Evidence of scuffing initiation by adiabatic shear instability

A mechanism for the initiation of scuffing based on adiabatic shear instability was assessed experimentally through the measurement of dislocation densities by X-ray diffraction. Scuffing was predicted to occur when the rate of local thermal softening exceeded that of work hardening in the tribological contact. Since these rates were dependent on microstructure, the theory was tested by performing scuffing tests on SAE 4340 steel subjected to five different heat treatments. The scuffing resistances were consistent with the theory, and thermal events during the tests and the resulting microstructural morphologies were consistent with a locally adiabatic environment. The dislocation densities measured in samples from tests stopped before, during, and after scuffing were consistent with the theory. Use of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-31-109-ENG-38.     

Elastohydrodynamic problem for journal sliding bearing under reciprocating motion

A plane elastohydrodynamic problem for a radial sliding bearing with a thin liner under reciprocating motion under a constant load is considered. It has been shown that at the moment of time when the velocity becomes equal to zero the thickness of the lubricating film exceeds zero and that it continues to decrease during a period of time after changing the direction of rotation of the shaft. Film thickness and pressure distributions at various moments in time, as well as time dependences of the eccentricity and the minimum film thickness along the spatial coordinate, are presented for various values of the dimensionless parameter, which depends on the period of reciprocating motion. It has been shown that the smallest value of film thickness over the entire period of reciprocating motion increases with shortening period of reciprocating motion.     

Triboactive materials for dry reciprocating sliding motion at ultra-high frequency

High-power piezo-electric motors with power densities of 1.4 kW/kg display a potential for substituting hydraulic actuators. For this application, two novel tribometers of the same type have been designed using commercially available components for sliding motion at 40 kHz with amplitudes between 2.5 μm and 5 μm. The tribometers are equipped with means to measure amplitude, frequency, power required to keep the samples in motion and load applied. The effective motion between the two contacting bodies is monitored in each of the tribometers. These data are used to evaluate the coefficient of friction. The wear rate was determined after the tests. The set-ups were tested using well-known 100Cr6H (AISI 52100) samples before investigating novel, non-commercial substrates such as AlFeCrTi-alloys and tungsten carbide-based coatings as well as Magnéli-type coatings (Ti_n?2Cr₂O_2n?1 and Ti_nO_2n?1). This paper presents the principle of the ultra-high frequency tribometers and first tribological quantities of materials and coatings tested up to and above 10¹¹ cycles. Very low wear rates in the range 10^?8 mm³/Nm down to 10^?10 mm³/Nm were determined under dry oscillation in air.     

Ultra‐high frequency tribometer for reciprocating sliding motion

A novel tribometer has been designed using commercially available components for sliding motion at 40kHz with amplitude between 2.5 and 5µm. The tribometer is equipped with means to measure amplitude, frequency, power required to keep the sample in motion and load applied. The effective motion between the two contacting bodies is monitored. These data are used to evaluate the coefficient of friction. The wear rate was determined after the tests. The set‐up was tested using novel, non‐commercial substrates such as AlFeCrTi‐alloys and tungsten carbide‐based coatings as well as Magnéli‐type coatings (Ti_n−2Cr₂O_2n−1 and Ti_nO_2n−1). This paper presents the principle of the ultra‐high frequency tribometer and first tribological quantities of materials and coatings tested. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on transition between fretting and reciprocating sliding wear

An experimental investigation was conducted to find the associated changes in characteristics of wear before and after the transition between fretting and reciprocating sliding wear. A set of experiments were carried out using a AISI 52100 steel ball rubbing against a plate specimen made from the same steel under dry condition. Wear coefficient, wear volume, coefficient of friction, profile of the scars and wear debris were analyzed. The results displayed that there were significant differences in wear coefficient, wear volume, profile of the wear scars and wear debris before and after the transition. Wear coefficient and wear volume at a constant sliding distance were found to be the most appropriate for identifying the transition amplitude between fretting and reciprocating sliding wear.     

Subsurface shear instability and nanostructuring of metals in sliding

Dry sliding wear conditions were used to obtain a 500 μm-thick layer of nanosize grains on copper samples. As shown, this layer reveals a flow behavior pattern similar to that of a viscous non-Newtonian fluid. Four structurally different zones were found in the longitudinal cross-sections of samples below the worn surface. Upper two of them are nanocrystalline and consist of many ～1 μm-thick sublayers, which show either laminar or turbulent flow behavior. These sublayers demonstrate different levels of elasticity as compared to each other and may be related to an interplay between work-hardening and thermal softening. Lower two zones undergo usual plastic deformation and severe fragmentation without viscous mass transfer. High level of Young's modulus in the fragmentation zone is evidence of insufficient thermal softening at that depth. We believe that viscous flow zones are the result of shear instability and subsequent shear deformation developed in subsurface layers due to thermal softening. Numerical study has been carried out to simulate friction-induced deformation and shear instability under conditions close to the experiment. As shown, such a situation is possible when deformation-generated heat is taken into account. Another interesting result relates to the sublayers’ strain rate distribution. It was found that 1 μm-thick sublayers may show either high strain rate gradient or zero strain rate as a function of depth below the worn surface. The latter case means that a pack of layers may exist and behave like an elastic body in ductile medium.     

基于运动微分方程特征值的转子-轴承系统失稳可靠性分析

从转子-轴承系统的运动微分方程入手,应用零部件可靠性分析方法,以运动方程特征值为稳定裕度评估量选定系统的状态方程,对动压润滑的向心滑动轴承进行了可靠性分析。通过数值仿真分析对建立的可靠性模型进行了验证,为工程实际中动压润滑向心滑动轴承的选用和轴系的设计提供一定的理论依据。     

滑片式动力往复泵滑片受力分析及计算

通过对滑片式动力往复泵的运动分析，给出了滑片受力平衡方程，根据平衡方程对滑片受力进行了计算，为泵的设计提供了依据。     

Numerical analysis of leakage of elastomeric seals for reciprocating circular motion

A cambered elastomeric seal used in a novel universal joint for reciprocating circular motion is investigated. Then based on the linear elastic Hooke equations and the Reynolds equation, mathematical models of the contact pressure, film thickness and leakage with the method of variable substitution are established. The numerical analysis and simulation are performed based on the modified inverse hydrodynamic (IH) method and MATLAB numerical method. Besides, effects of various parameters on the sealing performance are investigated systematically. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of proposed mathematical model and numerical algorithm. The results also lay the theoretical basis for the structure design and performance analysis of the seal assembly.     

The transition between high and low wear regimes under multidirectional reciprocating sliding

The wear phenomena and wear characteristics of reciprocating sliding wear with superimposed lateral vibrations were investigated using a ball-on-disc tribometer. The tribometer enabled two orthogonal oscillations, whereas one oscillation had a constant amplitude of 1 mm (primary oscillation) and the other one had a variable amplitude from 0 to 20.2 μm (secondary oscillation). Ball and disc were made of AISI 52100 steel. The ball surface was polished and the disc surface was unidirectionally grinded parallel to the direction of primary oscillation. Two regimes with different wear rates were found, being separated by a characteristic transition amplitude of 2.7 ± 0.4 μm in the secondary oscillation. This transition correlated with a change of wear mechanisms from tribochemically to mechanically dominated wear. A wear model based on surface topography and particle motion was developed. The wear model is able to predict the value of the transition amplitude by means of characteristic topographical data and the size of wear particles.     

基于参考模型的珩磨机往复位置自适应控制

通过简要介绍珩磨加工的基础上,建立其往复运动数学模型及其参考模型系统,然后利用MATLAB工具对控制系统进行仿真分析.结果表明采用参考模型自适应控制方法能够使珩磨头往复换向位置与参考模型一致,同时超调量也有所减小,能够很好地满足控制系统的性能指标,并具有一定的抗干扰能力.     

Effects of surface texturing on friction and vibration behaviors of sliding lubricated concentrated point contacts under linear reciprocating motion

Friction and vibration behaviors of lubricated concentrated point contacts with surface texturing have been experimentally investigated under reciprocating motions. Ground, lapped and textured lapped flat surfaces are tested against polished ball surfaces. Coefficient of friction, surface temperature, electrical resistance and vibrations at the lubricated contacts have been measured and analyzed. In the presence of surface texture, the coefficient of friction reduces by 30% in some of the cases. Surface temperature distributions on reciprocating tracks have also been measured and compared. Vibrations associated with lubricated point contacts formed between textured surfaces/balls reduce significantly at resonance frequency in comparison to polished surfaces/balls.     

Relation between scuffing resistance and the increase in surface hardness during tests under conditions of rolling/sliding

The effect on scuffing resistance of a change in the condition of the rubbing surfaces, especially surface hardness, was investigated using a two-disc machine. Scuffing resistance increased with increasing surface hardness during testing. The increase of surface hardness by work hardening is more beneficial in preventing scuffing than is a change in carbon content or heat treatment. Work-hardened disc surfaces allow surface film formation as a result of plastic deformation. Materials with large Meyer indices and high surface hardness are less prone to scuffing.     

O形圈剪切破坏的可靠性分析

首先利用商业有限元软件ABAQUS建立了O形密封圈的有限元模型,采用非线性有限元方法计算了O形橡胶圈的剪应力的分布,分析了间隙、初始压缩量、密封槽1:7圆角半径、流体压力以及摩擦系数等设计参数对剪应力的影响.最后计算了以剪切破坏为失效模式的O形密封圈的可靠性指标.     

6M40往复活塞压缩机轴瓦烧研故障处理

分析了3台6M40往复活塞压缩机轴瓦、止推环烧研的原因,提出正确处理问题的方法,为今后处理此类难题提供了宝贵经验。     

基于UGNXII的自卸卡车运动仿真与分析

应用UnigraphicsNXII的运动分析模块(ScenarioForMotion),对自卸卡车(Tipper)举升机构的三维模型进行运动仿真。将ADAMS解算器求解出的数据文件,转换成动画、电子表格和图表,分析速度、加速度和力,以及位移、角度等参数。根据输出对所设计的方案分析修改,优化设计。     

基于运动捕捉仪的人体上肢运动轨迹参数的测量与分析

针对人体上肢运动的轨迹参数和方程模型复杂、计算量庞大的问题,提出了一种新型的测量上肢运动轨迹方法。首先对人体上肢运动模型进行了重新分析与简化,根据人体上肢运动特点设计了一组实验,其中包含单关节运动实验、多关节协同运动实验及任务实验;通过NDI运动捕捉仪系统采集了实验者的上肢基本运动数据;将实验数据中的离散点用曲线拟合并展开后,得到了各组实验中各关节的周期性轨迹方程;运用ADAMS进行了建模及运动仿真,以验证拟合轨迹方程的正确性。研究结果表明,该方法能有效测量人体上肢运动参数,其结果可供上肢康复训练机器人的运动轨迹控制与上肢运动功能评价时参考。     

基于Ansys Workbench的往复吊厢吊杆网格无关性分析

有限元技术在工程设计领域的应用十分广泛。在有限元计算中,网格的细密程度直接影响计算结果的精确性。文中介绍了有限元分析中获得网格无关解的必要性,并以某型往复式索道中的吊厢吊杆为例,介绍了Ansys Workbench中常用的一些网格划分方法,验证了计算结果的网格无关性,为同类问题的分析计算提供参考。     

改进的光流运动图像分析方法及其应用

针对传统光流运动图像分析方法运动估计精度低且易受各种干扰等缺点,提出一种基于梯度阈值的五置信点约束的改进光流算法.该方法采用五置信点加权法处理像素时间和空间梯度值,减小了单个像素受噪声的影响.对基本光流约束方程进行了梯度阈值处理,剔除了光流场中不利于运动估计的干扰数据,提高了运动图像的运动估计精度.实验分别采用传统算法...     

Effect of different surface treatments and coatings on the scuffing performance of hardened steel discs at very high sliding speeds

The paper describes the results of scuffing experiments using a high speed two disc rig, in which a range of different surface treatments and coatings was investigated. The rig used is capable of simulating the operation of heavily loaded gear contacts in terms of maximum Hertzian contact pressure (up to 1.7 GPa), temperature (100 °C oil feed), and sliding speed (up to 25 m/s). The reference scuffing performance was that of axially ground case-carburised or nitrided steel discs having a surface finish of 0.4 μm Ra. The different surface conditions were as follows. The ground discs were superfinished to less than 0.1 μm Ra using a proprietary polishing method. Two different super-hard coatings were investigated. The main conclusions to be drawn from the work are: nitrided surfaces are superior to case-carburised surfaces, but it is essential to remove the compound layer (‘white layer’) to achieve durability at high sliding speeds. The benefits of superfinishing are clearly demonstrated; this improves the scuffing performance and also gives lower friction and bulk temperatures. Hard coatings show promise, and the triple combination of nitriding, superfinishing and hard coating gave particularly impressive scuffing resistance in these tests.