Performance Analysis of GPS Receivers in Non-Gaussian Noise Incorporating Precorrelation Filter and Sampling Rate

Global positioning system (GPS) receivers find growing applications in indoor and outdoor communication environments, including urban and rural areas. Interference and noise sources for GPS receivers may assume Gaussian or non-Gaussian distributions. The GPS receiver performance under Gaussian additive noise has been studied. Non-Gaussian noise may equally contaminate the GPS satellite signals and disturb the receiver delay lock loops (DLL), producing significant tracking errors. These sources include impulsive noise, ultra-wideband (UWB) signals, and impulse and noise radar signals for target tracking and indoor imaging applications. This paper considers non-Gaussian noise of finite variance and examines its effect on the discriminator outputs for the commercial GPS receiver that uses the coarse acquisition (C/A) code. The correlator noise output components are produced from the correlation between the noise sequence and the early, late, and punctual reference C/A code. Due to the long time averaging, which is characteristic of the GPS correlation loops, these components assume Gaussian distributions. The discriminator tracking error variance is derived, incorporating the effect of noise, the front-end precorrelation filter, and the sampling rate.     

GPS软件接收机基带信号处理研究

GPS软件接收机相对传统硬件接收机,设计灵活,能够迅速分析、仿真、实现各类算法.本文主要针对GPS L1频率的C/A码信号,设计并实现了GPS软件接收机的基带处理部分,阐述了射频前端原理、并行码相位搜索捕获策略以及鉴频辅助跟踪环路,并推导了适应动态环境的三阶数字环路滤波器.仿真数据和实际中频数据测试表明:算法性能优越,能迅速捕获并锁定信号,获取导航数据.     

基于GPS软件接收机平台的弱信号捕获算法研究

为了解决GPS弱信号的捕获问题,以GPS软件接收机为平台,首先建立了消除考虑多普勒频移对码片传输影响的精确GPS信号模型;在此基础上,采用了一种相干/非相干积分相结合的改进型块数据捕获算法实现了对弱信号的有效捕获。该算法综合考虑了非相干积分引起的噪声影响,并提出一种易于工程实现的非相关积分损耗补偿方法。最后,通过一组实测数据,验证了改进的相干/非相干相结合捕获算法,补偿了由于非相关积分带来的积分损耗,能够有效地实现对弱信号的捕获。     

Low noise submillimeter SIS receiver with niobium nitride quasiparticle tunnel junctions

We have developed and tested a submillimeter waveguide SIS mixer with NbN-MgO-NbN quasiparticle tunnel junctions. The two junction array is integrated in a full NbN printed circuit. The NbN film critical temperature is 15 K and the junction gap voltage is 5 mV. The size of the junctions is 1.4 × 1.4 µm and Josephson critical current density is about 1.5 KA/cm² resulting in junction R_NωC product about 40. The inductive tuning circuit in NbN is integrated with each junction in two junction array. A single non contacting backshort was tuned at each frequency in the mixer block. At 306 GHz the minimum DSB receiver noise temperature is as low as 230 K. The sources of the receiver noise and of the limits of the NbN SIS submillimeter mixer improvement are discussed.     

基于MDBZP 的C/A码信号高灵敏捕获算法

卫星信号的捕获是GPS接收机信号处理的首要任务。针对在微弱信号的情况下传统捕获方法不能很好地捕获到卫星信号的问题,提出一种改进的二倍分组块补零（MDBZP）方法为高灵敏度GPS接收机提供理论依据。该方法将连续相干积分分解成普通循环相关和随后的傅里叶变换来产生不同的多普勒频移搜索,并针对连续积分跨越多个导航电文数据位的情况给出解决方案,同时考虑了多普勒效应对码长造成的影响。仿真结果表明,此方法对低至15dB-Hz的微弱信号C/A码信号仍有较好的捕获能力。最后给出了不同载噪比情况下所对应的检测信噪比。     

A dual-frequency GNSS sensor for space applications

High-performance laboratory breadboards of a dual-frequency global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver have been developed at the Institute of Satellite Navigation at the University of Leeds (ISN) for a number of years under a European Space Agency (ESA) programme. The main objective of these breadboards is to serve as development tools for receiver signal-processing research in view of scientific applications of GNSSs. Some of these applications will be realized by means of receivers embarked on satellites in low earth orbit (LEO) as part of on-going and future ESA programmes and will include precise orbit determination, radio occultation measurements and measurements of the parameters characterizing GNSS signals reflected at the sea surface. The principal application for which the signal-processing developments described in this paper have been targeted is radio occultation. During an occultation event the GNSS signal encounters a challenging environment. Substantial Doppler dynamics occur during a measurement, due to the effect of sharp gradients of the refraction index. Signal attenuation and deep fading caused by multipath propagation are also encountered. The areas of concern are the acquisition and tracking of signals in high dynamics and at low carrier-to-noise ratios (C/N₀), and also the performance of tracking the GPS P code without full knowledge of the spreading code, as dual-frequency atmospheric measurements are crucial to this application. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MDBZP 的C/A码信号高灵敏捕获算法

卫星信号的捕获是GPS接收机信号处理的首要任务。针对在微弱信号的情况下传统捕获方法不能很好地捕获到卫星信号的问题,提出一种改进的二倍分组块补零( MDBZP)方法为高灵敏度GPS接收机提供理论依据。该方法将连续相干积分分解成普通循环相关和随后的傅里叶变换来产生不同的多普勒频移搜索,并针对连续积分跨越多个导航电文数据位的情况给出解决方案,同时考虑了多普勒效应对码长造成的影响。仿真结果表明,此方法对低至15 dB-Hz的微弱信号C/A码信号仍有较好的捕获能力。最后给出了不同载噪比情况下所对应的检测信噪比。     

Improving GPS Receivers Positioning in Weak Signal Environments Based on Fuzzy SSMF-FFT and Fuzzy Kalman Filter

With the advent of global positioning system (GPS) and the increasing expansion of technology, improving GPS receivers positioning has attracted great attention. When the signal received by these receivers is weak, receiver functioning becomes impaired. Due to the existing noise and the presence of Doppler shift in weak signal conditions, the signal acquisition section becomes problematic and in weak signal conditions or phase lock loop (PLL), the tracking section design of noise conditions gets difficult. In case of a lock loss on the signal, the user will not be able to calculate the Doppler frequency and the system will diverge. Therefore, a robust algorithm for the GPS receiver PLL is very vital. In this paper, the squared segmented matched filter-fast Fourier transform algorithm is used to improve the acquisition of weak GPS signals with an average SNR of 15 dB. By using the matched filter, the SNR is maximized and the code phase estimation will be more accurately. Also, the use of a segmented filter before the FFT reduces the number of FFT points and therefore, the computational complexity is reduced. To calculate the number of batches and obtain the best acquisition output, in the proposed algorithm, the system becomes fuzzy. In tracking section, fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) with the PLL based on fuzzy Kalman filter (FKF) is used to reinforce it against weak signal environments. The FRFT is used for estimating frequency and acceleration, and a third-order FKF is used for designing the PLL. As a result of these changes, the RMSE of positioning is improved more than 35%.

     

一种高灵敏度GPS信号快速捕获算法

为了提高GPS软件接收机捕获算法的灵敏度和快速性,提出了一种高灵敏度GPS卫星信号快捕方案。首先对GPS信号进行频率补偿,然后进行相干滤波提高卫星信号的信噪比,从而提高捕获算法的灵敏度。再采用延迟、累积捕获结构寻找输入信号中各颗卫星的C/A码起始点,引入延迟累加器实现各卫星多普勒频移成分的分离、估计,将传统的二维捕获过程简化为两个一维搜索过程,捕获时间仅为传统FFT快捕算法的几十分之一,提高了捕获算法的速度。分别通过实测和GPS数字中频信号发生器仿真生成的GPS数字中频数据对所设计的捕获算法进行了验证,实验结果表明该捕获算法行之有效。     

Correlation Functions of Navigational GBOC Signals

The structure of generalized binary offset carrier (GBOC) signals of satellite radio navigation systems, such as global positioning system (GPS) (USA), global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) (Russia), Galileo (European Union), and BeiDou/Compass (China), is examined. Analytical expressions for the correlation functions (CFs) characterizing the single components of the GBOC-signal modulation function (MF) are derived at the typical pulse multiplicity coefficients N_R (N_R = 2 and 4) and different duty cycles. The CFs properties of the components of GBOC-signal MFs are discussed and their graphs are constructed at ρ = 0 (or ρ = 1) corresponding to binary phase-shift keying signals, ρ = 0.1 (or ρ = 0.9), ρ = 0.25 (or ρ = 0.75), ρ = 0.3 (or ρ = 0.7), ρ = 0.45 (or ρ = 0.55), and ρ = 0.5 corresponding to binary offset carrier signals. The energy spectra (power spectral densities) of the single components of GBOC-signal MFs are calculated via the Fourier transform of CFs at the pulse multiplicity coefficients N_R= 2 and 4.     

Design of a low-power ZigBee receiver front-end for wireless sensors

This paper describes the design of a low cost, low-power ZigBee receiver for wireless sensor networks. The receiver consists of a low-noise amplifier, a pair of down-conversion mixers, and a pair of variable-gain low-pass filters. The LNA has a single-ended input, eliminating the need for an off-chip balun, a differential output, allowing it to drive a double-balanced mixer, and it uses noise cancellation to improve its noise performance. The mixers are double-balanced passive mixers to improve the receiver linearity and decrease its power consumption and flicker noise. Finally, the filter is a third-order Butterworth G_m-C filter with a variable input transconductor to provide gain programmability for the receiver. The design is made using 130 nm CMOS technology with 1.2 V supply. Simulation results show that the receiver can achieve a sensitivity level of −97 dBm while consuming only 6 mA.     

最佳屏蔽二进制序列偶在GPS系统的应用

在GPS通信系统的弱信号状态下,相关噪声的效应对系统的影响重大。利用最佳屏蔽二进序列偶(PPB-SP)良好的循环自相关特性和低相关噪声特性,把它引入到GPS系统中,代替原来的C/A码作为扩频伪码,建立一个GPS信号发生和信号捕获系统。对最佳屏蔽二进序列偶进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,在使用最佳屏蔽二进序列偶的GPS系统中,有着良好的相关噪声和检测概率。     

Neural Technologies for Precise Timing in Electric Power Systems with a Single-Frequency GPS Receiver

The global positioning system (GPS), with its ability to provide time synchronization with accuracy to 200 ns over the wide area, provides an ideal tool for performing time tagging in electric power systems. The observed GPS pseudo-range varies from the true range because of range measurement errors. GPS errors sources are ionospheric delays, atmospheric delays, troposphericelays, multi-path effects and dilution of precision etc., affecting the GPS signals as they travel from satellite to user on Earth. In this paper neural models has been presented are for more accurate GPS timing in electric power systems with a single-frequency GPS receiver. The proposed methods use back-propagation (BP), extended Kalman filter (EKF) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) training algorithms, which achieves the optimal training criterion. We use actual data to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. An experimental test setup is designed and implemented for this purpose. Results using the three methods are discussed. The experimental results obtained from a coarse acquisition (C/A)-code single-frequency GPS receiver are provided to confirm the efficacy of the approaches to give high accurate timing. The GPS timing RMS error using neural network based on PSO learning algorithm reduces to less than 105 and 36 ns, before and after SA, respectively.     

GPS软件接收机中微弱信号捕获算法研究

信号捕获的目的是确定接收机当前所在位置的可见卫星号,进而计算可见卫星的载波频率和伪随机码相位信息.目前随着GPS接收机应用的日益广泛,如何在弱信号环境下实现定位的问题日益突出.普通的GPS接收机不能捕获和跟踪到导航卫星信号,只能设法提高GPS接收机的灵敏度来实现导航和定位.为了解决微弱信号情况下的GPS信号捕获问题,在...     

A dual front-end for the new GPS/GALILEO generation in a 0.35 μm SiGe process

A highly integrated, low-power GALILEO/GPS front-end for the new generation of positioning services has been designed using a 0.35 μm SiGe process. First an analysis of the current and future GPS and GALILEO signals is presented in order to show the interoperability between both systems and to set the requirements for the entire front-end. The receiver has been implemented using a 6 MHz bandwidth low IF architecture whose IF frequency is 4.092 MHz after digitalization. The ESD protected RF front-end exhibits a voltage gain of 103 dB and an SSB noise figure of 3.7 dB, which makes it suitable for high-sensitivity applications. The achieved power consumption is only 66 mW from a 3 V voltage supply and 38 mW if the internal dual-gain LNA is switched off with no compromise with performance and with a minimal amount of external components.     

GPS信号快速捕获算法及FPGA实现流程设计

针对GPS信号快速捕获的技术实现问题,提出了一种基于循环相关的快速捕获算法。详细分析了本地C／A码采样过程,阐述了中频信号的重采样技术,给出了快速捕获算法的FPGA实现架构,并进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,在信号功率为-130dB左右时,系统能捕获到GPS信号,并可明显节省系统硬件开销。     

软件GPS接收机弱信号捕获方法

为了提高软件GPS接收机弱信号捕获能力,研究了软件GPS接收机弱信号捕获的方法,分析了非相干积分的损耗和增益,通过非相干积分方法提高接收机灵敏度,对于存在多普勒频移的信号采用频率补偿方法改善非相干积分效果,采用实验方法确定检测门限,达到较好的检测效果。采用平方法测量精确频率,分析了不同条件下平方法的输出增益,仿真实验证明,合理选择数据长度和求和时间可以较大程度地改善频率分辨率。     

GPS软件接收机中的一种实用高灵敏度快速捕获算法

 Ｃ／Ａ码的捕获,在软件ＧＰＳ接收机中的地位举足轻重．通常软件ＧＰＳ接收机中没有专门用于相关运算的硬件部件,提高软件ＧＰＳ接收机的捕获灵敏度的同时降低捕获的运算量,是软件接收机实用化的关键．利用先叠加再相关的方法,可以减少相关运算的次数,但必须考虑载波误差对相关函数峰值的影响．在此基础上,研究了数据预处理中,线性插值的参数选择问题,最后,提出了最佳路径算法,进行进一步的相关累积,在延长相干累积时间长度的同时,避免导航数据跳变对累积的影响,提高捕获的灵敏度．仿真结果表明,在信噪比ＳＮＲ＝－３７ｄＢ的情况下,算法仍能捕获到所有卫星信号．实际接收的数据也表明,算法能明显增加捕获到的卫星数量．由于算法采用了多种措施来降低运算量,因此算法的运算量适中,非常适合在软件接收机中采用．     

矢量跟踪算法快速重跟性能分析

当卫星导航信号受到一段时间干扰或遮蔽时,信号载噪比下降,传统跟踪环路失锁。信号恢复时,针对传统跟踪环路不能及时重新跟踪问题,应用矢量跟踪算法,进行跟踪。分析了在真实GPS数据加上仿真噪声之后矢量/频率锁定环路（VDFLL）的性能以及与传统环路进行对比,试验证明矢量跟踪具有快速重跟性能。