Materialbeanspruchungsanalyse und ihre Anwendung auf Prüfstandsversuche zum Oberflächenausfall (Nierlich‐Schadensmodus) von Wälzlagern

Material Response Analysis and its Application to Rig Tests for the Surface Failure (Nierlich Damage Mode) of Rolling Bearings The material response analysis according to Nierlich using X‐ray diffraction represents an important physical examination technique for the evaluation of material stressing and the lifetime estimation of rolling bearings and other highly loaded machine parts. The method is presented and employed for the evaluation of automobile gearbox rig tests. The extensively described damage modes of the practically predominating surface and the classical sub‐surface failure of rolling bearings can be distinguished that way. In gearboxes, lubricating oil contaminated by metal abrasion of the cogwheels usually appears. Penetrating foreign particles produce indentations at the ring raceways and rolling elements of the rolling bearings, which promotes surface fatigue. The results of the X‐ray diffraction measurements confirm this damage mode. Evaluation of the occurred material stressing permits a more detailed characterization of the surface failure of rolling bearings.     

PVD‐beschichtete Wälzlager im Trockenlauf

Under extreme operating conditions like vacuum or high temperature, lubrication of rolling bearings is unwanted or even impossible. As a result of dry running conditions bearing components are exposed to high tribological stress. Thus, alternative material solutions are necessary to achieve acceptable lifetimes under these conditions. Using hybrid rolling bearings with PVD coated races might be a possible solution. Therefore, PVD coated bearings were analyzed under different test conditions to assess their characteristics. Potentials of dry running PVD coated hybrid roller bearings regarding wear and friction reduction are shown. Additionally, main damage characteristics are analyzed.     

Ceramics for high performance rolling element bearings: A review and assessment

Modern, high performance structural ceramics offer the potential for a significant increase in many of the performance characteristics of both rolling element and sliding contact bearings. Thus, substitution of high performance ceramics for conventional metals is becoming an increasingly attractive option in applications where systems performance is currently constrained by state-of-the-art bearing technology. This paper will review the potential benefits of ceramics and provide selected examples where these benefits have been demonstrated in research and development programs. The emphasis will be on rolling element bearings. The desired properties for ceramic bearings and the properties of currently available high performance ceramics will be reviewed. The problem areas which are impeding the implementation of ceramic bearing technology and directions for future research and development to resolve these impediments, will be discussed.     

Statistical analysis on rolling contact fatigue in railroad axle bearing steel

High‐strength steels are widely used in high‐performance bearings utilized in most mechanical systems. However, there has been little statistical analysis regarding the fatigue failure behaviour of the material, where surface peeling resulted from contact fatigue during rolling is a significant life‐limiting mechanism. In this study, we examine the statistical behaviour of surface‐crack nucleation, propagation, and peeling in a high‐speed train axle bearing made of GCr15 steel by using a laboratory rolling‐contact equipment. We reveal that cyclic rolling‐contact leads to the formation of a hardness gradient in the outer ring of the bearing. The gradient layer is of several millimetres. The peeling rate could be as high as 28 μm per million cycles when the contact pressure is close to that applied in real service. Peeling‐induced cracking is dominantly transgranular. The incipient angle is about 23.2°, and its depth could be hundreds of micrometres. The findings reported here could be employed to assess the lifetime of bearings made of GCr15 steel and possible other engineering metals.     

基于DS–PCA模型的包装设备滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究

目的 针对包装设备长期连续工作的工作特性,对其滚动轴承的常见失效故障进行分析,提出一种基于DS–PCA模型的滚动轴承故障诊断方法,构建滚动轴承DS–PCA故障诊断模型,实现包装设备中滚动轴承的在线故障诊断。方法 先运用DS证据理论对采集到的滚动轴承径向振动数据和轴向振动数据进行融合,使得信息具有整体完备性,同时对采集信号进行决策规则下的去噪处理,剔除干扰噪声信息;然后利用主成分分析法(PCA)将融合后的振动信号数据进行Q与T²的统计量计算,并通过对故障轴承振动信号的Q与T²统计量计算,确立故障时的经验阈值;最后,依据实时统计量与经验阈值对比,判断滚动轴承是否发生故障。结果 通过对西储大学公开的滚动轴承试验数据分析计算,得到滚动轴承故障诊断准确率达到94%。结论 该方法满足包装设备故障诊断的要求,其应用将有利于提升包装企业的生产质量和效率。     

Wälzverschleiß und -ermüdung von Bauteilen und Maßnahmen zu ihrer Einschränkung

Wear and Fatigue at Rolling contacts and Counter Measures Machine parts subjected to rolling contact fatigue, i.e. gears or rolling element bearings, are exposed to a very particular stressing condition. No comparable condition will occur for other technical applications. These typical conditions and their effects on the material behaviour are described comprehensively. An introductional overview for this are of technical knowledge is given, in particular for engineers not so much experienced with respect to this matter. The most important phenomena influencing the behaviour of parts subjected to rolling contact fatigue are presented as well as the physics of damage initiation and the appearance of damaged parts. It is demonstrated exemplarily, how the analysis of the damaging processes can be used to take counter measures. The referencing to the public literature has been done in a way to enable the reader to easily find material for a further improvement of his knowledge for particular items.     

钢和高聚物复合材料夹层结构滚动轴承的减振降噪设计

结合滚动轴承的振动特性, 根据高聚物复合材料的应变-应力迟滞响应, 对钢和高聚物复合材料夹层结构进行了减振降噪分析, 文中还给出了振动测试的结果, 从而进一步证实了这种结构具有较强的减振降噪能力, 为在工程中的设计应用提供了理论依据。国内外文献中未见以钢和高聚物夹层结构作滚动轴承外圈的报道。      

EMD降噪和谱峭度法在滚动轴承早期故障诊断中的应用

共振解调是滚动轴承故障诊断中最常用的方法之一,然而其带通滤波器参数的选取通常比较困难。谱峭度法能根据峭度最大化原则自动确定带通滤波器参数,取得了一定的诊断效果,但由于滚动轴承的早期故障信号中含有强烈的背景噪声,诊断效果有时也不够明显。为此,提出一种基于EMD降噪和谱峭度法的滚动轴承早期故障诊断新方法,首先采用基于互相关系数和峭度准则的EMD降噪对采样信号进行预处理,突出高频共振成分,再利用谱峭度法选取最佳带通滤波器参数,最后使用带通滤波和包络解调进行故障诊断,并通过实际工程信号进行了验证。     

一种滚动轴承特征频率的自动识别方法研究

为解决传统滚动轴承故障诊断及状态监测中依赖单一故障特征频率,以及诊断过程中人为主观因素造成诊断结果的不定性与效率低等问题,以包络谱与共振解调技术为例,提出一种自动识别滚动轴承故障特征频率及其倍频与调制频率的方法。该方法对信号进行包络谱或共振解调分析,在此基础上通过迭代算法依次找出转频与故障频率成分,并依据各成分在识别结果中的比例来进行故障诊断。人为仿真故障及滚动轴承加速寿命实验证明了文章方法的有效性。     

6203-2RZ轴承振动与噪声关系的实验研究

以实验为基础，研究了6203-2RZ轴承振动与噪声的关系。振动包括加速度有效值和速度有效值，噪声指声压级。数据处理结果表明，轴承振动与噪声的统计关系不明显。因此，不宜用轴承的振动代替轴承的噪声，应单独研究轴承的噪声问题，制定轴承噪声标准和相应的工艺标准。     

复合材料滚动轴承的疲劳试验研究

通过对复合材料滚动轴承的疲劳试验,研究了短纤维注射成型工艺研制的玻纤／尼龙６６滚动轴承的疲劳寿命和失效形式,为复合材料滚动轴承的设施应用有价值的参考。     

CS自适应随机共振与ITD相结合的轴承弱故障诊断

为了解决轴承早期弱故障诊断的问题，提出将固有时间尺度分解 (intrinsic time-scale decomposition，ITD) 与布谷鸟自适应随机共振 (cuckoo adaptive stochastic resonance，CASR) 相结合的方法进行滚动轴承早期弱故障特征频率提取。针对采集到的滚动轴承振动信号复杂且信噪比 (SNR) 低、故障特征难以提取的问题，结合ITD能抑制端点效应、运算复杂度低等优势，该方法将信噪比作为随机共振的目标函数，通过仿真信号分析及实例验证，将ITD作为CASR处理信号的前处理，使滚动轴承故障信号显著加强，信噪比提高2.17倍，故障特征得到有效提取。     

复合材料滚动轴承工作性能实验与分析

本文对新开发的复合材料滚动轴承的噪声和疲劳寿命进行了实验研究,实验结果显示出复合材料滚动轴承有显着的降噪性能,其负荷容量和塑料滚动轴承相比有较大幅度提高。     

Performance degradation assessment of rolling bearing based on convolutional neural network and deep long-short term memory network

Many traditional approaches for performance degradation assessment of rolling bearings, using sensor data, make assumptions about how they degrade or fault evolve. However, the sequential sensor data cannot be directly taken as input in the traditional models since the data always contain noise and change in length. To solve these problems, a convolutional neural network and deep long-short term memory (CNN-DLSTM) based architecture is proposed to obtain an unsupervised H-statistic for performance degradation assessment of rolling bearing using sensor time-series data. Firstly, a CNN is applied to extract local abstract features from raw sensor data. Secondly, a deep LSTM is explored to extract temporal features. CNN-DLSTM is trained to reconstruct the time-series sensor signal reflecting the health condition of rolling bearing. The D- and Q-statistic are used to compute H-statistic which is then used for performance degradation assessment. The proposed approach is evaluated on an experiment with rolling bearings and the results are presented on a public dataset of rolling bearing, verifying that the proposed approach outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.     

基于虚拟仪器技术的滚动轴承故障诊断的包络分析

分析了滚动轴承典型故障产生机理及其故障特征频率，利用Hilbert变换的包络分析法分析滚动轴承故障特征的思想，并且结合现代虚拟仪器技术设计并开发出实用的齿轮箱滚动轴承故障诊断系统。该诊断系统是我们自主开发的VMIDS系统基础上开发出的智能控件化虚拟式滚动轴承故障诊断系统，在成功完成故障信息提取的同时，能降低系统的成本。     

基于多维振动特征的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

单独提取滚动轴承振动信号的时域或频域特征进行故障诊断,是目前常用的轴承诊断方法,诊断精度有待提高。以时域和频域的多维振动特征参量为指标,以历史诊断正确率作为特征参量权值,分别对滚动轴承的无故障和经常出现的滚珠故障、内环故障和外环故障工况进行特征提取和故障识别。多维时频域振动特征是单维特征依据诊断精度权重的集合。运用BP神经网络分别对信号的时域特征(TDF)、IMF能量矩(IEM)、小波包能量矩(WPEM),以及多维时频域特征进行智能故障判别。实验验证用多维时频域振动特征参量综合诊断的方法进行滚动轴承故障诊断,比单维特征的诊断结果精确且效率较高,该方法可以在滚动轴承故障诊断领域展开应用。     

滚动轴承参数化设计关键技术研究

Pro/ENGINEER是应用广泛的CAD/CAM/CAE集成软件系统,在Pro/ENGINEER系统中,骨架模型可以完成产品的自顶向下设计,Program可以完成产品的参数化自动生成.通过将骨架模型技术和Program相结合,研究滚动轴承参数化建模的产品结构定义和模型控制过程,进而结合设计实例给出滚动轴承参数化设计的详细步骤.结果表明这种设计方法能够实现滚动轴承的多样化和系列化设计,大大缩短滚动轴承的产品开发周期.     

自适应共振解调法及其在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

与AR模型、小波变换等故障诊断方法相比较,工程人员更多的是采用共振解调法对滚动轴承故障进行诊断,但诊断成功与否很大程度上依赖于滤波器中心频率及其带宽的选择。这里提出的诊断滚动轴承故障的自适应共振解调法避免了带通滤波器难以选择的困难。其核心思想是:不采用滤波的方式而是通过先对时间信号进行时频变换,然后从时频能量谱中自动提取时间能量信号的方式来达到将由于冲击引起的共振高频信号和高能量的低频信号分离。此外,给出了一个统一的框架从时频能量谱中自动提取类似于时间边缘的时间能量信号,即Lp范数准则。数值实验结果表明,自适应共振解调法能有效地诊断滚动轴承的外圈故障、内圈故障、滚动体故障,而且比传统的共振解调法的性能更优。     

Design of the vacuum system for Diamond, the UK third generation light source

The Diamond synchrotron, which is due to come into operation with beam for users in 2007, is being constructed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford. The design status of the vacuum system of the storage ring as at 31st December 2002 will be reported.Diamond is based on a 24 cell 3 GeV electron storage ring of 561.6 m circumference. As is the case for most such machines, the operational pressure has been specified as 10⁻⁹ mbar to give a beam lifetime >10 h at the design current of 300 mA. The storage ring vacuum system will use conventional technology and most of the vacuum vessels will be constructed of stainless steel. With the exception of the insertion device (ID) vacuum chambers, the ring has not been designed to be baked in situ, but all components will be vacuum baked as sub assemblies before installation. The vacuum system is designed to achieve the required pressure after 100 A h of beam conditioning using the pumping scheme, which will be described.Twenty-one ID straights are available for ID, of which seven will be installed at the start of operations. Three types of vacuum vessel will be used in these straights, a stainless-steel make-up pipe, a NEG coated narrow-gap vacuum chamber for conventional IDs and a wider vacuum chamber to house in vacua IDs. The ID straights have an isolation valve installed at each end, and in situ baking can be used in these restricted locations, for example to activate the NEG coatings.The vacuum system for the beam line front ends has been designed to provide good vacuum isolation between the storage ring and the experimental beam lines, whether or not an interposing window is fitted.Pumping schemes, pressure measurement and calculated pressure profiles will be described.     

基于谱质心直方图-SVM的滚动轴承故障诊断

轴承早期故障信号的信噪比较低,较难识别。为提高轴承早期故障诊断的准确率,分析了现有方法和视觉信息处理方式的相似点,从视觉信息处理的角度进行研究,提出一种基于谱质心直方图的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法,将所提出方法用于滚动轴承不同运行状态下的故障特征提取,将所提取特征作为支持向量机的输入特征向量从而实现对滚动轴承不同运行状态的智能分类。实验证明,谱质心直方图提高了轴承早期故障诊断准确率,准确率平均提高了2 %,优于Mel频率倒谱系数特征。