Mass spectrometric methods for monitoring redox processes in electrochemical cells

Electrochemistry (EC) is a mature scientific discipline aimed to study the movement of electrons in an oxidation–reduction reaction. EC covers techniques that use a measurement of potential, charge, or current to determine the concentration or the chemical reactivity of analytes. The electrical signal is directly converted into chemical information. For in‐depth characterization of complex electrochemical reactions involving the formation of diverse intermediates, products and byproducts, EC is usually combined with other analytical techniques, and particularly the hyphenation of EC with mass spectrometry (MS) has found broad applicability. The analysis of gases and volatile intermediates and products formed at electrode surfaces is enabled by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). In DEMS an electrochemical cell is sampled with a membrane interface for electron ionization (EI)‐MS. The chemical space amenable to EC/MS (i.e., bioorganic molecules including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and drugs) was significantly increased by employing electrospray ionization (ESI)‐MS. In the simplest setup, the EC of the ESI process is used to analytical advantage. A limitation of this approach is, however, its inability to precisely control the electrochemical potential at the emitter electrode. Thus, particularly for studying mechanistic aspects of electrochemical processes, the hyphenation of discrete electrochemical cells with ESI‐MS was found to be more appropriate. The analytical power of EC/ESI‐MS can further be increased by integrating liquid chromatography (LC) as an additional dimension of separation. Chromatographic separation was found to be particularly useful to reduce the complexity of the sample submitted either to the EC cell or to ESI‐MS. Thus, both EC/LC/ESI‐MS and LC/EC/ESI‐MS are common. © 2013 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 34:64–92, 2015     

Mass spectrometric analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water

Residues of illicit drugs have been recently found in urban wastewater and surface water. Their levels reflect the amount of drugs collectively excreted by consumers and can therefore be used to estimate drug abuse. An overview of the most widely used illicit drugs and of the analytical methods used for their detection in wastewater and surface water is presented here. Solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are the techniques that have been used for these investigations. Instrumental conditions and fragmentation patterns of illicit drugs and their metabolites are described.     

Mass spectrometric determination of insulins and their degradation products in sports drug testing

Insulins' anabolic and anti-catabolic properties have supposedly led to its misuse in sport. Hence, doping control assays were developed to allow the unequivocal identification of synthetic insulin analogs and metabolic products derived from human insulin and its artificial counterparts in urine and plasma specimens. Analyses were based on immunoaffinity purification and subsequent characterization of target analytes by top-down sequencing-based approaches, which were conducted with hybrid tandem mass spectrometers that consisted of either quadrupole-linear ion trap or linear ion trap-orbitrap analyzers. Diagnostic product ions and analytical strategies are presented and discussed in light of the need to unambiguously identify misused drugs in urine and plasma specimens for doping control.     

Mass spectrometric characterization of naphthenic acids in environmental samples: a review

There is a growing need to develop mass spectrometric methods for the characterization of oil sands naphthenic acids (structural formulae described by C(n)H(2n+z)O(2) where n is the number of carbon atoms and "z" is referred to as the "hydrogen deficiency" and is equal to zero, or is a negative, even integer) present in environmental samples. This interest stems from the need to better understand their contribution to the total acid number of oil sands acids; along with assessing their toxicity in aquatic environments. Negative-ion electrospray ionization has emerged as the analytical technique of choice. For infusion samples, matrix effects are particularly evident for quantification in the presence of salts and co-elutants. However, such effects can be minimized for methods that employ chromatographic separation prior to mass spectrometry (MS) detection. There have been several advances for accurate identification of classes of naphthenic acid components that employ a range of MS hyphenated techniques. General trends measured for degradation of the NAs in the environment appear to be similar to those obtained with either low- or high-resolution MS. Future MS research will likely focus on (i) development of more reliable quantitative methods that use chromatography and internal standards, (ii) the utility of representative model naphthenic acids as surrogates for the complex NA mixtures, and (iii) development of congener-specific analysis of the principal toxic components.     

Mass spectrometric strategies for the investigation of biomarkers of illicit drug use in wastewater

The analysis of illicit drugs in urban wastewater is the basis of wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE), and has received much scientific attention because the concentrations measured can be used as a new non‐intrusive tool to provide evidence‐based and real‐time estimates of community‐wide drug consumption. Moreover, WBE allows monitoring patterns and spatial and temporal trends of drug use. Although information and expertise from other disciplines is required to refine and effectively apply WBE, analytical chemistry is the fundamental driver in this field. The use of advanced analytical techniques, commonly based on combined chromatography—mass spectrometry, is mandatory because the very low analyte concentration and the complexity of samples (raw wastewater) make quantification and identification/confirmation of illicit drug biomarkers (IDBs) troublesome. We review the most‐recent literature available (mostly from the last 5 years) on the determination of IDBs in wastewater with particular emphasis on the different analytical strategies applied. The predominance of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to quantify target IDBs and the essence to produce reliable and comparable results is illustrated. Accordingly, the importance to perform inter‐laboratory exercises and the need to analyze appropriate quality controls in each sample sequence is highlighted. Other crucial steps in WBE, such as sample collection and sample pre‐treatment, are briefly and carefully discussed. The article further focuses on the potential of high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Different approaches for target and non‐target analysis are discussed, and the interest to perform experiments under laboratory‐controlled conditions, as a complementary tool to investigate related compounds (e.g., minor metabolites and/or transformation products in wastewater) is treated. The article ends up with the trends and future perspectives in this field from the authors’ point of view. © 2016 by The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:258–280, 2018     

蛋白质组与生物质谱技术

蛋白质组是基因组研究的继续。蛋白质组的研究是为了识别及鉴定一个基因组、一个细胞或组织所表达的全部蛋白质以及它们的表达模式。以基质辅助激光解吸附飞行时间质谱和电喷雾质谱为代表的现代生物质谱技术,为蛋白质组的研究提供了必要的技术手段,被称为蛋白质组研究的三大关键性支撑技术之一。而质谱—质谱联用、质谱与其它技术联用以及高产出筛选技术的应用和发展,将使蛋白质组的研究在高准确度、高灵敏度以及大规模化水平上的发展成为可能。     

哌嗪乙氧基雌酮的电子电离质谱和快原子轰击电离(－)质谱测定及裂解途径

哌嗪乙氧基雌酮是一种可望用于防治骨质疏松症的全新合成的雌激素类化合物，本文采用EI-MS、FAB (－) -MS 、ESI-MS三种质谱技术分别对其结构和裂解途径进行了研究。采用FAB(－) -MS，获得m/z 404［M+Na-H］^-、382［M］^-、381［M-H］^-质谱峰；采用EI-MS, 获得m/z 382 M^+•；采用ESI-MS, 获得m/z 383［M+H］⁺。分子离子m/z 382 M^+•和主要特征子离子与其结构特征相符，并解释了其中的主要特征子离子，对其结构和裂解途径进行了确证。     

基体辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪的离子延时引出新技术研究

为了提高基体辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪 ( MALDI- TOF- MS)的分辨率 ,在自行研制的研究级激光飞行时间质谱仪上进行了离子延时引出的( Delay Extraction,DE)新技术的实验研究 ,建立了新结构离子源和离子延迟引出的电子控制系统及相应软件。通过电场模拟和实验 ,研究了样品相对质量、延迟引出时间、引出电压对提高分辨率的影响。在使用 40 MHz瞬态记录仪的情况下 ,测得环十肽 ( m/z=1 2 1 4)分辨率为 1 734,胰岛素 ( m/z=5375)为 2 1 2 4。     

基体辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪的离子延时引出新技术研究

为了提高基体辅助激先解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF-MS)的分辨率,在自行研制的研究级激光飞行时间质谱仪上进行了离子延时引出(Delay Extraction,DE)新技术的实验研究,建立了新结构离子源和离子延迟引出的电子控制系统及相应软件。通过电场模拟和实验,研究了样品相对质量、延迟引出时间、引出电压对提高分辨率的影响。在使用40MH_z瞬态记录仪的情况下,测得环十肽(m/z=1214)分辨率为1734,胰岛素(m/z=5375)分辨率为2124。     

苯环壬酯及其代谢物的电子轰击和电喷雾电离质谱分析

采用电子轰击质谱（EI-MS）、电喷雾电离质谱（ESI-MS）两种技术分别对苯环壬酯结构和裂解途径进行了研究。采用ESI-MS获得m/z 358［M+H］⁺、156、342等质谱峰，并对大鼠尿中的代谢产物结构进行了确证；采用EI-MS获得m/z 357［M］^＋、138、175、154、215等质谱峰，并解释了其中的主要特征碎片离子。     

现场质谱及气相色谱/质谱联用在环境有机污染监测中的应用

近几年,国外现场质谱(MS)及气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)分析技术发展得很快.实验室的台式分析仪小型化、引入集采样与分析于一体的直接质谱法均有利于对环境中挥发及半挥发性有机物进行实时、原位的测定.固相萃取及快速色谱等技术的应用使现场分析的准确度、精密度有很大提高,扩展了现场分析技术的应用范围.本文介绍了国外现场MS和GC/MS用于有机污染物监测的最新发展动态,并阐述了我国相关领域的现状和存在的问题,同时提出了解决方案,为有关部门进行环境有机物的现场监测提供了技术依据.     

质谱中气相离子/离子反应的研究进展

质谱仪不仅是一种重要的分析仪器,也是研究化学反应的重要工具。在质谱中,气相离子大多以单分子形式存在,反应效率较高,是研究气相离子/离子反应的理想选择。气相离子/离子反应可分为质子转移反应、电子转移反应、金属离子转移反应、电荷倒置反应和共价键生成反应。线性离子阱具有良好的离子选择和富集功能,适合作为气相离子/离子反应的反应器,使气相离子/离子反应在有机化学反应机理、多肽结构分析和气相离子化学等研究领域发挥重要的作用。本工作对近年来质谱中气相离子/离子反应的研究进行了综述,并展望了该研究未来的发展前景。     

Mass spectrometry in the biosynthetic and structural investigation of lignins

Lignin, a resistant cell-wall constituent of all vascular plants that consists of ether and carbon-linked methoxyphenols, is still far from being structurally described in detail. The main problem in its structural elucidation is the difficulty of isolating lignin from other wood components without damaging lignin itself. Furthermore, the high number and variegated forms of linkages that occur between the monomeric units and the chemical resistance of certain ether bonds limit the extent to which analytical and degradation procedures can be used to elucidate the lignin structure. Most of our present knowledge about the molecular structure of lignin is based on the analysis of monomers, dimers or, at the most, tetramers of degraded isolated lignins. Mass spectrometry (MS), which offers advantages in terms of speed, specificity, and sensitivity, has revealed to be a very powerful technique in the structural elucidation of lignins, in combination with the great number of chemical and thermal degradation methods available in the study of lignin. Moreover, the recent development of new ionization techniques in MS-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS-has provided new possibilities to also analyze the undegraded lignin macromolecule.     

盐酸雷诺希芬的电子电离质谱和快原子轰击电离(-)质谱研究

盐酸雷诺希芬是一种用于治疗骨质疏松症的药物,采用EI-MS、FAB(-)-MS两种质谱技术分别对其的结构和裂解途径进行了研究.采用FAB(-)-MS,获得m/z 510[M HCl H]-、m/z 509[M HCl]-、m/z 473[M]和m/z 472[M-H]质谱峰;采用EIMS,获得m/z 473[M] 、m/z 474[M H] .因此,分子离子m/z 473[M] 与分子式C28H27NO4S相符.并解释了其中的主要特征子离子,并对其结构进行了确证.     

盐酸雷诺希芬的电子电离质谱和快原子轰击电离(-)质谱研究

盐酸雷诺希芬是一种用于治疗骨质疏松症的药物 ,采用 EI-MS、FAB( -) -MS两种质谱技术分别对其的结构和裂解途径进行了研究。采用 FAB( -) -MS,获得 m/z5 1 0 [M+HCl+H]-、m/z5 0 9[M+HCl]-、m/z473 [M]和 m/z472 [M-H]质谱峰 ;采用 EIMS,获得 m/z473 [M]+ 、m/z474[M+H]+ 。因此 ,分子离子m/z 473 [M]+ 与分子式 C2 8H2 7NO4S相符。并解释了其中的主要特征子离子 ,并对其结构进行了确证。     

水中内分泌干扰物的固相萃取-液相色谱-离子阱二级质谱分析

采用固相萃取 -液相色谱离子阱二级质谱技术对水环境中三种内分泌干扰物双酚 A(BPA )、1 7β-雌二醇 (E2 )和 1 7α-乙炔基雌二醇 (EE2 )进行了分析。结果表明 :BPA、E2二级质谱的分析结果与文献中一致 ,而EE2则与文献中结果不同 ;BPA、E2和 EE2三种物质的二级质谱定量离子分别为 m/ z 2 1 2、m/ z 1 45和 m/ z1 83、m/ z2 67;离子阱二级质谱对 BPA、E2和 EE2三种内分泌干扰物的最低检出限分别为 8μg/ L、2 8μg/ L和 1 6μg/ L;饮用水、地表水和地下水水样中常见离子、天然有机物含量和水样 p H均会对 BPA、E2和 EE2回收率产生影响 ,BPA、E2和 EE2在不同水样中的回收率 (r)大小顺序为 :r(去离子水 ) >r(地下水 ) >r(地表水 )。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测动物源性水产品中7种微囊藻毒素

微囊藻毒素是由淡水蓝绿藻产生的一类最常见的环肽肝毒素,对动物及人类健康具有较大的危害性,建立准确、快速的检测微囊藻毒素的方法对于水产品食用安全非常重要。本实验对动物源水产品样品的提取、固相萃取、色谱和质谱等条件进行优化,建立了液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测7种微囊藻毒素（LR、RR、YR、LW、LA、LF、LY）的方法,并采用了固相萃取和基质分散固相萃取两种前处理方法。固相萃取方法的检出限为0.5 μg/kg,添加回收率为75%～106%,相对标准偏差小于20%;基质分散固相萃取方法的检出限为2.5 μg/kg,添加回收率为73%～93%,相对标准偏差小于16%。该方法适用于水产品中微囊藻毒素的日常检测和确证。     

基于四极杆-线形离子阱串联质谱技术测量血清25OHD

本研究基于自主研制的QLIT-6610MD四极杆-线形离子阱液相色谱-质谱联用仪,建立了准确测量血清25OHD的同位素稀释质谱法。血清样品用甲醇沉淀蛋白,正己烷液-液萃取,上清液用氮气吹干,初始流动相复溶,QLIT-6610MD测定。采用基质匹配标准曲线定量,25OHD₂和25OHD₃分别在0.78～50μg/L和1.56～100μg/L范围内的线性决定系数R²>0.999 9,检出限和定量限为0.06、0.12μg/L和0.02、0.06μg/L,质控品精密度优于4.06%,血清样本添加回收率为99.25%～108.38%,变异系数≤5.10%。用QLIT-6610MD、AB 4500MD和YS EXACT 9900MD 3台液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定50例临床血清,采用Pearson系数和Bland-Altman法分析,3组数据的相关系数R≥0.998 0、P<0.01。这表明3台仪器所测结果一致,QLIT-6610MD可以达到三重四极杆质谱仪定量测定血清25OHD的水平,能够满足临床诊断需求,将为临床质谱...     

隐丹参酮的电子电离和电喷雾电离质谱分析

采用电喷雾电离质谱（ESI-MS）和电子轰击质谱（EI-MS）两种质谱技术，对隐丹参酮的结构和裂解途径分别进行了研究。采用EI-MS获得m/z 296［M］⁺、281、268、253、235、225 等质谱峰，采用ESI-MS获得m/z 297［M+H］⁺ 、268、254、251等质谱峰，并用 Mass Frontier 3.0软件辅助解析了其中的主要特征碎片离子以及裂解途径。