NUTRITIONAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN PRODUCED FROM BACILLUS SP. KISRI-TM1A IN RATS

Single-cell protein (SCP) produced from a novel thermotolerant methylotrophic Bacillus sp. KISRI-TM IA was fed to groups of 10 male and 10 female Wistar rats at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 percent of total diets. The feeding of KISRI-TM IA did not adversely affect growth, feed intake or hematological values of rats. Water intake of male rats decreased with increasing level of SCP in the diet. Urinary pH showed dose-dependent reductions in both sexes. Plasma alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly (P<.05) reduced by increasing levels of dietary SCP. However, no significant (p>.05) abnormalities were observed in the weights or histopathological appearances of the organs. It was concluded that the KISRI-TM 1A SCP could serve as a potential dietary ingredient at levels of up to 30% for poultry, young lambs and calves.     

Photosensitivity from chlorophyll-derived pigments

The photosensitisation of young albino rats fed diets containing specially prepared lucerne leaf protein concentrates (LPC) or purified pigments has been investigated. Signs of intense photosensitivity including death occurred after a few hours of illumination in animals fed a diet containing 20% LPC prepared by holding lucerne juice at 70 °C for 55 min. However a sample prepared by briefly heating juice to 90 °C was not active. Mixed chlorophyllides and purified pheophorbide a were strongly photosensitising whereas pheophorbide b was much less active and pheophytin a was inactive. Where strong photosensitisation occurred pigments derived from chlorophyll could be extracted from blood plasma and livers. Examination of stomach and intestine contents showed that dietary chlorophyllides and chlorophylls were converted to pheophorbides and pheophytins in the gut. The photosensitising potential of a diet can be related principally to the combined content of pheophorbide a and chlorophyllide a.     

Studies on nutritive value of leaf proteins and some factors affecting their quality

Nutritional responses in albino rats on diets containing different leaf proteins at 1.6% nitrogen (N) were studied. From the data on 4-week growth and protein efficiency ratio (PER), leaf proteins from 19 different plant species were placed in 4 different categories: (1) 5 of no food value, causing loss or negligible gain in weight of rats; (2) 6 of poor quality, inducing a weight gain of less than 15 g with a PER below 1.0; (3) 3 of medium quality, inducing a weight gain of 20–35 g with PER of 1.3–1.75; and (4) 5 of good quality, inducing a weight gain of more than 40 g with a PER greater than 1.75. The last 5, all of them cruciferous leaf proteins, were nutritionally 66% as efficient as skim milk powder (SMP). The apparent digestibility (D) and true digestibility (TD) values, from experiments with either young and growing or adult rats, were close to each other for the medium and good quality categories of leaf proteins. The values differed considerably for the poor quality leaf proteins and were lower than those for good quality leaf proteins. The TD values for carrot, beetroot, lucerne and cauliflower leaf proteins in adult rats were around 40, 74, 87 and 89%, respectively, with that for SMP about 90%. The biological values (BV) were in a narrower range than the TD, falling between 70 and 77 in growing rats and between 55 and 59 in adults. A pre-extraction wash of carrot vegetation decreased the ash content in extracted leaf protein, greatly enhanced its digestibility without changing its BV, while a hot acid wash of the heat coagulated leaf protein caused some improvement in BV but none in digestibility. Among different leaf proteins, the nutritional inferiority was also associated with reduced diet intake, suggesting adverse acceptability factors. Various analyses suggested that the likely factors, singly or in combination affecting the quality of leaf proteins adversely, were associated with the occurrence of low N, high ash, high soluble solids, high phenolic: N ratios, and/or low organic sulphur: N ratios.     

The effects of okara on rat growth, cecal fermentation, and serum lipids

Okara, a soymilk residue, was characterized and used as a supplement to enrich dietary fiber in rats. Okara comprised 49% total dietary fiber, of which only 0.55% was soluble, protein (33.4%), fat (19.8%), and ash (3.5%). Okara as a diet supplement had no influence on food intake, but the growth rate and feeding efficiency were lower in the okara-fed group than in the control group. Okara increased fecal weight and moisture. In okara-fed rats, in vivo colonic fermentation of okara resulted in a lower pH, but a higher cecal weight and higher total short chain fatty acid production, compared to controls. There were no significant differences (P≤0.05) between groups in albumin, protein, uric acid, bilirubin, or glucose content in rat serum. The okara-supplemented diet produced a nonsignificant reduction in HDL-lipids and triglycerides. Okara, a rich source of low-cost dietary fiber and protein, might be effective as a dietary weight-loss supplement with potential prebiotic effect.     

Effects of dietary protein on teratogenicity of polyphenols obtained from the outer coat of the fruit of Treculia africana

The teratogenic effects of a single subcutaneous dose of 2.5 mg kg⁻¹ polyphenol given on day 6 of gestation were compared in weanling rats fed 5% protein for 4 weeks followed by normal protein diet (referred to as 5% normal protein diet) for the remainder of the experimental period (I), rats maintained on 10% protein diet (II), and rats on a normal protein diet throughout (III). These different diets are based on total dietary concentration of protein. Twenty-two percent of the rats fed 10% protein diet failed to mate while 39% failure of fertilization was observed. In rats fed 5% normal protein diets, the fertilization rate was 100%. Treatment with polyphenol obtained from the outer coat of the fruit of T. africana resulted in significant depression of fetal body weights in rats fed 5% normal protein diet and in rats maintained on normal protein diet throughout. Significant numbers of malformations (gross and skeletal) occurred in all the treated groups. Rats on a 5% normal protein diet and rats on the normal diet yielded a significant number of fetuses with internal soft tissue anomalies. The highest incidence of skeletal malformations occurred in polyphenol-treated rats maintained on 10% protein diet throughout the experiment. Complete rehabilitation took place by replacement of low protein diet with normal protein diet.     

Soyabean saponins. IX. Studies of their effect on birds, mammals and cold-blooded organisms

The effect of soyabean saponins on the growth of chicks, mice, rats and Tribolium castaneum larvae and on the survival time of tadpoles and guppies was studied. Soyabean saponins did not impair growth of chicks when added at five times the concentration in a normal soyabean-supplemented diet. They had also no effect on the growth response of rats and mice and on the amount of ingested food, but caused slight growth retardation of Tribolium castaneum larvae. Soyabean saponins showed a pronounced detrimental effect on tadpoles and guppies.     

EFFECT IN RATS OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COW'S MILK PROTEIN BY SUPPLEMENTARY NITROGEN

SUMMARY: A number of experiments studied growth of weanling rats and urinary nitrogen excretion in young adult rats when cow's milk protein was partially replaced by varying levels supplementary nitrogen. A mixture of nonessential L-amino acids (NEAA) or a mixture of diammoniumcitrate and glycine (DAC-Gly) was used as the source of nitrogen. Substitution of the 15% milk protein diet to the extent of 10% slightly reduced growth; significant growth reduction occurred with substitutions of 20% and greater. Fortification of the diets containing 10.5% milk protein and the supplementary nitrogen sources with sulfur amino acids did not restore growth the maximum rate obtained with the 15% milk protein diet. Additional supplementation with tryptophan further improved growth slightly but not to the maximum rate. Several other essential amino acids, alone or in combination, had no apparent effect. Based on urinary nitrogen excretion, comparable results were obtained with young adult rats by substituting nitrogen for milk protein the diets. The reduced performance following substitution of milk protein with supplementary nitrogen may be due partly to decreased utilization of sulfur amino acids and possibly to decreased utilization of all essential amino acids.     

Replacement of fishmeal by low-cost animal protein as a quality fish feed ingredient for indian major carp,labeo rohita,fingerlings

Five formulated diets containing 350 g kg^-1 crude protein were prepared replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the fish meal content which silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) and clam meat as a dietary protein source, and were fed to Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) fingerlings of 2.0–2.2 g size under laboratory conditions. A growth study over a period of 90 days showed that a diet containing 50% of its protein as fishmeal had significantly higher (P≤0.05) growth with values of 1.64, 1.92, 1.48 for specific growth rate, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, respectively. Significantly lower growth (P≤0.05) was observed with diets having all or none of its protein as fish meal. This experiment with Labeo rohita fingerlings revealed a significantly better utilisation of the diet when half the protein in a fishmeal diet was replaced by protein in the form of silkworm pupae and clam meat.     

巴马长寿特征饮食模式对自然衰老小鼠的抗衰老效果

为了检验巴马长寿特征饮食模式的抗衰老效果,本实验采用3月龄年轻小鼠和15月龄自然衰老小鼠为研究对象,依据团队前期研究结果,选取巴马长寿区饮食的特征营养素(膳食纤维、VA、VC、VE、β-胡萝卜素、大豆异黄酮、番茄红素、铁、锰、钴、硒元素)为调控因子,并加入益生菌,进一步优化出两种巴马长寿特征饮食模式(优食Ⅰ和优食Ⅱ)....     

Evaluation of a protein-rich vegetable mixture for prevention of protein-calorie malnutrition

Experiments showed that a crushed groundnut–chickpea–sesame (3:2:1) mixture is an adequate source of protein comparable with casein as a constituent of a 20% protein diet for promoting growth and nitrogen retention in young rats, synthesis of their serum proteins and haemoglobin, their maturation, reproduction, lactation and breeding of three generations of normal healthy animals.     

Canavalia brasiliensis seeds. Protein quality and nutritional implications of dietary lectin

This study reports on the performance of rats fed with diets based on Canavalia brasiliensis seed proteins. The raw seeds are not a good regime, causing the animals to lose weight, exhibiting low net protein utilization (NPU) values, high nitrogen excretion and macroscopic alterations of key internal organs. Heat treatment, but not dialysis of the seed meal, had a beneficial effect on the nutritional parameters. Feeding rats with a diet containing pure lectin showed a lower digestibility and NPU, a much higher dry matter and nitrogen excretion, impaired growth rate and small-intestine enlargement in comparison with rats pair-fed on egg-white protein. In addition, lectin was detected fully active against rabbit erythrocytes in the faeces of rats fed lectin-containing diets. It was suggested that the seed lectin acts as an antinutritive dietary component.     

Nutritional evaluation of seed proteins of Actinodaphne hookeri

The possibility of utilisation of pisa meal, which remains after defatting of Actinodaphne hookeri seeds, as a potential protein source in foods and feeds has been investigated. Rat growth experiments with half of the dietary protein derived from the meal were carried out, using casein as standard protein for comparison. Reasonably good correlation between chemical data and biological performance was observed. The meal, when made nutritionally adequate by supplementation with methionine and lysine, was capable of supporting normal growth and maintaining other physiological functions in rats. Feeding the rats with pisa meal for 8-10 weeks did not reveal any abnormal biochemical lesion indicative of the onset of toxic action.     

Dilution of Cow's Milk and Egg Proteins with Glutamic Acid and the Effect on the Protein Efficiency Ratio

SUMMARY– The effect of dilution of egg proteins and cow's milk proteins with varying levels of L-glutamic acid (GA) on the growth of young rats and protein efficiency ratio of the blends was studied. Addition of glutamic acid to diets containing 8.5% to 5.0% egg proteins to maintain the nitrogen content of the diet constant at 1.6% (equal to 10% protein) did not cause any increase in the growth rate of rats as compared to that on corresponding diets without added glutamic acid. The protein efficiency ratios progressively decreased from 4.74 for 10% egg protein diet to 2.88 for 5% egg protein + 8.4% glutamic acid diet. Addition of glutamic acid to diets containing 8.5 to 5.0% milk proteins to maintain the nitrogen content of the diet constant at 1.6% level caused a significant decrease in the growth rate as compared to that on corresponding diets without added glutamic acid. The protein efficiency ratios also progressively decreased from 3148 for 10% milk proteins to 1.46 for a mixture of 5% milk proteins + 8.4% glutamic acid. The results show that both egg proteins and milk proteins contain adequate amounts of non-essential amino acids for maximum utilization of essential amino acids present in them for the growth of young rats.     

不同剂量苹果膳食纤维对小鼠高血糖和高血脂的影响

为研究不同剂量苹果膳食纤维对糖尿病小鼠血糖水平和高脂饮食小鼠血脂水平的影响,以ICR小鼠为实验动物,分别给糖尿病模型和高脂饮食小鼠饲料中添加4%、2%、1%剂量苹果膳食纤维,另设对照组;喂养结束后分别测定其空腹血糖和血脂水平。结果显示：1%～4%剂量苹果膳食纤维不能降低糖尿病小鼠血糖值,但4%剂量可以抑制其血糖值显著升高。4%剂量苹果膳食纤维可有效降低高脂饮食小鼠血清胆固醇(TC)含量和动脉硬化指数(AI),但不能恢复至正常水平;对血清甘油三酯(TG)含量可有效降低至接近正常水平;而较低剂量未发现有效作用。结论：苹果膳食纤维对小鼠的辅助降血糖和降血脂作用,当饲料中添加剂量达到4%时,才会有显著效果,较低剂量作用不显著。     

Excess dietary iodine differentially affects thyroid gene expression in diabetes, thyroiditis-prone versus -resistant BioBreeding (BB) rats

Scope : To identify genes involved in the susceptibility to iodine‐induced autoimmune thyroiditis. Methods and results : Diabetes, thyroiditis‐prone (BBdp) and ‐resistant (BBc) rats were fed either a control or a high‐iodine diet for 9 wk. Excess iodine intake increased the incidence of insulitis and thyroiditis in BBdp rats. BBdp rats fed the high‐iodine diet that did not develop thyroiditis had higher mRNA levels of Fabp4, Cidec, perilipin, Pparγ and Slc36a2 than BBdp rats fed the control diet and BBc rats fed either the control or the high‐iodine diet. BBdp rats fed the high‐iodine diet that did develop thyroiditis had higher mRNA levels of Cidec, Icam1, Ifitm1, and Slpi than BBdp rats fed the control diet and BBc rats fed either the control or the high‐iodine diet. BBdp rats that did develop thyroiditis had lower mRNA levels of Fabp4, perilipin and Slc36a2 but higher mRNA levels of Icam1, Ifitm1 and Slpi than BBdp that did not develop thyroiditis. Excess dietary iodine also increased the protein levels of Fabp4, Cidec and perilipin in BBdp rats. Conclusion : Differential expression of thyroid genes in BBdp versus BBc rats caused by excess dietary iodine may be implicated in autoimmune thyroiditis and insulitis pathogenesis.     

The effects of dietary fish oil on inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress associated with obstructive renal injury in rats

Scope: We examined whether dietary supplementation with fish oil modulates inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress following obstructive renal injury. Methods and results: Three groups of Sprague–Dawley rats (n=16 per group) were fed for 4 wk on normal rat chow (oleic acid), chow containing fish oil (33 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 26 g docosahexaenoic acid per kg diet), or chow containing safflower oil (60 g linoleic acid per kg diet). All diets contained 7% fat. After 4 wk, the rats were further subdivided into four smaller groups (n=4 per group). Unilateral ureteral obstruction was induced in three groups (for 4, 7 and 14 days). The fourth group for each diet did not undergo surgery, and was sacrificed as controls at 14 days. When rats were sacrificed, plasma and portions of the kidneys were removed and frozen; other portions of kidney tissue were fixed and prepared for histology. Compared with normal chow and safflower oil, fish oil attenuated collagen deposition, macrophage infiltration, TGF‐β expression, apoptosis, and tissue levels of arachidonic acid, MIP‐1α, IL‐1β, MCP‐1 and leukotriene B₄. Compared with normal chow, fish oil increased the expression of HO‐1 protein in kidney tissue. Conclusions: Fish oil intake reduced inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress following obstructive renal injury.     

Chemical composition and nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate from leucaena leucocephala

Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was prepared from Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM). The recovery of LPC was 7.6 % and analysis showed that the LPC contained 65.91 % crude protein compared with 29.15 % of the LLM, ash content was 17.56% while levels of essential amino acids-lysine, histidine, arginine, isoleucine and leucine—were 5.57, 2.34, 5.88, 5.42 and 10.8% on a dry matter basis, respectively. The LPC had higher in-vivo digestibility than the LLM with values being 63.20 and 48.82%, respectively. The LPC diet supported growth in rats but gave lower nutritive indices than the control diet of soya bean and Guinea corn.     

Effect of flavonol glycoside in mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf on glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in liver in diet‐induced obese mice

BACKGROUND: Mulberry therapies on type 2 diabetic patients or streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats have been reported to improve fasting blood glucose levels. We investigated the effects of dietary consumption of mulberry‐leaf powder and purified quercetin 3‐(6‐malonylglucoside), the quantitatively major flavonol glycoside in mulberry leaves, on glucose and lipid metabolism in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks were assigned to three groups (control, mulberry leaf powder (MLP), and quercetin 3‐(6‐malonylglucoside) (Q3MG)) and treated with their respective diets for 8 weeks. RESULTS: We found that dietary supplementation of 10 g MLP kg^?1 or 1 g Q3MG kg^?1 in high‐fat diet effectively suppressed blood glucose levels. We also noted increased expression of glycolysis‐related genes and suppression of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations in the liver of Q3MG group compared to control mice. CONCLUSION: Dietary consumption of Q3MG, the quantitatively major flavonol glycoside in mulberry leaves, improved hyperglycemia in obese mice and reduced oxidative stress in the liver. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

超微粉碎对山楂不溶性膳食纤维降血脂作用的研究

目的:研究超微粉后山楂不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）对高血脂症小鼠血脂水平的影响。方法:以昆明小鼠为实验动物,分别给各剂量组饲料中添加5%、8%、12%剂量的山楂不溶性膳食纤维粗粉和超微粉,正常对照组饲喂基础饲料,高脂模型组饲喂高脂饲料;40d后测定小鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）和肝脏TC、TG水平。结果:山楂不溶性膳食纤维经超微粉后,在降低高血脂症小鼠血清TC、TG、AI、LCI水平及肝脏TC、TG水平,效果均优于粗粉。此外,山楂不溶性膳食纤维超微粉还能显著降低高血脂小鼠的LDL-C水平（p<0.05）,粗粉则无此功效。结论:超微粉后山楂不溶性膳食纤维的降血脂效果更好。      

Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on maize‐based diets supplemented with mimosa tannins and a microbial enzyme

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tannin (0, 5, 15, 20 and 25 g kg^?1 diet) and a microbial enzyme supplement (MES) on the feed consumption, body growth and digestive physiology of broiler chickens between hatch and 22 days of age. Feed intake, body weight and body weight gain declined (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary tannin content. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (p < 0.001) in line with dietary tannin level, up to 15 g kg^?1 diet. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on the protein content of pancreatic tissue or activities of pancreatic and jejunal enzymes. The ileal digestibilities of energy, protein, arginine, alanine and leucine were reduced (p < 0.001) as dietary tannin level rose to 20 g kg^?1 diet and beyond. The digestibilities of methionine and phenylalanine were also negatively affected (p < 0.01) at the highest level of dietary tannins, while phosphorus digestion was improved (p < 0.05) on diets containing tannin. Apart from an increase (p < 0.01) in the protein content of the jejunal mucosa of birds on the diet with 20 g tannin kg^?1 diet, there were no significant effects of the MES on most of the variables assessed. The results demonstrate the negative effects of tannin, especially at high levels of inclusion in the diet. However, neither tannins nor MES influenced the activities of digestive enzymes assessed, suggesting that a wider range of factors may be involved in regulating the effects of tannins on poultry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry