3种不同培养基对斜生栅藻生长和油脂积累的影响

以斜生栅藻FACHB-12为原料,采用BG11、F/2和SE 3种培养基对其培养。通过对生物量、生长速率、油脂含量、油脂组分以及脂肪酸组成的测定,比较不同培养基对斜生栅藻生长和油脂积累的影响。结果表明:BG11培养基更有利于斜生栅藻的生长,而F/2培养基更适合油脂以及中性脂的积累;斜生栅藻在BG11培养基中比生长速率为0.095,培养15 d生物量为0.36 g/L,叶绿素a含量达到1.23 mg/L;而在F/2培养基中油脂含量可达细胞干重的24.75%,其中中性脂占总脂的36.64%,产率达0.98 mg/(L·d);并且在F/2培养基中斜生栅藻脂肪酸组成以C16∶0和C18∶1为主,含量分别占总脂肪酸的25.84%和54.47%,更适合作为制备生物柴油的原料。     

培养条件对丝状微藻克里藻生长与亚油酸合成的影响

为开发亚油酸生产新资源,对筛选获得的一株丝状微藻克里藻,考察培养基氮浓度、培养基磷浓度、光强、培养温度和环境pH对其生长、氮消耗、油脂含量和油脂脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明：培养基氮浓度对克里藻生长没有明显影响,但高氮不利于油脂和不饱和脂肪酸的合成;培养基磷浓度过低会抑制细胞生长,过高对细胞有毒害作用;适当提高光强有利于细胞生长,但对细胞内油脂含量影响不大,低光强培养有利于亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的合成;培养温度对克里藻生长与油脂积累影响不大,低温培养有利于亚油酸的合成;环境pH对细胞生长、油脂积累和亚油酸合成影响明显,pH 6.0～7.5的弱酸-中性条件下细胞生长最快,油脂含量更高;控制初始氮浓度3～6 mmol/L、磷浓度0.115～0.230 mmol/L、光强100～300μmol/(m²·s)、培养温度15～30℃、环境pH 7.5左右,克里藻细胞可积累42%左右的油脂,油脂中亚油酸含量在65%～75%。综上,丝状微藻克里藻是一种有潜力的亚油酸生产新资源。     

高产虾青素的雨生红球藻胁迫条件和中试研究

探究雨生红球藻在不同培养条件和规模下积累虾青素的情况,结果表明在缺氮、光强6 000~8 000Lux、装液量100 m L/500 m L三角瓶的条件下虾青素含量可达藻细胞干重的(4.20±0.19)%,质量浓度为(59.23±2.13)mg/L。平板式光照生物反应器中试实验表明,绿色营养阶段在室内和半室外培养时,培养液中的生物量可达到0.88 g/L与1.04 g/L,进入稳定期前生产率分别为0.048 5 g/(L·d)和0.057 1 g/(L·d),红色胁迫阶段在半室外的培养条件下生物量可达到1.17 g/L,藻细胞中虾青素含量为1.49%,单位体积虾青素产量为17.49 mg/L,虾青素生产率为1.05 mg/(L·d)。     

氮、磷源及海盐对微茫藻细胞生长和油脂积累的影响

为研究营养成分对一株淡水富油微茫藻(Micractinium reisseri)细胞生长和油脂积累的影响.以BG11为基础培养基,分别考察了氮源、磷浓度及海盐浓度的影响.实验结果表明,氯化铵为微茫藻细胞生长和油脂积累的最适氮源,以其为氮源时,微茫藻的油脂产量是原培养基中以硝酸钠为氮源时的1.6倍,缺氮培养条件下,微茫藻细胞油脂含量最高,但生物量较低;培养基中的磷浓度为80mg/L时,微茫藻总脂产量达到最高,为原培养基中磷浓度(40mg/L)时的1.4倍;添加适量海盐能够促进微茫藻的生长,同时该株微茫藻可以耐受比较高的海盐浓度(20g/L),其最适生长和油脂积累的海盐浓度为10g/L,在此浓度下,其总脂产量最高,是未添加海盐时的2.5倍.     

淡水绿藻在培养基中生长及油脂积累研究

为筛选出最适合进行油脂生产的藻株及其较适生长和油脂积累的培养基,采用柱状光生物反应器进行一次性培养,对微藻Tetranephrisbrasiliensis DL12、Ankistrodesmusgracilis CJ09、Ankistrodesmus sp.CJ02及Desmodesmussubspicatus WC01在4种常用淡水绿藻培养基BG11、3N-BBM、SE及TAP中的生长和油脂积累进行研究。结果表明:3N-BBM有利于微藻的生长和生物量的积累,BG11有利于微藻细胞内油脂的积累;16组培养试验中,Tetranephrisbrasiliensis DL12在3N-BBM中的生物量产率((257.65±45.52)mg/(L·d))和油脂产率((80.34±14.19)mg/(L·d))最高,Ankistrodesmusgracilis CJ09在BG11中的油脂含量(42.72%±0.60%)最高。Tetranephrisbrasiliensis DL12最具油脂生产潜力,其最适生长和油脂积累的培养基为3N-BBM。     

佐夫色绿藻高产虾青素的诱导条件及发酵工艺优化

本研究了不同诱导条件及光发酵罐培养工艺对混养佐夫色绿藻的影响,通过参数优化提高了藻细胞生物量和虾青素积累量.本研究首先系统地比较了在摇瓶系统中不同混合碳源和过氧化氢浓度对佐夫色绿藻的生长和虾青素积累的影响,并在光发酵罐中研究了恒定高光强、低光强-高光强以及低光强-高光强-补加过氧化氢三种不同发酵工艺对佐夫色绿藻积累虾青...     

不同培养条件对缺刻叶球藻的生长和油脂、花生四烯酸积累的影响

为了提高缺刻叶球藻的花生四烯酸(AA)产量,分别研究了不同光强、初始氮浓度及更换培养基的方式对缺刻叶球藻的生长和油脂、AA积累的影响。结果表明:同等光强下,高氮条件更有利于生物量的积累,但总脂含量和AA含量较低。在双侧高光的基础上更换培养基后,最高生物量增至7.36 g/L(高氮换高氮),最高总脂含量和AA含量分别达到47.74%和6.18%(低氮换无氮)。对比发现,高氮换高氮最有利于缺刻叶球藻的生长,但AA产率相对低,仅为7.0 mg/(L·d),而高氮换无氮、低氮换低氮、低氮换无氮3种更换方式均能提高AA产率,产率分别为14.0、15.3、17.0 mg/(L·d)。研究表明,缺刻叶球藻是生产AA的潜力藻株。     

培养条件对湛江等鞭金藻生长和油脂产率的影响

为提高微藻油脂产率和优化培养条件,以湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)为研究对象,探讨了营养方式、光强和NaNO_3浓度对微藻生长和产物积累的影响以及培养过程中氮消耗与微藻生长间的关系。结果表明,湛江等鞭金藻生长越快,对氮的吸收越多,兼养较光自养和光异养消耗更多的氮以满足生长需要。充足的氮源和兼养培养条件下,蛋白质积累较多;氮浓度和光强较低条件下,油脂积累较多。光强为100μmol/(m2·s)、NaNO_3质量浓度为75 mg/L、光异养条件下油脂含量最高为46%,生物量质量浓度为0. 46 g/L;光强为100μmol/(m2·s)、NaNO_3质量浓度为750 mg/L、兼养培养时生物量质量浓度最高为2. 20 g/L,油脂含量为32. 77%。综合考虑油脂产率和节约成本等因素,湛江等鞭金藻最高油脂产率80. 06 mg/(L·d),在光强为100μmol/(m2·s)、NaNO_3质量浓度为375 mg/L、兼养培养条件下获得,此时多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸含量也较高(30. 82%),因此是生产微藻油脂的合适条件。     

氮源、光照对缺刻缘绿藻总脂、花生四烯酸和色素积累的影响

以缺刻缘绿藻(Parietochloris incisa)为试验材料,采用差量法、超声波萃取法、气相质谱仪分析法和分光光度法等方法,研究了氮源和光照强度对缺刻源绿藻生长、总脂、花生四烯酸和色素含量变化的影响。结果表明:无氮源,35μmol photons/(m2·s)低光强下可降低缺刻源绿藻的生长速度和生物量。而在有氮源、280μmol photons/(m2·s)高光强下,缺刻源绿藻的生物量达到最大值,为7.23 g/L。无氮源、光强度均能不同程度的提高藻细胞总脂肪及花生四烯酸的含量,且在无氮源、280μmol photons/(m2·s)高光强条件下油脂量最高,约为38.02%,在缺氮源、135μmol photons/(m2·s)中光强条件下花生四烯酸含量最高,约为16.10%。色素含量在缺氮条件下随着光强的上升而下降,在有氮源、135μmol photons/(m2·s)中光强条件下达到最大值,约为150.00 mg/L。类胡萝卜素含量无论是在有氮源还是无氮源培养基中,135μmol photons/(m2·s)中光强条件均较高。     

发菜细胞在不同润湿性的固体基质上生长情况的研究

选取三种不同润湿性的固体材料:粗沙、PA6和玻璃渣作为培养基质,分别以水、BG11(含氮)和BG110(不含氮)作培养液,通过测定发菜细胞的生物量变化及胞外多糖含量来确定最优培养条件。实验结果表明,在培养足够长的时间下,以BG110作培养液,润湿性适宜的粗沙作固体培养基质较为适宜。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌mcr-1基因携带及分析

目的 了解在农业农村部禁止使用多黏菌素作为动物促生长使用后四川部分地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌（E.coli）mcr-1基因的携带情况,为制定进一步防控措施提供依据。方法 采集四川部分地区市场售卖点肉鸡直肠拭子,用含有多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的EC肉汤增菌接种含多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的麦康凯平板,挑取可疑菌落,采用PCR方法鉴定菌株并检测mcr-1基因;微量肉汤稀释法测定mcr-1基因阳性菌株对临床常见抗菌药物耐药情况。脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对mcr-1基因阳性菌株进行同源分析。耐药基因质粒结合实验验证mcr-1基因传播途径。结果 从70份肉鸡样本中的13份检出mcr-1基因阳性大肠埃希氏菌,检出率18.57%（13/70）,对实验的13种抗生素,除13株mcr-1阳性菌株对头孢西丁有12株敏感以外,对其他抗生素都表现出不同程度的耐药,其中四环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑耐药率最高,达到了100%（13/13）;其次是氨苄西林和氯霉素,耐药率为84.62%（11/13）。PFGE显示13株mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌分属13个不同的型别;质粒结合实验显示mcr-1基因能够通过质粒传播。结论 mcr-1基因在鸡大肠内大肠杆菌中检测率比较高,且鸡大肠中mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌的耐药情况比较严重。     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.     

Comparison of the most odour-active volatiles in different hop varieties by application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis

Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis on the volatiles isolated from five different hops (Hallertau Perle, Hallertau Hersbrucker Spät, Slowenian Golding, Hallertau Smaragd, US Cascade) revealed linalool and myrcene with the highest Flavour Dilution (FD)-factors in all varieties, followed by 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 3-methylbutanoic acid and geraniol. Some odourants, however, showed high FD-factors only in certain varieties, for example, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-one and germacrene B in Hersbrucker Spät, (3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene in Hersbrucker Spät and Cascade and nonanal in Cascade. The overall odour profile of the Cascade sample clearly differed from the other varietes, and was dominated by a black currant like odour note. The identification experiments revealed 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, so far unknown as hop constituent, as key contributor to this odour. In addition, an odour-active undecatetraene was present, in particular, in Perle and Cascade. Synthesis and structural assignment of the four stereoisomers of (3E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene allowed the identification of the fresh, pineapple-like smelling compound as (3E,5Z,9E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene. Among the four isomers synthesised, this compound showed by far the lowest odour threshold of 0.01 ng/L in air.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests

Phosphine resistance positively contributes towards an individual's fitness under phosphine fumigation. However, phosphine resistance may place resistant individuals at a fitness disadvantage in the absence of this fumigant, which can be exploited to halt or slow down the spread of resistance. This study aimed to determine if there is a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance in populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) and the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)). The developmental rate and population growth of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of these three species of stored-product insects were therefore determined under phosphine-free environment. The majority of the phosphine-resistant populations exhibited lower developmental and population growth rates than the susceptible populations indicating that phosphine resistance is associated with fitness cost in all three species, which can potentially compromise the fixation and dispersal of the resistant genotypes. Nonetheless, some phosphine-resistant populations did not show a fitness cost. Therefore, resistance management strategies based on suppression of phosphine use aiming at eventual reestablishment of phosphine susceptibility and subsequent reintroduction of this fumigant will be useful only for insect populations exhibiting a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance. Therefore recognition of the prevailing phosphine-resistant genotypes in a region is important to direct the management tactics to be adopted.