严重事故管理导则入口条件研究

严重事故管理导则的入口是从电厂应急运行规程(EOP)向严重事故管理导则(SAMG)转换的条件,也是严重事故缓解行动的重要依据。本文选取失去四级电源导致的典型高压熔堆序列以及大破口失水事故(LLOCA)导致的典型低压熔堆序列,根据严重事故堆芯剧烈氧化机理,得出了燃料温度、氢气产生速率及产氢量、入口集管过冷度以及慢化剂液位的关系。结果表明入口集管过冷度小于0且持续十几分钟,同时慢化剂系统的状态指示慢化剂液位低于6 900mm,可以作为严重事故管理的入口条件。最后,阐述了目前电厂EOP向SAMG转换的机制,并提出了改进的意见。     

Overview of plant specific severe accident management strategies for Kozloduy nuclear power plant,WWER-1000/320

This paper focuses on the fourth level of the defence in depth concept in nuclear safety, including the transitions from the third level and into the fifth level. The use of the severe accident management guideline (SAMG) is required when an accident situation is not handled adequately through the use of emergency operating procedures (EOP), thus leading to a partial or a total core melt. In the EOPs, the priority is to save the fuel, whereas, in the SAMG, the priority is to save the containment. Actions recommended in the SAMG aim at limiting the risk of radiologically significant radioactive releases in the short- and mid-term (a few hours to a few days). The paper describes basic severe accident management requirements related to nuclear power plant (NPP), specified by the IAEA and in Republic of Bulgaria Nuclear Legislation. It also surveys plant specific severe accident management (SAM) strategies for the Kozloduy NPP, equipped with WWER-1000 type reactors.     

“华龙一号”征兆导向应急事故规程开发

In order to compensate for the defects of event-oriented emergency procedure (EOP) and state-oriented emergency procedure (SOP), HPR1000 nuclear power technology takes the advantages of the two operation procedures. Considering probabilistic safety analysis (PSA), a new symptom based emergency operating procedures (SEOP) through a large number of operation analysis supporting calculations is established. As an example, the operator actions during steam line break accident guided by SEOP is studied and compared with EOP and SOP. The results show that SEOP can deal with the accident rapidly and directly and can defend multi-accidents. The accident identification and mitigation measures are reasonable and effective. It can make full use of HPR1000 active and passive safety systems to deal with accidents, give full play to the design advantages of the safety system, and enhance the safety level of HPR1000. The principle, methodology and technique of the development can be used in the procedure development for the similar plant and can be used as a reference to improve the procedures for nuclear power plants in service.     

“华龙一号”征兆导向应急事故规程开发

为了弥补事故导向应急事故规程（EOP）和状态导向应急事故规程（SOP）的缺陷，“华龙一号”核电技术将两者优势相结合。借鉴概率安全分析（PSA），通过大量的运行分析支持性计算，形成全新的征兆导向应急事故规程（SEOP）。以主蒸汽管道破裂事故为例，进行了SEOP引导下的典型事故应用研究及其与EOP和SOP的对比。结果表明，SEOP具有迅速直接处理事故以及较强的叠加事故应对能力，事故判断和缓解措施有效、可靠，能够合理调用能动加非能动安全系统应对事故，充分发挥了“华龙一号”安全系统设计优势，进一步提升了“华龙一号”的安全水平。SEOP开发过程所形成的思路、方法、技术体系，可用于同类核电厂的事故应急规程开发，并可为现役核电厂规程的改进提供借鉴。      

Current status and technical description of Chinese 2 × 250 MWth HTR-PM demonstration plant

After the nuclear accidents of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl the world nuclear community made great efforts to increase research on nuclear reactors and to develop advanced nuclear power plants with much improved safety features. Following the successful construction and a most gratifying operation of the 10 MW_th high-temperature gas-cooled test reactor (HTR-10), the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET) of Tsinghua University has developed and designed an HTR demonstration plant, called the HTR-PM (high-temperature-reactor pebble-bed module). The design, having jointly been carried out with industry partners from China and in collaboration of experts worldwide, closely follows the design principles of the HTR-10.Due to intensive engineering and R&D efforts since 2001, the basic design of the HTR-PM has been finished while all main technical features have been fixed. A Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) has been compiled.The HTR-PM plant will consist of two nuclear steam supply system (NSSS), so called modules, each one comprising of a single zone 250 MW_th pebble-bed modular reactor and a steam generator. The two NSSS modules feed one steam turbine and generate an electric power of 210 MW.A pilot fuel production line will be built to fabricate 300,000 pebble fuel elements per year. This line is closely based on the technology of the HTR-10 fuel production line.The main goals of the project are two-fold. Firstly, the economic competitiveness of commercial HTR-PM plants shall be demonstrated. Secondly, it shall be shown that HTR-PM plants do not need accident management procedures and will not require any need for offsite emergency measures.According to the current schedule of the project the completion date of the demonstration plant will be around 2013. The reactor site has been evaluated and approved; the procurement of long-lead components has already been started.After the successful operation of the demonstration plant, commercial HTR-PM plants are expected to be built at the same site. These plants will comprise many NSSS modules and, correspondingly, a larger turbine.     

Development of a software tool for the analysis and verification of emergency operating procedures through the integrated simulation of plant and operators actions

Probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) includes operator actions as elements in the set of the considered protection performances during accident sequences. Nevertheless, its impact throughout a sequence is not usually analyzed dynamically. In this sense, it is convenient to make a more detailed analysis about its importance in the dynamics of the sequences, allowing for sensitivity studies with respect to human reliability and response times. For this reason, new developments in simulation software must be able to incorporate operator actions in conventional thermalhydraulic simulations. In this paper, we present one of these new tools, the TRETA/TIZONA–COPMA III coupled codes, which can be used for evaluating the impact in the final plant state of the execution by operators of procedures and the evaluation of the available times for the manual actions of the operators. This software tool consists of a closed-loop plant/operator simulator: a thermalhydraulic code for simulating the plant transient (TRETA for PWR NPPs and TIZONA for BWR NPPs) and the procedures processor (COPMA III) to simulate the operator actions requested by the procedures, both coupled by a data communication system which allows the information exchange (SWBus). The first pilot cases have been performed in order to analyze sequences initiated by secondary side breaks leading to loss of heat sink sequences in a PWR plant. These tests have been carried out using the real plant EOPs for COPMA-III and a PWR plant model for TRETA code. The results of these simulations are presented in this paper.     

核电厂SGTR规程优化研究

核电厂通过应急运行规程（EOP）来缓解蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故,SGTR事故分析结果显示,在缓解过程中操纵员开启稳压器卸压阀进行反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）降压后,安全注射（简称“安注”）流量大幅增加,导致稳压器水位大幅增加,可能存在潜在的危险。本文目的是为了更好地缓解SGTR事故,使事故缓解过程中稳压器水位不致上升过高,确保核电厂安全。通过对EOP缓解步骤进行优化,提前切除一列安注,并对优化后的EOP缓解事故过程进行分析计算,最终结果显示稳压器最高水位下降,减少了稳压器水位过高的风险,为后续核电厂规程的改进提供了依据。      

秦山第二核电厂乏燃料水池失去冷却后最短响应时间分析

全厂断电事故工况下,反应堆乏燃料水池冷却和处理系统存在较大的停运风险。为避免反应堆乏燃料水池失去冷却事故工况的进一步恶化,使用ORIGEN-S程序计算了不同状态下从乏燃料水池失去冷却到乏燃料组件裸露的最短时间。结果表明,在最恶劣工况下,乏燃料组件裸露的最短时间为79.2h,该结果也被用于制定秦山第二核电厂的应急响应行动计划。     

Power-operated relief valve stuck-open accident and recovery scenarios in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research integral system test facility

Four scaled small break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) tests simulating the pressurizer power-operated relief valves (PORVs) stuck-open accidents and the recovery actions in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) were performed at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) integral system test (IIST) facility. The objectives of this study are to verify the effectiveness of emergency operating procedure (EOP) and emergency core cooling system (ECCS) on reactor safety. The break sizes were volumetrically scaled down based on one and all three fully-opened PORVs which is equivalent to 0.23% and 0.69% hot leg flow area of the reference plant. The experimental results indicate that in case of high pressure injection (HPI) system failure, the rapid depressurization of the steam generators is proved to be an effective way in the depressurization of the reactor coolant system and the core cooling. In contrast, if only one HPI charging pump operates normally, which injected half (or minimum) flow rate of normal cooling water, the core cooling can be adequately provided without operating the secondary bleeding during PORV stuck-open transient. This paper also presents the scaling methods for the reduced-height, reduced-pressure (RHRP) IIST facility and the test conditions. The validity of the present scaling methodology is confirmed by the results from previous IIST counterpart tests and comparison of the present results with those of the tests performed at the full-height, full-pressure(FHFP) stuck-open tests.     

根据核电厂工况进行应急防护决策

介绍了美国核管会 (NRC)和国际原子能机构 (IAEA)有关在严重事故期间根据核电厂工况进行防护决策的方法 ,特别是制定核电厂应急行动水平、根据核电厂工况进行堆芯损坏评价、估计源项和确定防护行动的方法。为提高我国核电厂应急响应的有效性 ,提高在事故期间进行防护决策的科学性 ,建议我国应尽快掌握和研究制定核电厂应急行动水平、事故期间评价堆芯损坏和估计源项的方法学     

宁边5 MWe石墨堆核事故跨国紧急情况分析北大核心CSCD

朝鲜宁边地区有1座正在运行的5 MWe石墨反应堆。如果发生核事故,我国可能因放射性环境释放影响不得不采取应急响应行动,因此需要作出适当的应急准备。基于有限信息,从国际应急计划区和距离、切尔诺贝利核事故跨国应急实践两方面分析了宁边5 MWe石墨堆核事故跨国紧急情况。分析结果表明:我国领土不太可能在宁边5 MWe石墨堆应急计划区和应急距离以内;我国对其核事故跨国紧急情况的应急准备重点是当地食品和贸易限制。     

小型动力堆大破口事故下安全壳内气载放射性物质浓度计算

事故是压水堆固有属性之一,在众多导致核事故的初因事件中,大破口事故现象复杂,后果特别严重。基于此,本文以小型动力堆为研究对象,针对最重要的设计基准事故——大破口事故,计算了50、150、320满功率燃耗天冷端安注、双端安注条件下安全壳内放射性源项,并将部分计算结果与安全分析报告计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：假设合理、结果正确,对于保障反应堆运行安全、及时采取合理应急措施,意义重大。     

Combustion of Na2B4O7 + Mg + C to synthesis B4C powders

Boron carbide powder was fabricated by combustion synthesis (CS) method directly from mixed powders of borax (Na₂B₄O₇), magnesium (Mg) and carbon. The adiabatic temperature of the combustion reaction of Na₂B₄O₇ + 6 Mg + C was calculated. The control of the reactions was achieved by selecting reactant composition, relative density of powder compact and gas pressure in CS reactor. The effects of these different influential factors on the composition and morphologies of combustion products were investigated. The results show that, it is advantageous for more Mg/Na₂B₄O₇ than stoichiometric ratio in Na₂B₄O₇ + Mg + C system and high atmosphere pressure in the CS reactor to increase the conversion degree of reactants to end product. The final product with the minimal impurities’ content could be fabricated at appropriate relative density of powder compact. At last, boron carbide without impurities could be obtained after the acid enrichment and distilled water washing.     

Modelica仿真技术在气冷式微型反应堆中的应用

相比传统大型核电厂,微型反应堆各系统功能间紧密耦合且相互制约,传统的分专业解耦设计模式难以应对,需开展全范围的系统仿真。采用Modelica语言建立了气冷式微型反应堆的系统仿真模型,以未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态（ATWS）事故为例开展事故分析计算,并与专业堆芯安全分析结果对比,结果表明反应堆功率变化趋势较为一致,且ATWS事故后仅依靠堆芯温度升高引入的负反应性可实现停堆。本文研究方法为气冷式微型反应堆的全系统建模仿真打下了坚实基础,也为其他类型反应堆的系统建模仿真提供了很好的借鉴作用。      

福岛事故后大型先进压水堆安全发展探讨

对福岛事故进行分析,指出在没有厂外救援的情况下,堆芯和乏燃料需要长期完全非能动冷却。通过在AP1000基础上的改进和对新型非能动系统的研究,说明了大型先进压水堆可以实现长期完全非能动冷却,从而实现无需厂外应急的第IV代核电厂安全目标,这也是大型先进压水堆安全发展的方向。     

Modifications in SCDAP code for early phase degradation in a CANDU fuel channel

The existence of horizontal fuel channels surrounded by moderator in a CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor type constitutes the major feature which prevents the direct application to this reactor design of the severe accident physical models developed for PWR/BWRs. During a large loss of coolant accident (LLOCA) with a coincidence of a loss of emergency core cooling (LOECC), particular deformation phenomena take place inside a CANDU fuel channel. Another peculiarity appears at melt relocation in horizontal geometry. Brief discussion of accident phenomena is included.     

Effects of accident management strategy on the severe accident environmental conditions

This paper presents a methodology utilizing an accident management strategy in order to determine accident environmental conditions to be used as inputs to equipment survivability assessments. In the case that there is a well-established accident management strategy for a specific nuclear power plant (NPP), an application of this tool can provide a technical rationale on equipment survivability assessment so that plant-specific and time-dependent accident environmental conditions could be practically and realistically defined in accordance with the equipment and instrumentation required for the accident management strategy or appropriate actions. For this work, three different tools are introduced; probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) outcomes, major accident management strategy actions, and accident environmental stages (AESs). In order to quantitatively investigate an applicability of accident management strategy on equipment survivability, the accident simulation for most likely scenario in Korean standard nuclear power plants (KSNPs) is performed with the MAAP4 code. The accident management guideline (AMG) actions such as the reactor coolant system (RCS) depressurization, water injection into the RCS, the containment pressure and temperature control, and hydrogen concentration control in containment are applied. The effects of these AMG actions on the accident environmental conditions are investigated by comparison to actions from previous normal accident simulation, especially focusing on equipment survivability assessment. As a result, the AMG-involved case shows the higher accident consequences along the accident environmental stages. This implies that plant-specific AMG actions need to be considered in order to determine accident environmental conditions in equipment survivability assessments.     

AP1000乏燃料水池失冷瞬态特性研究

以AP1000堆型为参考，建立乏燃料水池冷却系统主要设备的热平衡耦合数学模型，并研究各类失冷事故下乏燃料水池水温的瞬态变化。模拟结果显示，在整堆芯卸料时即发生丧失所有冷却途径的事故，则燃料裸露时间约为24 h；在装料后即发生丧失所有冷却途径的事故，则燃料裸露时间约为213 h。这些工况的模拟结果为应对相应乏燃料水池失冷事故提供了参考反应时间。