Oxidative Stability of Restructured Beef Steaks Processed with Oleoresin Rosemary, Tertiary Butylhydroquinone, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate

Antioxidant activities were evaluated in raw restructured beef steaks stored at ?20°C six months and in cooked steaks at 4°C six days. During refrigerated storage, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and sensory scores indicated sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) provided (p<0.01) protection against warmed-over flavor development. No significant differences existed between OR (0.10%)/STPP and TBHQ/STPP, due probably to STPP. During frozen storage, a linear concentration effect of OR existed (p<0.01) for both TBARS values and sensory scores indicating OR was an effective antioxidant which combined with STPP produced an additive protective effect during frozen storage. Hexanal content and phospholipid fatty acid profiles also changed during frozen storage. Correlation coefficients between TBARS values and sensory scores were generally nonsignificant.     

迷迭香对生鲜猪肉颜色变化与抗氧化稳定性的影响

选用鼠尾草酸质量分数分别为5%和20%的迷迭香(CAP05、CAP20),分别以一定质量浓度梯度喷射到生鲜猪肉表面,并将猪肉置于超市标准荧光灯下冷藏8d。检测迷迭香对猪肉贮藏期间CIE a*值、色相、氧合肌红蛋白、正铁肌红蛋白、TBARS值、蛋白质羰基和感官评价的影响。实验发现,5%鼠尾草酸的抗氧化效果总体优于20%鼠尾草酸的作用效果,其中r500、r1000和R500组较大程度上延缓了肉品的变色及脂肪和蛋白质的氧化,且r500组肉品在第8天变色最轻、异味最少。统计分析发现猪肉的氧合肌红蛋白、正铁肌红蛋白、TBARS值和蛋白质羰基与颜色CIE a*值之间具有极显著的相关性(P0.01)。     

水分散型迷迭香抗氧化剂的制备及其在猪肉糜中的抗氧化效果的评价

本文建立了同时检测迷迭香提取物中五种成分(鼠尾草酚、鼠尾草酸、迷迭香酸、齐墩果酸和熊果酸)含量的高效液相色谱方法,优化了水分散型迷迭香抗氧化剂的制备条件,并将其添加到猪肉糜中,测定其抗氧化效果。结果表明,水分散型迷迭香抗氧化剂的最优制备条件是:聚甘油脂肪酸酯与吐温80的复配比例为1:5(m/m),油水相比例为4:6(m/m),乳化转数2800 r/min,该条件下制备的抗氧化剂粒径为318.83 nm。猪肉糜中添加0.03%的水分散型迷迭香抗氧化剂,能够显著(P<0.05)减缓L^*和a^*的下降,抑制菌落总数的增加,延缓氧化和腐败变质,货架期相比未添加组可延长4 d。     

猪脂肪诱导氧化过程及添加迷迭香精油的抗氧化活性

分析猪脂肪的氧化过程,绘制猪脂肪在90℃、高氧条件下的诱导氧化过程曲线,并就添加迷迭香精油的抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明:添加0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30 g/kg迷迭香精油和添加0.30 g/kg复合抗氧化剂(迷迭香精油0.25 g/kg+VE 0.05 g/kg)的猪脂肪,其氧化反应诱导时间分别为190、228、301、344、393、408、467、497 min,猪脂肪的氧化过程呈现明显的线性关系,在实验条件下,猪脂肪迅速发生氧化反应,迷迭香精油对猪脂肪的氧化作用具有一定的抑制作用,迷迭香精油对猪脂肪的抗氧化作用主要发生在氧化反应的前期,且抑制作用的大小与添加量存在显著的量效关系,同时复合抗氧化剂的作用效果优于单一抗氧化剂,说明不同抗氧化剂之间存在协同增效的作用。     

迷迭香提取物对真空包装熟猪肉饼抗氧化和抑菌效果的影响

以真空包装熟猪肉饼为试材,探讨不同质量分数迷迭香提取物的抗氧化、抑菌能力及其对肉饼品质的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到肉饼中,对肉饼在10 d冷藏期间的硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituricacid reactive substance,TBARS）值、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值、红度值（a*）和质构进行测定,并与0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯（butylated hydroxytoluene,BHT）进行比较。结果表明：添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组抗脂肪氧化能力高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的处理组在前7 d的冷藏过程中抑菌能力显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）。添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组TVB-N含量在冷藏4 d后显著低于空白对照组,而pH值在整个冷藏过程中均显著低于空白对照组（P＜0.05）。在冷藏1 d后,添加0.09%迷迭香提取物的肉饼a*值与空白对照组相比显著上升,而在冷藏7、10 d后,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组a*值均显著升高（P＜0.05）。此外,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组咀嚼性在冷藏4、7、10 d后显著升高,硬度在冷藏1、10 d后显著升高,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的肉饼在冷藏4、7 d后硬度也显著提升（P＜0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物能有效抑制真空包装熟猪肉饼的脂肪氧化及微生物生长,并且能在一定程度上改善其颜色和质构。     

迷迭香提取物对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

研究不同剂量迷迭香提取物对4 ℃冷藏调理猪肉饼抗脂肪氧化、抑菌能力及品质特性的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到调理猪肉饼中,测定其在10 d冷藏过程中硫代巴比妥酸值、菌落总数、pH值、颜色（L*、a*、b*值）、出品率和感官指标的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组具有显著的抗脂肪氧化效果和更高的出品率（P＜0.05）,效果与添加0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯相当。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%和0.09%的处理组在冷藏7 d后表现出显著的抑菌能力（P＜0.05）,这两组的pH值在冷藏期间显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%的猪肉饼在冷藏4 d后红度值（a*）与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的猪肉饼在10 d冷藏过程中亮度值（L*）显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而这两组猪肉饼的黄度值（b*）在冷藏期间均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。此外,猪肉饼的香气、质地和总体可接受程度均没有随迷迭香提取物添加量的增加而发生显著变化（P＞0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物在调理猪肉饼中具有较好的抗氧化和抑菌效果,并且在一定程度上能改善肉饼颜色,而对肉饼的感官品质不会造成不良影响。     

Sodium Chloride and Tripolyphosphate Effects on Physical and Quality Characteristics of Injected Pork Loins

Whole, boneless pork loins were needle-injected to a final concentration of up to 1.5% NaCl and/or 0.45% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) in a 4 × 4 factorial, randomized, complete block design. Percent weight gain, internal meat pH, purge loss, final product yield, cook loss, Warner-Bratzler shear, expressible moisture, and total moisture were determined. Response surface methodology was employed to create regression models and identify optimum ingredient parameters for each characteristic. NaCl and STPP improved weight gain, purge, final product yield, and moisture content. Predicted Warner-Bratzler shear was reduced approximately 50%. A salt-phosphate interaction was observed for weight gain, purge, cook loss, and expressible moisture.     

三聚磷酸钠对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibril protein,MP）为研究对象,探讨不同质量浓度三聚磷酸钠（sodium tripolyphosphate,STP）的添加对MP乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性等7 个功能特性指标的影响,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：随着STP质量浓度升高,MP的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、凝胶强度和凝胶保水性均呈上升趋势,表面疏水性呈下降趋势;MP的起泡性和凝胶强度在STP质量浓度为0.3 g/100 mL时最大,乳化性、表面疏水性和凝胶保水性在STP质量浓度为0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳;MP的起泡性、起泡稳定性和乳化性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,乳化性与乳化稳定性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性与表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与凝胶保水性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶保水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶强度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。STP可以增强MP的功能特性,其质量浓度为0.3～0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳。改善乳化性、起泡性和表面疏水性等界面性质可以增强MP的凝胶特性。     

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extracts in Cooked Pork Meat

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to study the ability of rosemary and hyssop extracts to inhibit lipid oxidation and metmyoglobin formation in pork meat, thereby stabilizing meat color. We also evaluated their effects on iron release from the heme moiety of pork meat. Meat samples were blended with hyssop and rosemary extracts and cooked. The cooked meat was chopped into pieces and stored for 8 d at 4 °C. Heme iron, TBA values, metmyoglobin percentage, and meat color were calculated. Hyssop and rosemary were seen to inhibit lipid oxidation and degradation of heme pigments caused by cooking and storage. Both spices delayed metmyoglobin formation and stabilized the red meat color during storage of the cooked meat.     

含迷迭香的蛋白基薄膜对高氧气调包装生鲜猪肉的护色及抗氧化作用

以不同质量浓度迷迭香与大豆分离蛋白复合制备活性蛋白膜,并将该蛋白膜用于高氧气调下生鲜猪肉的护色保鲜。分析猪肉贮藏期间CIE a*值、正铁肌红蛋白、硫代巴比妥酸反应（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值、蛋白质羰基及肉品硬度的变化情况。结果表明：肉样表面喷洒0.05 g/100 mL迷迭香提取物有效抑制了高氧气调包装肉品的脂类氧化和贮藏后期的颜色劣变。而蛋白膜加入不同质量浓度迷迭香对高氧气调包装的猪肉表现出不同的抗氧化活性。纯蛋白膜和0.025 g/100 mL迷迭香包装组对猪肉没有表现出护色作用,但对猪肉贮藏期间脂类和蛋白质的氧化起到了一定的抑制作用;0.1、0.2 g/100 mL迷迭香包装组有效延缓了猪肉a*值的下降和正铁肌红蛋白、TBARS值的生成,且其对猪肉的护色效果好于迷迭香直接喷洒处理,但无法抑制蛋白质羰基的形成。而0.05 g/100 mL迷迭香包装组在整个贮藏期间对猪肉颜色、脂类、蛋白质等的抗氧化效果均好于迷迭香直接喷洒处理,且基本维持了肉品贮藏期间的硬度,这表明蛋白膜对迷迭香的包埋显著提高了迷迭香对高氧气调下猪肉的抗氧化活性。     

Antioxidant Properties of Rosemary Oleoresin in Turkey Sausage

Rosemary oleoresin (20 ppm) was used as an antioxidant in turkey breakfast sausages prepared with 75% hand deboned turkey meat and 25% mechanically deboned turkey meat. It was compared to similarly formulated products with butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA/BHT, 200 ppm) and a control with no antioxidants. 2-Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in samples stored at 4°C demonstrated that rosemary oleoresin was comparable to a commercial blend of BHA/BHT/citric acid in suppressing lipid autoxidation. Sensory analysis was in agreement with these results. Analysis of volatile aroma compounds revealed the occurrence of oxidatively derived carbonyls in the sausages without antioxidants, while the antioxidant-treated sausages were essentially free from these carbonyls.     

迷迭香提取物在体外和萨拉米中的抗氧化活性

研究迷迭香提取物的体外抗氧化活性及其对萨拉米脂肪和蛋白质氧化的影响。对迷迭香进行提取,并测 定提取物的总酚含量、1,1-二苯基-2三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率、氧化自 由基吸收能力（oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC）和还原力。将不同质量分数的迷迭香提取物加入萨 拉米中,测定其对萨拉米加工过程中硫代巴比妥酸反应产物和总巯基含量的影响。结果表明：迷迭香提取物的总 酚含量为197.6 mg/g。当质量浓度大于80 μg/mL时,迷迭香提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力要优于异抗坏血酸钠 （P＜0.05）;迷迭香提取物的ORAC为2 920.3 μmol Trolox/g,显著高于异抗坏血酸钠（1 746.9 μmol Trolox/g） （P＜0.05）;迷迭香提取物在达到一定质量浓度时的还原力与异抗坏血酸钠无显著差异（P＞0.05）。添加 质量分数为0.02%和0.03%的迷迭香提取物可以有效抑制萨拉米的脂肪氧化,效果优于0.02%的异抗坏血酸钠 （P＜0.05）;添加质量分数为0.03%的迷迭香提取物能显著抑制蛋白质氧化（P＜0.05）,效果与0.02%的异抗坏血 酸钠相当。本研究证明迷迭香提取物具有较好的体外抗氧化活性,并可以有效抑制萨拉米加工过程中的脂肪和蛋白 质氧化,是一种高效的自由基清除剂和天然抗氧化剂。     

天然抗氧化剂迷迭香在动物性食品中的应用

迷迭香提取物具有良好的抗氧化性能,是一种天然抗氧化剂。本文综述了迷迭香提取物的抗氧化功能及其作用机理,详细介绍了迷迭香在动物性食品中的应用,并对其前景进行了展望。     

Effects of Rosemary Extract and Sodium Lactate on Quality of Vacuum-packaged Ground Ostrich Meat

ABSTRACT Vacuum‐packaged ground ostrich meat patties containing 2% sodium lactate (SL), 0.2% rosemary extract as oleoresin (RE), or their mixture (MIX) were evaluated and compared with control for their storage stability at 3 ± 1 °C in the dark by measuring pH, 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) values, sample color (CIE L*, a*, b*, Hue and Chroma), and microbiological content. The pH values of ostrich patties, ranging from 6.03 to 6.13, were not affected by treatment (P < 0.05). At 9 d of storage, TBARS concentration for control samples containing no additives was 1.64 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat. Addition of RE to the ground ostrich meat inhibited lipid oxidation during storage at 3 ± 1 °C (P < 0.05). TBARS values of SL‐added samples were lower than control samples (P < 0.05); addition of SL also delayed the oxidation. It was found that RE had a protective effect on color, whereas addition of SL decreased CIE a* values (P < 0.05). SL, either alone or with RE, was effective in inhibiting total aerobic bacteria (TAB), coliforms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and Brochothrix thermosphacta in ostrich patties (P < 0.05) and provided a 2‐log reduction in microbial population during storage. In addition, RE did not have a significant effect on microbial growth at the concentration used in this study.     

Utilization of Surimi-like Products from Pork with Sex-odor in Restructured, Precooked Pork Roast

Surimi-like materials from boar and sow muscle and Alaskan pollack fish surimi were evaluated as binders for sow muscle chunks in restructured roasts. Boar surimi-like material tended to have lower mi-crobial counts and less lipid oxidation than unwashed counterparts. Increasing salt content increased lipid oxidation (P<0.05), degraded color and improved (P<0.05) textural integrity. The surimi-like boar material had equal or better binding properties than fish surimi at a 5% level and did not consistently result in detectable boar odor. Roasts without binder were comparable or better in textural and microbial characteristics than those with binders. Restructured, precooked, pork roasts were successfully produced with 0.2% NaCI.     

Effects of Oleoresin Rosemary, Tertiary butylhydroquinone, and Sodium tripolyphosphate on the Development of Oxidative Rancidity in Restructured Chicken Nuggets

Effects of antioxidants on stability of lipids in restructured chicken nuggets were investigated. Lipid oxidation during refrigerated and frozen storage was monitored by a modified thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, sensory evaluation and chromatographic analysis. TBA-reactive substances (TBARS) values and sensory scores demonstrated that STPP/ OR was comparable to STPP/TBHQ in protecting refrigerated and frozen chicken nuggets. STPP or OR alone was less effective than OR/STPP combinations in both studies. STPP/OR and STPP/TBHQ also effectively retarded oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in chicken nuggets during frozen storage. No apparent beneficial effects on oxidative stability of the chicken nuggets were observed by adding OR to the frying oil.     

Carrageenans in Beaker Sausage as Affected by pH and Sodium Tripolyphosphate

We investigated effects of meat pH or sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on performance of carageenans (kappa, iota or lambda) in low-fat beaker sausage model systems. Adding STPP or using high-pH meat affected performance of the meat batter in similar ways. High-pH meat batters or those containing STPP had lower force values when extruded, lower cooking losses, and were firmer when cooked. The addition of lambda-carrageenan produced the softest texture. Kappa- and iota-carrrageenan improved water retention of low-pH meat batters. After staining, light microscopy revealed different structural effects of the carrageenans.     

迷迭香提取物对紫苏籽油的抗氧化研究

为研究迷迭香提取物能否替代人工合成抗氧化剂,成为紫苏籽油的天然抗氧化剂。以过氧化值和酸价为评价指标,采用Schaal烘箱法研究迷迭香提取物对紫苏籽油的抗氧化作用,并与市面上常用的人工合成抗氧化剂(2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚、丁基羟基茴香醚、2-叔丁基对苯二酚)作为对照,测定氧化作用后油样过氧化值及酸价,对比它们在紫苏籽油中的抗氧化效果。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测紫苏籽油样中鼠尾草酸含量,研究鼠尾草酸含量与紫苏籽油的抗氧化作用的相互影响。结果表明:迷迭香提取物在紫苏籽油中具有良好的抗氧化效果,选择0.08%迷迭香提取物作为在紫苏籽油抗氧化保护的最佳添加量;相比于2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚、丁基羟基茴香醚、2-叔丁基对苯二酚,迷迭香提取物为仅次于2-叔丁基对苯二酚的紫苏籽油中最高效的天然抗氧化剂;确定鼠尾草酸是迷迭香提取物中的主要抗氧化有效成分中的一种。     

Color and Color Stability of Frozen Restructured Beef Steaks: Effect of Sodium Chloride, Tripolyphosphate, Nitrogen Atmosphere, and Processing Procedures

This study investigated the effect of mixing and grinding, tempering, addition of sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate and processing under a nitrogen atmosphere on the color of restructured beef steaks initially and at 1-month intervals for 3 months of frozen storage. Mixing and grinding and manufacture under a nitrogen atmosphere had the greatest detrimental effect on the extent of discoloration initially; this was probably due to low oxygen concentration. Tempering and the addition of sodium chloride without sodium tripolyphosphate produced the most rapid increase in rate of discoloration during frozen storage. Tripolyphosphate partially counteracted the detrimental effect of sodium chloride, however, this effect did not appear to be due to the higher pH produced by the phosphate or the chelating ability of the phosphate. Surface discoloration and overall color were highly correlated with surface metmyoglobin (r= -0.87) and overall met-myoglobin (r= -0.94).     

Antioxidative Maillard Reaction Products from Reducing Sugars and Free Amino Acids in Cooked Ground Pork Patties

Fifteen preformed Maillard reaction products (MRP) were prepared by refluxing 0.2M of three individual reducing sugars (glucose, xylose, and dihydroxyacetone) with 0.2M of five free amino acids (arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, and tryptophan). MRP were added (3% v/w basis) to fresh ground pork patties prior to cooking and cooked to internal temperature 68°C and stored ai 4°C for 10 days. Samples were analyzed for TBA value on dav 0. 5. and 10. MRP were effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation in groind‘pdrk patties. The most effective were xyloselysine, xylose-tryptophan, dihydroxyacetone-histidine, and dihydroxy-acetone-tryptophan when compared to controls. A significant interaction (P < 0.001) existed between reducing sugars and amino acids.