Tribological behavior of PEEK components with compositionally graded PEEK/PTFE surfaces

PEEK is a high strength engineering thermoplastic that suffers from a high friction coefficient and a friction induced wear mode. Past studies with 10 μm PEEK and PTFE powders resulted in composite solid lubricant that (at the optimal composition) had a wear rate of k = 2 × 10⁻⁹ mm³/Nm with a friction coefficient of μ = 0.12. A compositional grading of PEEK and PTFE is implemented in this study to create a bulk composite with the functional requirements of component strength, stiffness and wear resistance while providing solid lubrication at the sliding interface. The tribological performances of three functionally graded PEEK components were evaluated on linear reciprocating, rotating pin-on-disk and thrust washer tribometers. Wear rates comparable to samples of the bulk solid lubricant and comparable or improved frictional performance were achieved by compositionally grading the near surface region of PEEK components.     

Fretting wear behaviors of nanometer Al2O3 and SiO2 reinforced PEEK composites

The influence of diameter and content of Al₂O₃ particles on the tribological behaviors under fretting wear mode was investigated. The surface of PEEK composite and steel ball were examined by SEM and EDS, to identify the topography of wear scar and analyze the distribution of chemical elements in the friction counterparts, respectively. It can be found that the filling of Al₂O₃ powder improves the fretting wear resistance of PEEK composite. With the increase of Al₂O₃ diameter, the area of wear scar on specimen increases first and decreases afterward. However, the wear of composites increases monotonically with increasing Al₂O₃ content. Although the filling of 10 wt.% and 200 nm PTFE powder in PEEK makes the lowest wear of all specimens, no synergistic effect was found when Al₂O₃ and PTFE were filled into PEEK composite together. For the friction pair of PEEK composite and steel ball, abrasive wear and adhesive wear dominate the fretting wear mechanism during fretting. Thermal effect plays a very important role during fretting; thus the property of temperature resistance for polymer material would affect the wear degree on the surface of wear scar.     

Comparative investigation on the tribological behaviors of CF/PEEK composites under sea water lubrication

Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites were prepared and their tribological behaviors under sea water lubrication were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of CF can greatly improve the wear resistance of PEEK under sea water lubrication, especially when the volume fraction of CF was about 10%, because exposed CF can effectively share the main load between the contact surfaces and consequently protect the matrix from severe wear. In addition, CF/PEEK had better friction and wear properties under sea water lubrication than under dry friction and pure water lubrication due to better lubricating effect of sea water.     

聚醚醚酮填充聚四氟乙烯摩擦学性能

采用共混-冷压-烧结的工艺制备聚醚醚酮（PEEK）填充聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合材料,考察 PEEK 含量对 PTFE /PEEK 复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响,用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察其磨损表面和对偶表面形貌,并探讨磨损机制。结果表明：复合材料的拉伸强度随着 PEEK 含量的增加而降低,在一定范围内,冲击强度随着PEEK 含量的增加而增大;随着 PEEK 含量的增多,摩擦因数呈现先减小后增大的趋势,体积磨损率则逐渐减小。当PEEK 质量分数为20％时,复合材料耐磨性较纯 PTFE 提高了近700倍,其原因在于 PEEK 的加入改变了磨屑形成机制,并能形成均匀连续的转移膜,进而降低了磨损。     

Wear and rolling contact fatigue of PEEK and PEEK composites

Wear and rolling contact fatigue were investigated on unfilled PEEK and on three PEEK short fiber reinforced composites. For this aim, roller-shaped specimens were subjected to rolling contact tests at different contact pressure levels. Wear rate-pv product and contact pressure-life diagrams were obtained, depending on material hardness. Microscopic observations of rolling contact surfaces and sections of the rollers highlighted damages at two different scales, surface and bulk, leading independently to wear and rolling contact fatigue. These damages were also of different typology for unfilled PEEK and composites: micro-pitting and deep transversal cracks occurred on unfilled PEEK rollers, while delamination and spalling phenomena where found on composite rollers.     

PEEK450 FC30与SiC陶瓷在海水润滑下的摩擦磨损特性研究

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮PEEK450 FC30与工程陶瓷SiC软硬组合作为海水柱塞泵关键摩擦副备选材料,利用MCF 10摩擦磨损试验机对其在海水润滑下的摩擦磨损特性进行试验研究,探讨接触压力、滑动转速对材料磨损率和摩擦系数的影响规律。试验结果表明：在一定范围内的滑动速度、接触压力下,该摩擦副呈现出较小的磨损率和摩擦系数。当滑动速度在0.5~1.5 m/s之间,接触压力为1.33 MPa时,磨损率最小。通过扫描电子显微镜观察摩擦副磨损表层发现,在海水润滑下,SiC磨损并不明显,而PEEK450 FC30的磨损主要是以塑性涂抹为特征的粘着和SiC表面粗糙峰引起的机械犁耕。研究结果对水液压元件的选材具有十分重要的指导作用。     

不同润湿性CFR/PEEK表面在不同介质中的摩擦学性能

改变CFR/PEEK表面润湿性,利用HARKE接触角测量仪测量表面接触角,采用OLYMPUS OLS-3100奥林巴斯激光共聚焦显微镜扫描试件表面,获取真实二维照片和三维形貌图,采用MMD-5A标准摩擦磨损试验机在水、海水和液压油介质中进行摩擦磨损试验。结果表明：疏水(油)表面可以有效减小摩擦系数和磨损量,同一种润湿性试件在不同介质中的摩擦系数比较,疏水(油)表面在水介质中摩擦系数最小稳定在0.03左右,海水介质中为0.04左右,液压油介质中为0.1左右;磨损量比较,疏水(油)表面在水介质中磨损量最少为2 mg,海水介质中为7 mg,液压油介质中为1 mg;不同介质中,润湿性对摩擦系数的影响为水<海水<液压油。     

Tribological Behavior of PTFE Composites Filled with PEEK and Nano-Al2O3

In this study, the tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites filled with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and nano-Al₂O₃ particles were studied using a block-on-ring wear tester. The tribological performance of the composites was affected by the experimental parameters (sliding speed, normal load, and environmental temperature) and the composites achieved a high-speed sliding friction state. The results showed that the PEEK and nano-Al₂O₃ particles significantly improved the wear resistance of the PTFE composites. In addition, the nano-Al₂O₃ particles increased the hardness of the composites and enhanced the mechanical properties to enable applications in a wider range of industrial fields. The effects of the sliding speed and normal load on the tribological properties were more significant than that of the environmental temperature. In addition, the entire wear process was divided into three stages (the initial wear stage, severe wear transition stage, and ultralow stable wear stage), according to the evolution of the tribological characteristics (wear rate, morphology of the worn surface and transfer film, and wear debris morphology).     

Tribological behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene-silica composites

The effect of finely dispersed silica on the structure and mechanical and tribological characteristics of polytetrafluoroethylene-silica composites is studied. It is shown that the introduction of a small amount of filler (0.5%) results in qualitative and quantitative changes in the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix, which entail variations in the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites. During friction, dispersion of the filler and its accumulation in the composite’s surface occur. Within a narrow range of the filling degree, this causes a considerable rise of the abrasiveness of the composite accompanied with high wear resistance, which may be attributed to an increase in the adhesion of transfer films. The maximal wear resistance of polytetrafluoroethylene-silica composites is found when the filler is present in a small quantity, providing for a combination of high strength characteristics, low friction coefficient, and moderate abrasiveness.     

四环素牙摩擦磨损行为的研究

在往复滑动摩擦磨损试验台上以钛合金为对磨材料,考察了不同染色程度四环素牙的摩擦学性能,并与正 常恒牙进行了比较。结果表明:轻度四环素牙的摩擦磨损行为接近正常恒牙,磨损以擦伤和轻微犁削为主;重度 四环素牙的摩擦系数变化波动较大,稳态值较高,磨斑表面呈现显著犁沟和剥落,摩擦学特性逊于正常恒牙。四 环素牙的耐磨性随其染色程度加深而降低。     

碳纤维/聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)复合材料摩擦磨损性能及抗摩擦静电特性研究

利用真空热压烧结技术制备了不同碳纤含量的碳纤维/聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)复合材料,采用热导率分析仪和热重测试仪对材料的热学性能进行表征,并利用多功能摩擦磨损试验机、三维形貌轮廓仪、扫描电子显微镜和摩擦静电计对材料的摩擦磨损性能和抗摩擦静电性能进行分析。分析结果表明：随着CF添加量的增加,复合材料摩擦因数、磨损率和摩擦静电电压先降低后升高,当CF添加量(质量分数)为20%时,摩擦因数、磨损率和摩擦静电电压达到最低,分别为0.247、5.6×10^-6 mm/(N·m)和3.3 V,证明此种方法制备的20%CF/PEEK材料具有优异的摩擦磨损性能和抗静电性能。CF/PEEK复合材料磨损机理以黏着磨损为主,并且伴随着轻微的磨粒磨损。     

Tribological behaviour of a PEEK polymer containing solid MoS2 lubricants

The addition of different concentrations (2–10 wt.%) of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) to a poly–ether–ether–ketone matrix has been studied in terms of the thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of the materials. The results of dry‐sliding tribological tests, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscope–energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDS) analyses show that the concentration of MoS₂ influences the tribological, mechanical and thermal properties. With the highest concentration of MoS₂ (10 wt.%), the coefficient of friction was reduced by as much as 25%, while the maximum reduction in the wear rate was ~20%, which required 5 wt.% of MoS₂. The most important parameter when it comes to achieving an improved tribological behaviour was found to be the combination of a high hardness and a sufficient quantity of transfer film being formed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tribological properties of cast graphitic-aluminium composites

Some of the tribological properties of cast graphitic-aluminium particulate composite materials are presented. Tests were designed to represent different running conditions, from mixed lubrication to almost dry. Two graphitic aluminium composites, the aluminium alloys on which they were based, and commercial-quality bronze were compared for friction characteristics in these tests. An attempt was made to compare their vibration amplitude characteristics due to stick-slip. Surface features of the mating components after the tests were completed are also presented. It was found that the graphite-aluminium composites perform the best of those tested, in terms of the above-mentioned characteristics, under the most severe running conditions.     

Tribological behavior of metal matrix composites

The wear and friction behavior of continuous graphite fiber reinforced metal matrix composites was investigated. Composite materials were tested against 4620 steel at 54 m s^?1 at room temperature in air without lubricant. The graphite fibers studied included rayon-, pitch- and polyacrilonitrile (PAN)-based fibers. Both high modulus and high strength PAN-based fibers were examined. The fibers were incorporated into copper- and silver-based alloys by means of a liquid metal infiltration technique. The results of this study indicate that the type of graphite fiber in the composite is the most significant factor in the wear and friction behavior of metal matrix composites. In some high modulus fiber tin-bronze composites the fiber fraction influences the wear rate but not the coefficient of friction. Neither the matrix alloy nor the composite tensile strength per se correlate with the friction and wear properties; however, there are specific trends for the various matrix alloys.     

Tribological properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced copper composites

Tribological properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced copper composites were investigated using a pin-on-disk test rig under dry conditions. The composites containing 4–16 vol% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated by a powder-metallurgy technique. The tests were carried out at normal loads between 10 and 50 N, and the effect of volume fraction of CNTs on tribological behavior of the composites was examined. The composites revealed a low coefficient of friction compared with the copper matrix alloy. Due to the effects of the reinforcement and reduced friction, the wear rate of the composites decreased with increasing volume fraction of CNTs at low and intermediate loads. The composites with a high volume fraction of CNTs exhibited high porosity and their wear resistance decreased under high-load conditions.     

Tribological behaviors of composite molecular deposition films

Polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH)/graphite oxides (GO) ultrathin film and the multilayer film of PAH incorporated with TiO₂ enwrapped by polyacrylic acid (PAA), namely PAH/PAA(TiO₂) composite film, were prepared by molecular deposition (MD) method in laboratory. Both of them were heated to change the film forming dynamic force from electrostatic force to covalent bond so as to increase the bonding strength of the films. The structure and nanotribological properties of the films were analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy. It was found that these films had a much smaller friction force than their substrates and the friction force was dependent on the morphology and/or hardness of the films.     

Wear of PEEK composites related to their mechanical performances

A series of polyetheretherketone-based composites was investigated, blended with different contents of polytetrafluoroethylene and/or graphite, and reinforced with various amounts of short carbon fibres. The mixture of the PEEK with various fillers was achieved by twin-screw-extruders. Thereafter, the composites were finally manufactured using an injection moulding machine. Testing of the tribological properties of the PEEK composites was carried out on a block-on-ring apparatus. The dependence of mechanical properties, e.g. Charpy impact resistance, fracture toughness, flexural modulus and strength, on various filler contents of these composites was also investigated, which is believed to be of help towards a better understanding of the steps on how to improve the composite’s wear resistance.     

高承载PEEK背衬型润滑复合材料的摩擦学性能

研制了一种适用于高负荷条件下运行的PEEK背衬型自润滑复合材料，考察了该材料的摩擦学性能及显微结构。结果表明：高负荷条件下，复合材料受到微切削和微犁沟作用，在对偶面产生较厚的转移膜，使材料磨损率下降。     

Tribological behavior of uncoated and DLC-coated CoCr and Ti-alloys in contact with UHMWPE and PEEK counterbodies

There are very few studies of PEEK wearing against DLC. In this study, DLC and Zr-DLC coatings were deposited by magnetron sputtering onto Ti alloy substrates. Coated and un-coated Ti alloy samples were tribologically tested in multidirectional pin-on-disk equipment against UHMWPE and PEEK. CoCr alloy was also tested as control. Each of the materials was tested for 2 million cycles (Mc) in bovine serum lubricant (37 °C). Gravimetrical weight loss and changes in surface profile were similar when tested against UHMWPE. However, Zr-DLC samples delaminated after 1.2 Mc. When tested against PEEK, both coated samples delaminated, despite that the coatings maintained their structural integrity. The synergetic effect of stress-induced corrosion through biological fluid and high cyclic shear stress may have caused interface fatigue and subsequent delamination of both coatings.     

介孔二氧化钛的制备与研究

以钛酸四丁酯为原料,用聚乙二醇型非离子表面活性剂作为模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出了纳米二氧化钛介孔粉体;利用光催化降解甲基橙的实验研究了不同模板剂,不同模板剂添加量以及不同煅烧温度下制备出的介孔TiO2的光催化活性,得出介孔TiO2的最佳制备工艺,并与纳米二氧化钛的光催化性能进行对比。采用X射线粉末衍射分析法（XRD）,透射电镜分析法（TEM）对样品的微观结构、颗粒形态、分布情况、晶型以及物相组成等方面进行表征,验证了实验得出的最佳制备工艺的可靠性。