only one excited level is known in ¹⁰³Ag.For papers concerned with nuclear structure theory for A = 103 nuclei, see 66Sh18, 72Ku25, 73Bo16, and 73Im01.