定期冲洗式沉沙池泥沙沉降特性分析

以黄河东城提水工程首部的定期冲洗式沉沙池为研究对象,应用一维超饱和输沙法计算了泥沙的沉降历时,分析了泥沙恢复饱和系数、极限吸出高度、出池含沙量等泥沙沉降特性。结果表明:①泥沙恢复饱和系数随泥沙粒径的增大呈指数递减趋势,工作段上游泥沙恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈指数递减趋势,工作段下游恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈线性减小趋势;②随着沉沙池的运行,出池泥沙粒径逐渐变大,淤积泥沙粒径则逐渐变小;③在沉沙池运行期内,溢流堰极限吸出高度随沉降历时呈线性递减趋势;④溢流堰前分组含沙量参考点的相对水深均小于0.5;⑤在0～0.500 mm泥沙粒径范围内,出池平均含沙量参考点的相对水深与泥沙粒径呈对数递增。     

定期冲洗式沉沙池泥沙沉降特性分析

以黄河东城提水工程首部的定期冲洗式沉沙池为研究对象,应用一维超饱和输沙法计算了泥沙的沉降历时,分析了泥沙恢复饱和系数、极限吸出高度、出池含沙量等泥沙沉降特性。结果表明:①泥沙恢复饱和系数随泥沙粒径的增大呈指数递减趋势,工作段上游泥沙恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈指数递减趋势,工作段下游恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈线性减小趋势;②随着沉沙池的运行,出池泥沙粒径逐渐变大,淤积泥沙粒径则逐渐变小;③在沉沙池运行期内,溢流堰极限吸出高度随沉降历时呈线性递减趋势;④溢流堰前分组含沙量参考点的相对水深均小于0.5;⑤在0～0.500 mm泥沙粒径范围内,出池平均含沙量参考点的相对水深与泥沙粒径呈对数递增。     

水利水电工程沉沙池的运行设计和原型观测

沉沙池作为多沙河流引水枢纽的重要建筑物,其正常运行是发挥枢纽工程效益的重要条件。沉沙池设计应根据河流泥沙情况及枢纽运行条件,提出合理的运行设计和原型观测设计。运行设计应满足沉沙池运行水位、设计入池流量、含沙量、泥沙沉降设计标准和运用时间等运用条件。原型观测设计要有针对性,根据工程等级、规模、类型、布置、水沙条件等,确定相应原型观测内容和观测布置。     

引黄工程中沉沙池的试验研究

禹门口引黄提水站是解决运城地区工农业用水的重要水源工程。总抽水量２８ｍ￣３／ｓ。为处理有害泥沙；设沉沙池而进行了模型试验。试验采用长度比尺Ｌ＝２０的单厢，正态模型。模型沙用干容重为１．４６ｔ／ｍ￣３的煤粉。模型主要考虑泥沙沉淀相似。黄河泥沙的主要特点泥沙颗粒细、含量高及沉淀难。根据这些特点，在水工模型试验基础上，选择了混合型沉沙池。混合型沉沙池。即平流式与竖流式相结合的一各形式。竖向流在沉沙池下游段装置的斜板之间产生，总池长１１８ｍ，其中平流区４０ｍ。斜板区７８ｍ；总宽度５９．６ｍ，分为三箱；设计入池流量６～２６ｍ￣３／ｓ，相应入池含沙量１２０～８０ｋｇ／ｍ￣３；沉沙池水深上游端５９．６ｍ，下游端７．０ｍ，池底坡度１／７０，试验表明混合型沉沙池，可缩短池长５０％，降低工程造价４５％。在沉沙池尾部或斜板区底部安装排沙管，随时排除沉沙池中细颗粒泥沙组成的淤积体，提高了沉沙池利用率。     

有压隧洞内沉沙池泥沙沉降特性研究——以尼泊尔尼亚迪水电站为例

目前国内水电工程的沉沙池大都为布置于枢纽首部的无压式地面沉沙池,实际工程中限于地形地质条件,在有压式隧洞内设置沉沙池可能更加经济合理。以尼泊尔尼亚迪水电站有压隧洞内沉沙池为例,采用一度流超饱和输沙法对有压隧洞内沉沙池泥沙沉降特性进行了计算分析。结果表明:在设计条件下,进入水轮机发电水中总含沙量为0.625 kg/m3,其中粒径不小于0.2 mm的泥沙含量为0.062 5 kg/m3,大于等于设计沉降粒径的泥沙沉降率为84.55%。分析结果证明有压式隧洞内设置沉沙池可实现沉降悬移质泥沙的功能,可为其他工程有压隧洞内沉沙池的设计提供参考。     

重力沉沙过滤池对高含沙河水的沉沙效果分析

由于地下水的严重超采,河水将逐步作为新疆农田节水灌溉的替代水源,河水中泥沙的去除率是河水能否推广的主要障碍,目前科技人员在研究各种装置用于降低河水中的泥沙。其中重力沉沙过滤池是清除泥沙比较好的一种除沙装置,其构造包括沉沙池、过滤网、清水池、集污槽等。该工程利用沉淀池与过滤网对泥沙进行两级处理,出池水质泥沙含量有明显降低。通过对玛纳斯县五圣宫村重力沉沙池一个灌溉期的现场含沙量试验研究和分析,结果表明,该重力沉沙过滤池对河水泥沙总处理率可以达到46%左右,出池泥沙粒径在0.05 mm以下。重力沉沙池增加过滤网结构型式后,沉沙效率可以提高30%以上。可以看出,采用这种结构型式的沉沙池,在处理泥沙方面较传统的沉沙池有一定的优势,利用过滤网可以将水沙进行强制分离,尤其对细颗粒泥沙比自然沉降效果显著。更多还原     

山西省三大引黄泵站泥沙处理标准分析

目前，国内泥沙处理方面尚无统一标准可循，需依据各站具体条件而定。夹马口、尊村、小樊是山西省三大引黄泵站。三站干渠渠道淤积物大部分是０．０５ｍｍ以上粗沙。夹马口站含沙量与单机流量相关式为Ｑ＝０．７９７６—０．００１２Ｓ，相关系数为－０．８。泵站装置效率随含沙量的增大而减小。综合研究含沙量与出水流量及装置效率关系及渠道挟沙能力要求后，确认三大泵站的泥沙处理标准应为：对粒径大于０．０５ｍｍ的粗沙应予以处理，汛期出池含沙量应小于１５ｋｇ／ｍ３，非汛期出池含沙量应小于５ｋｇ／ｍ３。     

新型矩形沉沙池在节水灌溉中的应用研究

一种新型矩形沉沙池已在新疆建设兵团大面积推广使用，这种沉沙池在进口增设了调流墙，在溢流堰上沿设置了溢流槽。从泥沙沉淀特性和经济性能两个方面对新型矩形沉沙池与传统沉沙池进行了比较。结果表明，新型矩形沉沙池的泥沙沉淀率比传统沉沙池提高了6%，出池含沙量由1.63 g/L降到了0.86 g/L，工程造价降低了20%左右，其泥沙处理效果和经济性更优，适宜在新疆地区农业节水灌溉中推广应用。     

基于CCHE模型的重力沉沙池水沙数值模拟

为了研究重力沉沙池流量、含沙量与水沙分离效率的关系,借助CCHE软件,建立CCHE2D水沙两相流数学模型,采用混合掺长紊流模型,对重力沉沙池进行数值模拟,得到沉沙池内水流流态、悬移质输移规律以及沉沙池的水沙分离效率,并在前人研究的基础上,进一步对不同流量、含沙量情况下,其流量和含沙量对沉沙池水沙分离效率的影响进行分析。结果表明:当流量在0. 05～0. 30 m~3/s时,随着流量增大,则流速增大,水流挟沙力增大,不利于泥沙沉降,使沉沙池的水沙分离效率降低;改变初始含沙量(5～20 kg/m~3),随着初始含沙量的增大,由于沉淀池尾部回流区存在,使得部分泥沙直接被带入清水池,使得沉沙池水沙分离效率降低。     

中部引黄工程泵站出水池泥沙淤积模型试验研究

在隧洞输水过程中,由于来水含沙量大,容易产生泥沙淤积对工程运行造成威胁。文中对于中部引黄工程泵站出水池各种可能工况进行了模型试验,根据模型试验的结果对出水池设计体型进行了验证。试验结果表明,出水池能起到一定的沉沙池作用,但无论何种工况,如果不能将出水池中泥沙清除,都将在一定时间内淤积至冲淤平衡状态,使入池泥沙基本送入隧洞中。所取得的试验成果对工程设计有一定的指导意义。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.