Friction of Undulated Surfaces Coated with MoS2 by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Solid lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide can provide very low friction, but their effectiveness especially in the geometrically constrained sliding pairs is limited by plowing of coated surfaces by wear particles. Even in the presence of solid lubricants wear particles cause higher friction by plowing the interface. To minimize plowing, undulated surfaces with microgrooves perpendicular to the sliding direction can be used to trap wear particles. Smooth and undulated stainless steel surfaces were coated with molybdenum disulfide by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and friction tested. Under identical test conditions, the friction coefficient of coated undulated surfaces is between 20–40 percent lower than that of coated smooth surfaces. The friction coefficient of undulated uncoated surfaces is about 100–350 percent less than that of smooth uncoated surfaces. Moreover, the entrapment of wear particles at the interfaces of geometrically constrained bearings may lead to seizure even when bearing surfaces are coated with solid lubricants. The use of undulated surf aces on these sliding systems has shown improved operating time and a reduced maintenance cycle.     

MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜的力学性能与摩擦特性

采用非平衡磁控溅射法在9Cr18轴承钢基底上制备了厚度约3μm的MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜,基于球形压头纳米压痕试验,采用连续刚度法对MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜的力学性能进行研究,探究MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜力学性能随压痕深度的变化规律;根据压痕试验载荷-位移曲线,采用Hertz接触理论计算MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜的弹性模量并与试验结果进行对比;利用CSM摩擦试验机对低速、低载下MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜的摩擦特性进行研究;基于压痕试验提出了一种能够更准确计算钢球加载时MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜接触应力的方法,并计算了摩擦试验不同载荷下的接触应力。结果表明:MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜的力学性能和摩擦特性都会受到表面形貌的影响;除表面初始压入阶段外,MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜的弹性模量和接触刚度都随着压痕深度的增大而增大;滑动速度和载荷共同影响MoS2/Ti复合固体润滑膜的摩擦特性。     

载流下MoS2/Ag纳米复合薄膜摩擦学性能

MoS₂基纳米复合薄膜具有良好的摩擦学性能,但较差的导电性能限制了其在载流条件下作为润滑材料的应用。为提高MoS₂基纳米复合薄膜的导电性能,采用非平衡磁控溅射系统沉积2种不同Ag含量的MoS₂/Ag纳米复合薄膜,并在不同的电流条件下研究MoS₂/Ag纳米复合薄膜与GCr15钢球对摩时的摩擦学性能。结果表明：在载流下2种MoS₂/Ag纳米复合薄膜表现出相似的摩擦性能,而低掺杂MoS₂/Ag薄膜具有更佳的耐磨性能,这归因于低掺杂MoS₂/Ag薄膜具有较好的力学性能;无载流时,MoS₂/Ag纳米复合薄膜在摩擦过程中生成的氧化物颗粒增加了磨损、降低了润滑性,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损;电流小于0.5 A时,电流促进了转移膜形成,使得摩擦因数降低,但磨损率增加,磨损机制主要为黏着磨损;当电流大于0.5 A时,由于电弧烧蚀加速了薄膜的磨损,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和电弧腐蚀磨损。     

Sb2S3和MoS2的协同作用对摩擦材料摩擦性能的影响

采用MPX-2000型磨损试验机和定速摩擦实验机分别测试不同载荷及不同温度下固体润滑剂Sb2 S3和MOS2对摩擦材料摩擦性能的影响,探讨2种固体润滑剂的协同作用;采用扫描电镜分析摩擦材料磨损后摩擦表面的微观形貌.结果表明,固体润滑剂Sb2 S3和MoS2具有良好的协同效应,可大大改善摩擦材料的摩擦性能,这是因为MOS2和Sb2 S3分别在制动过程中的低温段和高温段起到良好的润滑作用.当Sb2S3的体积分数为6%,MoS2的体积分数为3%时,摩擦材料的摩擦性能最佳.     

Friction and Wear Behaviors of Ag/MoS2/G Composite in Different Atmospheres and at Different Temperatures

Silver-based composite with 15?vol% MoS₂ and with 5?vol% graphite was prepared by powder metallurgy method. The impacts of the counterface materials, atmosphere, and temperature on the tribological behavior of the composite were investigated. It was found that when sliding against brass less effective lubricating film formed, causing a higher friction and wear comparing with ASTM-1045 steel. With the increasing proportion of oxygen in the O₂/N₂ atmosphere, the wear rate and friction coefficient ascended slightly. At 200?°C, the combination lubrication of graphite, MoS₂, and Ag contributed to a low friction coefficient (0.07) and wear rate (6.56?×?10^?6?mm³/Nm). At 400?°C, graphite lost its lubricating role, while silver became excessively soft. Large amount of MoS₂ was oxidized into MoO_3, and the residual MoS₂ formed some island-like lubricating films. Severe adhesive wear occurred on the contact surface, which led to a high friction coefficient (0.25) and a great increase of the wear rate (23.2?×?10^?6?mm³/Nm). At 600?°C, a relatively low friction coefficient (0.1) was obtained because of the formation of high-temperature solid lubricants, (Ag₂Mo₄O₁₃ and Ag₂Mo₂O₇) and liquid Ag₂Mo₂O₇. However, the wear rate at 600?°C was the highest (32.6?×?10^?6?mm³/Nm) due to the thick transfer layer.     

Lubrication of carbon coatings with MoS2 single sheet formed by MoDTC and ZDDP lubricants

The fuel economy and reduction of harmful elements of lubricants are becoming important issues in the automotive industry. One approach to these requirements is the potential use of low‐friction coatings in engine components exposed to boundary lubrication conditions. Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings, extensively studied as ultra‐low friction films to protect ductile metals surfaces for space applications, are expected to fit the bill. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the friction and wear properties of DLC coatings lubricated with molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) under boundary lubrication conditions. The mechanisms by which MoDTC reduces the friction in the centirange were studied using ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) analytical tribometer. The UHV friction tests were performed on a tribofilm previously formed on selected DLC material with MoDTC and ZDDP containing oil. Ex‐situ characterizations show that the composition of this tribofilm is similar to that of a tribofilm obtained on steel surfaces in the same lubrication conditions with MoS₂ single sheets dispersed inside zinc phosphate zones. However, analyses by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that MoDTC and ZDDP additives seem to be more active on steel surfaces than carbonaceous ones. After UHV friction with the tribofilm formed on selected DLC and steel pin counterpart, the wear scars of both sliding surfaces were characterized by in‐situ analytical tools such as Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning Auger microscopy and micro‐spot XPS. Low friction is associated with the transfer of a thin MoS₂ film to the steel pin counterpart. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MoS2-Zr复合薄膜的结构及摩擦特性研究

采用中频磁控溅射技术及多弧离子镀相结合的复合镀膜工艺,在硬质合金YT14基体上制备了MoS2-Zr复合薄膜.观察了MoS2-Zr复合薄膜表面及截面形貌,测试薄膜的厚度、结合力和显微硬度,进行摩擦磨损试验,并分析薄膜的摩擦磨损机理.结果表明,制备的MoS2-Zr复合薄膜结构致密,性能明显优于MoS2薄膜;厚度由2.0μm提高到2.5μm,结合力由28N提高到60N,显微硬度由280HV提高到900HV.MoS2-Zr复合薄膜的摩擦特性明显优于MoS2薄膜.MoS2薄膜磨损初始阶段摩擦因数只有0.06,在磨程15m后摩擦因数升到0.4.而MoS2-Zr复合薄膜的摩擦因数磨损初始阶段可达0.08,直到磨程60m摩擦因数达到0.4.薄膜的摩擦磨损过程主要是薄膜的剥落和转移的过程,复合薄膜由于结合力和硬度的提高,能够延缓薄膜的剥落及转移,提高薄膜的摩擦特性,延长薄膜的减摩润滑时间.     

On the Mechanisms of MoS2-Film Failure in Sliding Friction

The effect of oxygen on the life expectancy of a run-in molybdenum disulfide film under heavy load has been studied. Tested in argon, with only small quantities of oxygen present, the smooth running period is increased by at least two decades as compared to a test in oxygen.

Blister formation is an important phase in the gradual destruction of the lubricant film. Blisters of submicroscopic size can be traced with the electron microscope, and in the presence of oxygen macroscopic blisters are rapidly formed; their further history has been followed by cine-film. Oxygen promotes sintering of the individual particles 10 a continuous, smooth, and therefore highly reflective lubricant layer. This process is an essential condition for blistering.

No wear occurs during the smooth running period of MoS₂ lubrication. Graphite differs from MoS₂ in this respect and in its much lower load-carrying capacity. The cine-film of graphite-lubricated surfaces indicated a rougher surface and the formation of smaller blisters. On addition of graphite to MoS₂, a sudden change in surface features occurs within narrow limits of graphite concentration. It seems that the addition of 15% by weight of graphite increases the total life expectancy of the MoS₂ film, but reduces the length Of the smooth running period.     

Wear characteristics of hard material coatings produced by chemical vapour deposition with particular reference to machining

Coating of hard metals inhibits their wear by providing a diffusion barrier, reducing friction and the tendency for fusion to occur. It is also known that wear inhibiting layers form on the cutting faces of uncoated hard metal when machining certain steels.In order to increase the knowledge of the wear inhibiting effect of coatings, cutting force measurements have been made using K 10 type hard metal uncoated as a reference material and M 10 uncoated, together with M 10 coated with TiC and with Al₂O₃.Turning of a low strength steel and a high strength steel at constant feed and depth of cut but with varying cutting speed was used for the cutting tests. The cutting forces were measured with a three-component dynamometer.The layers formed on the cutting faces during the tests were studied with a scanning electron microscope and were analysed by an energy dispersive X-ray analyser.The relation between the different cutting materials, the layers formed on them and the cutting forces is discussed.     

The dispersion of life of bonded MoS2 solid lubricant coatings

Solid lubricant coatings usually fail quite suddenly and thus, for a given specimen, a well-defined life can be measured. Failure may be caused by a number of physical processes, e.g. wearing through the coating, loss of adhesion to the substrate or fatigue. Wear tests of 70 specimens with similarly loaded MoS₂ coatings are analysed. The coating life (in cycles) was in general proportional to the thickness and inversely proportional to the load and amplitude, but there was considerable scatter. The results could be expressed in terms of a specific wear rate fitting a mixed Weibull distribution.     

Friction and wear behaviors of MoS2/Zr coated HSS in sliding wear and in drilling processes

MoS2 metal composite coatings have been successful used in dry turning, but its suitability for dry drilling has not been yet established. Therefore, it is necessary to study the friction and wear behaviors of MoS2/Zr coated HSS in sliding wear and in drilling processes. In the present study, MoS2/Zr composite coatings are deposited on the surface of W6Mo5Cr4V2 high speed steel(HSS). Microstructural and fundamental properties of these coatings are examined. Ball-on-disc sliding wear tests on the coated discs are carried out, and the drilling performance of the coated drills is tested. Test results show that the MoS2/Zr composite coatings exhibit decreases friction coefficient to that of the uncoated HSS in sliding wear tests. Energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) analysis on the wear surface indicates that there is a transfer layer formed on the counterpart ball during sliding wear processes, which contributes to the decreasing of the friction coefficient between the sliding couple. Drilling tests indicate that the MoS2/Zr coated drills show better cutting performance compared to the uncoated HSS drills, coating delamination and abrasive are found to be the main flank and rake wear mode of the coated drills. The proposed research founds the base of the application of MoS2 metal composite coatings on dry drilling.     

关节轴承喷涂MoS_2/石墨复合涂层摩擦学性能的研究

以Mo S2/石墨为固体润滑剂,无机磷酸盐为胶粘剂,利用喷涂方式在GE20ES型关节轴承表面制备不同配比的Mo S2/石墨复合涂层,考察了这些复合涂层在旋转摆动条件下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,不同配方的Mo S2/石墨复合涂层均显示了较好的减摩耐磨性能,其中当Mo S2与石墨的配比为3∶1时,Mo S2与石墨有较好的协同效果,复合涂层的摩擦学性能最好。     

Electroless deposition and structure of Ni-MoSi2 composite coatings

Nickel-molybdenum silicide (Ni-MoSi₂) composite coatings were produced by a technique using an electroless nickel bath containing MoSi₂ in suspension. The operating conditions of the electroless deposition of Ni-MoSi₂ composite coatings and their structure were studied by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the composite coatings were determined. Some properties of the Ni-MoSi₂ composite coatings, such as oxidation resistance at high temperature, were investigated. These materials have potential for use in high-temperature applications involving oxidation resistance.     

碳黑对MoS2纳米润滑油的摩擦磨损性能影响

以PAO6润滑油为基础油,MoS2为纳米添加剂,制备质量分数为0.02％的纳米润滑油.通过自主研制的缸套-活塞环摩擦实验台,对添加不同浓度碳黑颗粒的MoS2纳米添纳米润滑油的摩擦学性能进行研究;通过电子扫描显微镜(SEM)对缸套表面磨痕进行观察.结果表明,低浓度的碳黑(0.01wt％和0.1wt％)可以进一步改善纳米润...     

Friction and Wear Properties of IF–MoS2 as Additive in Paraffin Oil

Inorganic fullerene-like (IF) MoS₂ nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 70 to 120 nm were synthesized by desulphurizing the MoS₃ precursor and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tribological properties of the IF–MoS₂, as lubricating oil additive, were evaluated using a MMW-1 four-ball tribotester. The wear scar was examined with an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wear resistance of the paraffin oil was improved and the friction coefficient of the oil was decreased by addition of the IF–MoS₂ nanoparticles. The mechanism of friction and wear of the IF–MoS₂ nanoparticles was discussed.     

镶嵌MoS2的Al2O3/TiC基陶瓷刀具材料微孔表面摩擦磨损性能研究

采用Nd:YAG激光器在Al2O3/TiC陶瓷刀具材料表面加工出不同密度的微孔,并涂覆填装MoS2固体润滑剂,在UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机上进行往复摩擦试验,研究其在不同载荷和速度下的摩擦磨损性能,通过白光干涉仪、光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察激光织构化后表面特征和磨损后表面形貌。结果表明:激光织构化后,陶瓷材料表面发生了氧化;在相同的实验条件下,与光滑表面相比较,填装MoS2固体润滑剂的微孔表面能够有效地降低摩擦因数,减小磨损率。这主要是由于填装在微孔中的润滑剂在摩擦作用下涂覆到基体表面,形成润滑膜,起到减摩降磨作用,同时激光加工后微孔周围凸起及氧化后形成的摩擦特性优良的TiO2也能起到良好的减摩降磨效果。通过对磨损形貌分析,光滑表面磨损较为严重,有大量的犁沟产生,主要的磨损形式为磨粒磨损及脆性断裂;微孔表面磨损较为轻微,其主要磨损发生在微孔周围。     

Friction, wear and N2-lubrication of carbon nitride coatings: a review

Recent results of tribological properties of carbon nitride (CN_x) coatings are reviewed. CN_x coatings of 100 nm thickness were formed on Si-wafer and Si₃N₄ disks by the ion beam mixing method. Friction and wear tests were carried out against Si₃N₄ balls in the environments of vacuum, Ar, N₂, CO₂, O₂ or air by a ball-on-disk tribo-tester in the load range of 80-750 mN and in the velocity range of 4-400 mm/s.It was found that friction coefficient μ is high (μ=0.2-0.4) in air and O₂, and low (μ=0.01-0.1) in N₂, CO₂ and vacuum. The lowest friction coefficient (μ<0.01) was obtained in N₂. It was also found that N₂ gas blown to the sliding surfaces in air effectively reduced the friction coefficient down to μ≈0.017. Wear rate of CN_x coatings varied in the range 10⁻⁹-10⁻⁵ mm³/N m depending on the environment.The wear mechanisms of CN_x in the nanometer scale were studied by abrasive sliding of an AFM diamond pin in air. It was confirmed that the major wear mechanism of CN_x in abrasive friction was low-cycle fatigue which generated thin flaky wear particles of nanometre size.