混合导电体型氧透膜材料的研究

研究了具有氧离子导电性和电子导电性的钴系钙钛矿型复合氧化物混合导电体材料中氧的选择性透过能力,考察了该体系中 A 位低价金属离子置换量、置换金属离子的种类及 B 位置换金属离子的种类对氧的透过率的影响.结果表明:改变钙钛矿型复合氧化物的组成,提高材料中氧空位浓度和氧离子导电率,有利于提高氧离子的扩散速度,即提高氧的透过率和降低氧透过的起始温度.将钙钛矿型复合氧化物混合导电体氧透膜与固体电解质氧透膜进行了比较,前者具有结构简单的优点,有希望成为一种新型高温氧分离膜介质材料.     

直接甲醇燃料电池用磷酸掺杂PAN复合膜的研究

本文研究了聚丙烯腈-磷酸(PAN-xH3PO4)复合质子交换膜的结构、聚合物与酸之间的相互作用、甲醇渗透性能以及质子导电性能。结果表明。PAN-xH3PO4复合膜与Nation膜的甲醇渗透率相差不大。但是比聚丙烯腈膜的甲醇渗透率高两个数量级左右，而且随甲醇浓度增加而增加；PAN-xH3PO4复合膜具有较好的质子导电能力。电导率随频率(时间)的变化很小，其质子导电性能主要依赖于聚合物与酸的相互作用。     

导电聚合物基抗菌复合材料的合成及生物医用研究进展

以聚吡咯、聚噻吩和聚苯胺为代表的导电聚合物具有优异的导电特性和良好的生物相容性,在生物医学工程、临床医学等领域中有着广泛的应用。由导电聚合物与抗菌剂复合而成的导电聚合物基抗菌复合材料,有助于改善导电聚合物的抗菌性能,降低细菌感染的风险,避免导电聚合物优异的电学性质被细菌生物膜掩盖。本文总结了导电聚合物基抗菌复合材料的研究进展,重点介绍了这类复合材料的抗菌机制、合成策略以及在生物医学工程中的应用现状,最后展望了导电聚合物基抗菌复合材料的发展前景。     

基于聚氧化乙烯的复合型离子导电电解质的研究进展与展望

复合型离子导电聚合物电解质材料是一种以有机聚合物为主要基体且具备离子导电能力的多相功能复合材料,它是由聚合物材料与各种导电物质以均匀分散混合、层叠复合等方式制备而成.复合型离子导电聚合物电解质在电致变色玻璃、锂离子电池、膜燃料电池、超级电容器、传感器等许多领域都具有广阔的应用前景,近年来引起了人们的高度关注.综述分析了基于聚氧化乙烯的复合型离子导电电解质的基质材料、纳米无机改性填料、纳米分子筛改性填料、盐种类与浓度对PEO基聚合物电解质影响、聚合物电解质常用表征方法等方面的最新研究进展,并对该领域今后的研究工作做了展望.     

导电聚合物固定酶生物传感器研究进展

导电聚合物具有良好的导电性,已成为一种酶固定的良好载体.主要综述了近年导电聚合物固定酶生物传感器,特别是导电聚合物固定酶方面所涌现出的新技术和新结构,如溶胶-凝胶技术、丝网印刷技术、纳米技术,以及多层结构、微电极、复合结构等,并指出了导电聚合物固定酶生物传感器今后的发展方向.     

聚合物基MOFs复合材料的制备及应用

金属有机骨架化合物(MOFs,配位聚合物)主要是由金属离子与有机配体通过自组装作用而形成的一种有机无机多孔配合物,它具有结构可调、孔隙率高以及比表面积大等特点,在生物医药、传感、气体分离膜等方面有着广泛的应用,但单一的MOFs材料也有一定的缺点,如稳定性差、机械强度低等。为了改善其缺点,一些研究者将MOFs材料与无机物、有机物复合,在改善MOFs材料缺陷的同时扩宽它的应用范围,本文重点阐述了MOFs材料与聚合物的复合研究进展。本文根据MOFs材料的命名、组分单元和合成方法的不同将MOFs分为以下几类,如网状金属有机骨架材料(IRMOFs)、类沸石咪唑酯骨架材料(ZIFs)、莱瓦希尔骨架材料(MILs)、孔/通道式骨架材料(PCNs)等;归纳了聚合物基MOFs复合材料常用的两种制备方法,即物理共混法和原位法;总结了聚合物与MOFs间的复合方式,主要有非共价键复合和共价键复合。非共价键复合包括氢键、范德华力、静电作用等;共价键复合主要是氨基与羧基间的复合。在非共价键复合和共价键复合中都有氢键的作用,并且通过共价键可以使聚合物和MOFs材料更好地复合,从而使聚合物基MOFs复合材料更加稳定,应用更加广泛。最后介绍了聚合物基MOFs复合材料在生物医药、传感、气体分离膜等方面的应用现状,并对聚合物基MOFs复合材料的发展趋势进行了展望,主要包括复合材料的复合方式、复合材料的结构调控,以及复合材料在其他领域的应用。希望本文能为聚合物基MOFs复合材料方面的研究提供一定的指导与借鉴。     

碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维的合成与表征

为实现碳纳米管在树脂内形成一体化导电网络，从而制备出透明导电性能最优的有机透明导电涂层，必须把导电性的碳纳米管纤维在树脂内有效地组装成一体化导电结构网络。本文报道运用在树脂内可以自组装的导电苯胺来实现碳纳米管纤维自组装的方法．合成出了导电聚苯胺纳米薄膜均匀包覆的碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维．并运用透射电镜、傅立叶红外光谱以及四探针法表面电阻测试仪对合成出的具有精细微观结构的纳米复合纤维进行了表征．发现合成出了理想的碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维，并且其导电性较碳纳米管和导电聚苯胺自身都有大幅度的提高。这种特殊结构的纳米复合纤维的制备为组装高性能的聚合物基透明导电涂层奠定了坚实基础，而且这种自组装方法为各种纳米纤维的组装提供了可能。     

聚合物复合电解质的界面结构与控制

本文主要讨论了聚合物固体电解质与聚合物、增塑剂和无机物等复合形成的多相聚合物复合电解质中 ,界面结构对离子电导率和机械性能的影响。指出选择适当的改性剂及复合方法 ,控制界面的结构和形态 ,形成尽可能多的高导电的界面 ,是获得电导率高和机械性能良好的聚合物固体电解质的有效途径。     

聚合物分离膜的表界面工程

聚合物分离膜材料的表界面工程主要着眼点在于:运用表面改性和功能化方法提高传统聚合物分离膜材料的服役性能,赋予其表面不同于本体的结构特征,建立构筑聚合物分离膜材料表面选择性分离层的新途径,阐明膜表面结构与性能之间的关系,实现聚合物分离膜材料的高品质化与多功能化.本文就聚丙烯微滤膜的仿生修饰与仿生矿化以及薄层复合纳滤膜选择性皮层的"可控"构造择要进行了总结和再思考.所介绍的仿生修饰与仿生矿化方法同样可被用于其它聚合物乃至无机分离膜的表面改性与功能化,基于贻贝仿生化学的聚多巴胺及其系列共沉积涂层可用作薄层复合膜的选择性皮层,或用于界面聚合薄层复合膜的中间层,在一定程度上调控界面聚合,获得一类超薄选择性皮层的高通量水处理纳滤膜.     

具有功能特性的聚合物LB膜的研究进展

综述了Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｂｌｏｄｇｅｔｔ膜的发展及应用前景，重点介绍了含光功基团的聚合物ＬＢ膜、导电聚合物ＬＢ膜和液晶型聚合物ＬＢ膜等三类功能化聚合物ＬＢ膜的特点，理论意义和应用前景。     

磺化聚酰亚胺类质子导电材料的研究进展

Nafion等全氟磺酸膜由于寿命长,导电性能优越,迄今仍是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)中性能最为优越的电解质,但其价格昂贵,难以大规模推广应用于民用产品。开发低成本的新型质子交换膜具有十分重要的意义。近年来新型质子交换膜的研究涉及新的离聚物、用于控制形态及保水能力的纳米有机无机复合膜以及碱性聚合物与舍氧酸的复合物等。同时磺化非氟聚合物多年来也一直得到人们的广泛关注。综述了磺化聚酰亚胺用于质子导电材料的研究进展,讨论了各种不同磺化二胺体系的独特优势以及存在的问题。     

无机多孔分离膜的若干新进展

简要评述多孔分离膜的研究现状，并展望其未来．集中介绍了微滤膜、超滤膜、纳滤膜和分子筛膜的若干新进展，并综述陶瓷膜在烟气除尘、收尘等气固分离方面的应用与前景．     

Electrochemically-aided membrane separation and catalytic processes

Electrochemically driven membrane separations and catalytic processes are interesting research areas which have, to date, received relatively little attention. Research into electrically-aided membrane separation and catalytic processes is currently being carried out in South Africa. The research objective is the development and characterisation of novel composite materials based on solid polyelectrolytes (SPE), containing nanoparticles of catalytically active metals, such as Pt, Ir or Pd, distributed within the polymeric matrices. An example of such an SPE matrix is a perfluorinated ion-exchange membrane. The novel composite materials (in fact, membranes) are both ionically and electronically conductive due to the presence of the metal nanoparticles. The application of potentials to conducting membranes results in the enhancement of catalytic activity as well as the selectivity of separations. The membranes based on SPE can be used for the catalytic processing of petrochemical mixtures, water treatment (disinfection, nitrate removal, etc.), oxygen, hydrogen and ozone generation, and electrically enhanced gas and vapour separations. In this paper Dr Dmitri Bessarabov briefly outlines the current status of the research, available technology and discusses challenges and possible applications.     

醋酸纤维素类渗透功能膜的研究进展

随着膜法水处理技术的迅猛发展,对渗透功能膜制备及应用技术的要求日益提高。与常规渗透膜制备所采用的主流膜材料聚酰胺相比,醋酸纤维素(CA)及其衍生物由于兼具无可比拟的资源优势和独特的耐氧化性等优势而备受关注。围绕醋酸纤维素类渗透膜在纳滤、反渗透和正渗透等领域的应用,简要介绍了该类膜材料的制备方法和改性方法,回顾了其在海水淡化、油水分离、重金属脱除、手性分离等领域的应用进展,并在分析醋酸纤维素类渗透膜产品在应用领域的技术和性能优势的基础上,指出了醋酸纤维素类渗透膜进一步发展需要重点关注的研究方向。     

分离膜表面接枝制备刺激响应性膜研究进展

刺激响应性分离膜的制备及研究是近年来的热点,其在生物传感器、选择性分离、药物可控释放等领域具有广阔的应用前景。文中综述了等离子处理引发接枝,紫外光引发接枝,化学热引发接枝和可控活性接枝等四种主要的接枝方法在高分子分离膜表面的接枝改性研究进展,主要围绕具有刺激响应性功能的分离膜的制备研究进行介绍,对存在的问题进行了讨论,并阐述了刺激响应性分离膜的发展方向。     

Microstructural Engineering and Architectural Design of Metal–Organic Framework Membranes

In the past decade, a huge development in rational design, synthesis, and application of molecular sieve membranes, which typically included zeolites, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and graphene oxides, has been witnessed. Owing to high flexibility in both pore apertures and functionality, MOFs in the form of membranes have offered unprecedented opportunities for energy‐efficient gas separations. Reports on the fabrication of well‐intergrown MOF membranes first appeared in 2009. Since then there has been tremendous growth in this area along with an exponential increase of MOF‐membrane‐related publications. In order to compete with other separation and purification technologies, like cryogenic distillation, pressure swing adsorption, and chemical absorption, separation performance (including permeability, selectivity, and long‐term stability) of molecular sieve membranes must be further improved in an attempt to reach an economically attractive region. Therefore, microstructural engineering and architectural design of MOF membranes at mesoscopic and microscopic levels become indispensable. This review summarizes some intriguing research that may potentially contribute to large‐scale applications of MOF membranes in the future.     

Microstructural and Interfacial Designs of Oxygen‐Permeable Membranes for Oxygen Separation and Reaction–Separation Coupling

Mixed ionic–electronic conducting oxygen‐permeable membranes can rapidly separate oxygen from air with 100% selectivity and low energy consumption. Combining reaction and separation in an oxygen‐permeable membrane reactor significantly simplifies the technological scheme and reduces the process energy consumption. Recently, materials design and mechanism investigations have provided insight into the microstructural and interfacial effects. The microstructures of the membrane surfaces and bulk are closely related to the interfacial oxygen exchange kinetics and bulk diffusion kinetics. Therefore, the permeability and stability of oxygen‐permeable membranes with a single‐phase structure and a dual‐phase structure can be adjusted through their microstructural and interfacial designs. Here, recent advances in the development of oxygen permeation models that provide a deep understanding of the microstructural and interfacial effects, and strategies to simultaneously improve the permeability and stability through microstructural and interfacial design are discussed in detail. Then, based on the developed high‐performance membranes, highly effective membrane reactors for process intensification and new technology developments are highlighted. The new membrane reactors will trigger innovations in natural gas conversion, ammonia synthesis, and hydrogen‐related clean energy technologies. Future opportunities and challenges in the development of oxygen‐permeable membranes for oxygen separation and reaction–separation coupling are also explored.     

本征型聚酰亚胺膜气体分离性能的研究进展

包装内环境气氛对产品 的性能具有重要的影响。选择合适的包装材料,控制包装内环境气氛的成分与含量,可有效延长产品的储存时间与使用寿命。为了实现良好的包装内环境气氛控制效果,包装材料需具备合适的气体分离性能。聚酰亚胺因其优异的气体分离性能、热稳定性和结构可设计性等特点受到关注,但气体渗透-选择性的平衡问题限制了其广泛应用。梳理了聚酰亚胺气体分离膜性能的研究进展,重点阐述了如何通过分子结构设计实现聚酰亚胺致密膜与微孔膜的性能调控,并对聚酰亚胺基气体分离膜材料的发展进行了展望。     

Life cycle assessment of membrane-based carbon capture and storage

Many investigations have conducted life cycle assessments (LCA) of the most commonly discussed routes of carbon capture and storage (CCS): post-combustion with amine wash separation; oxyfuel using cryogenic air separation and pre-combustion by integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) using physical separation. A research alliance developed corresponding separation systems using different types of membranes to allow a more energy efficient separation process: polyactive polymeric membranes for post-combustion, ceramic membranes for oxyfuel and metallic membranes for IGCC separation. By conducting an LCA, the study examines the actual greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts of the new membrane separation technologies, together with concepts implementing the more common technologies. The reference systems represent today’s state-of-the-art supercritical coal fired power plant in Germany, together with a more advanced ultra-supercritical plant operating at 700 °C without CO₂ capture. The results demonstrate that among the three reference power plants the IGCC is the superior concept due to the highest efficiency. Regarding climate change, the IGCC power plants with CO₂ capture are still the best concepts. When other environmental impacts are considered, the capture technologies are inferior. The membrane concepts show the overall better results in comparison to the conventional capture technologies. The environmental impacts for membrane applications add a new range of findings to the field of CCS LCAs. Now the results for several different approaches can be compared directly for the first time.     

ZrO2、SiO2改性对Al2O3薄膜的影响

Al2O3薄膜的应用近年受到很大的关注，它在过滤和分离等领域内具有极大的应用前景，但就其本身而言，仍存在一些不足之处。本文用Sol-Gel法制备了掺杂ZrO2、SiO2的改性Al2O3薄膜，并通过SEM、XRD等方法进行了表征。实验表明，掺杂后能提高Al2O3薄膜的化学稳定性和延缓烧结过程中的相变，使薄膜的性能得到提高。