Extraction of pectic polysaccharides from sugar‐beet cell walls

Previous methods of extracting pectin from sugar‐beet have used pulp as the starting material. As the temperature and pressure of the pulping process may modify the architecture of the cell wall, we have adapted a relatively non‐disruptive method to characterise cell wall material (CWM) isolated directly from the sugar‐beet. Cell walls from mature sugar‐beets (Beta vulgaris L Aztec) were sequentially extracted four times with imidazole and twice with sodium carbonate to produce six heterogeneous pectic polysaccharide extracts, and with KOH to produce a hemicellulosic extract which was predominantly xylans. Heterogeneity of the extracted pectins was indicated by differences in FTIR spectra, uronic acid content, % methyl esterification, % feruloylation, % acetylation, molecular weight distribution and neutral sugar composition. The highest proportion of feruloyl esters was found in polysaccharides solubilised by the second sodium carbonate extraction. Anion exchange chromatography of these polysaccharides gave three fractions, one of which contained most of the feruloyl ester. These results indicate that feruloyl esters are not randomly distributed among the different pectic polysaccharides in the sugar‐beet cell wall, and that esterification is likely to be dependent on the local sugar sequence or conformation. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cell wall polysaccharides implied in green olive behaviour during the pitting process

Olive fruits processed as “Spanish green olives” were sorted into two batches depending on their pitting behaviour: those that broke under punch pressure, and those that were pitted without damage. Cell wall polysaccharides from both batches were isolated. The main changes were lower amounts of carbonate-soluble and 24 % KOH-soluble polysaccharides and a higher proportion of 4% KOH-soluble polysaccharides in broken olives. The carbonate-soluble fraction from broken olives was poorer in homogalacturonans, polysaccharides that could help in increasing texture. The 24% KOH-soluble fraction from the same olive batch was poorer in xylans and xyloglucans, the former being present in a higher proportion in the 4% KOH-soluble fraction and the last in cellulose residue. The new xylans of the 4% KOH-soluble fraction were of high (around 250 kDa) and low (6–40 kDa) molecular weights. Carbonate-soluble and 24% KOH-soluble fractions are very important in maintaining cell wall structure, which is responsible for vegetable product firmness. Received: 28 September 1999     

Analysis of carbohydrates in the jute plant (Corchorus capsularis)

Jute plants (Corchorus capsularis) were fractionated into bark and stick. Jute fibre was produced from the bark by retting in water. Polysaccharides and lignin (estimated as Klason lignin) were the major constituents of the three jute fractions. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, six low-molecular weight sugar alcohols (glycerol, erythritol, threitol, rhamnitol, arabinitol, and mannitol), and two inositols (myo-inositol and scyllitol) were identified and quantified in the bark; all these compounds, except rhamnitol were also measured in the stick. Cellulose, xylans and pectins were major polysaccharide constituents in the three jute fractions. During fibre production by retting, extractives and pectic polysaccharides were solubilised or degraded, producing a fibre material enriched in cellulose and xylans.     

SOLUBILIZATION OF CELL WALLS BY TOMATO POLYGALACTURONASES: EFFECTS OF PECTINESTERASES

The susceptibility of isolated cell walls to solubilization by polygalacturonase and the effect of pectinesterase on the solubilization were examined. The two polygalacturonases in ripe tomatoes were purified to remove pectinesterase. Both polygalacturonases solubilized uronic acid from pectinesterase-free tomato cell walls most rapidly at about pH 3.5, well below p H 4.5, the pH optimum for their hydrolysis of pectic acid. At p H 3.5, very low levels of pectinesterase increased cell wall solubilization by the polygalacturonases seueralfold, whereas high concentrations of pectinesterase completely inhibited solubilization. A t pH 5, pectinesterase also increased cell wall solubilization, but higher concentrations were required than at pH 3.5 and high levels were not inhibitory. The materials solubilized at pH 3.5 were galacturonan with a molecular weight of about 110,000 and two fractions of much higher molecular weights consisting primarily of neutral sugars. Galactose accounted for about two-thirds of the monosaccharides in the neutral polysaccharides.     

Degradation characteristics of isolated and in situ cell wall lucerne pectic polysaccharides by mixed ruminal microbes

Two pectic polysaccharide fractions were isolated form lucerne (Medicago sativa L) leaves and used in fermentation experiments with mixed ruminal microbes. Both fractions were similar in chemical composition, containing galacturonic acid (52-58 mol%) and the neutral sugars arabinose (14-18 mol%), galactose (6-8 mol%) and rhamnose (8-12 mol%). Fermentation of both fractions was rapid and complete with a half-life of approximately 4 h. Production of total volatile fatty acids matched the degradation profile reaching a maximum level shortly after the rate of degradation began to decrease. The fermentation characteristics of citrus pectin and polygalacturonic acid were similar to those of the lucerne pectic fractions but galacturonic acid was much slower in its rate of degradation while soluble arabinogalactan from larchwood was virtually undegraded. Leaves of early bud stage lucerne and lower nodes and internodes of stems from full bloom lucerne were also fermented by mixed ruminal microbes. Pectic polysaccharides were rapidly and extensively degraded from both tissues. Initial rates were faster for leaves than for stems and the extent of pectic degradation was greater in leaves (8% residual) than in stems (17% residual). Selection of forage lines with increased pectic polysaccharides would provide greater amounts of rapidly available energy that could result in more efficient utilisation of the rapidly degraded protein in lucerne.     

Cell wall compositions of raw and cooked corms of taro (Colocasia esculenta)

The monosaccharide compositions of parenchyma cell walls of raw and cooked corms of taro, Colocasia esculenta cv Tausala Pink, were determined. The cell wall constituents were sequentially extracted using CDTA, Na₂CO₃, 1 M KOH, 4 M KOH and water to leave a final residue (α‐cellulose). The monosaccharide compositions of the cell walls and cell wall fractions from the raw and cooked corms were consistent with the presence in these cell walls of large amounts of cellulose and pectic polysaccharides. The monosaccharide composition of the cell walls of the raw corms resembled the monosaccharide compositions of primary cell walls of other non‐commelinoid monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Cooking of the corms resulted in alteration of the cell walls, with solubilisation of pectic polysaccharides occurring earlier in the sequential fractionation and possibly changes in the extractability of xyloglucans and/or xylans. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Gamma-Radiation Affects Cell Wall Composition of Strawberries

Tissue softening limits the use of gamma irradiation for controlling postharvest microbial development on some produce. The carbohydrate composition of the cell wall of the strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Chandler) fruit and of cell wall fractions was compared in untreated controls and in fruit irradiated at 4 kGy, a dose causing tissue softening. Cell wall polysaccharides were partially degraded, particularly cellulose and pectic substances. However, neutral sugars from the pectic and hemicellulose fractions were not affected by irradiation, in contrast with cell wall degradation during ripening.     

An explorative study on the cell wall polysaccharides in the pulp and peel of dragon fruits (Hylocereus spp.)

The pectic and hemicellulosic cell wall polysaccharides from the pulp and the peel of white-flesh and red-flesh dragon fruits (Hylocereus spp.) were isolated and compared in terms of degree of methoxylation (DM), solubility properties (relative content of uronic acids and neutral sugars in different fractions), neutral sugar composition, molar mass distribution, and affinity toward some specific anti-pectin antibodies. Hereto, the alcohol-insoluble residues were extracted and sequentially fractionated using hot water, a chelating agent, sodium carbonate, and potassium hydroxide solutions to obtain different pectin fractions and a hemicellulose fraction. Chemical analyses were used to characterize these polysaccharide fractions. The results show that cell wall polysaccharides of the pulp and especially of the peel from white-flesh and red-flesh dragon fruits contain significant amounts of pectic substances that are lowly methyl-esterified. The cell wall polysaccharides of the peel as well as those of the pulp contain high amounts (38–47 %) of loosely bound (water-soluble) pectic substances. In the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of the peel samples, uronic acids are the predominant monomers. On the contrary, rhamnogalacturonan-I type neutral sugars, and especially arabinose and galactose, contribute equally, as compared to uronic acid, to the WSF of the pulp samples. Despite the low average DM value of pulp and peel pectin, pectic substances in both samples showed affinity for antibodies with different specificities indicating that a wide range of epitopes, including long blocks of unesterified galacturonic acids (GalA) residues as well as (short) blocks of esterified GalA residues, is present. No large differences between the pectic substances among the different dragon fruit varieties were observed.     

Polysaccharide Constituents of Coffee-Bean Mucilage

Alcohol‐insoluble residues (AIRs) were isolated from hand‐dissected and commercial mucilages of depulped coffee beans. Both AIRs had similar polysaccharide composition: pectic substances (about 30%), cellulose (about 8%), and neutral noncellulosic polysaccharides (about 18%). Crude pectins were extracted from AIRs (dry‐matter yield: about 23% to 35%) with dilute nitric acid (pH 1.5, 90 °C). Both pectins contained about 60% uronic acids with high degree of methyl esterification (about 62%) and moderate degree of acetylation (about 5%). Their molecular weights were low (about12 to 29 kDa). They did not gel in the presence of sucrose at acidic pH.     

茉莉花渣中果胶型多糖的结构特征与免疫调节作用

为探究茉莉花渣中果胶型多糖的结构特征与免疫调节作用，本研究通过水提醇沉、蛋白脱除、阴离子交换柱层析和凝胶柱层析分离得到两种多糖JSP-3和JSP-4。通过相对重均分子量测定、单糖组成测定、部分酸水解液-质联用测定以及核磁共振波谱分析了两种多糖结构特征，最后以小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7为模型，通过探究其对小鼠巨噬细胞的增殖率、吞噬率、ROS产生量以及NO、TNF-α、IL-6分泌量的影响来研究免疫调节作用。结果表明，JSP-3和JSP-4为两种均一多糖，相对重均分子量分别为15.48 kDa和 44.75 kDa，主要由半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖构成，存在不同比例的半乳糖醛酸聚糖结构域（JSP-3:32.87%±3.53%；JSP-4:68.64%±0.67%）与鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖结构域（JSP-3:61.12%±3.37%；JSP-4:28.28%±0.46%），说明两者均为果胶型多糖。与对照组相比，JSP-3和JSP-4在12.5~100 μg/mL的浓度范围内无细胞毒性，在一定浓度下能够通过促进小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬作用，显著增加ROS产生量以及NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌量（P<0.05）。在相同浓度下，JSP-4比JSP-3能够刺激细胞分泌更多的NO、TNF-α和IL-6，说明JSP-4具有更强的免疫调节作用，这可能与其更高的半乳糖醛酸结构域比例和相对重均分子量有关。上述研究成果初步证明了茉莉花渣果胶型多糖的免疫调节作用，为其在免疫调节剂方面的应用提供了初步依据。     

酸降解水溶性银耳多糖及抗氧化作用研究

采用盐酸降解法对水溶性银耳多糖进行降解,得到低分子水溶性银耳多糖。通过对DPPH 自由基清除作用,表征低分子水溶性银耳多糖抗氧化活性的变化。当溶液黏度为16.5～9.8mPa·s 时,低分子银耳多糖的平均相对分子质量在2～10kD 范围内,抗氧化活性高于水溶性银耳多糖。而当平均相对分子质量＞ 10kD 或平均相对分子质量＜ 2kD 时,抗氧化活性较低。     

Non-starch polysaccharides from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineenis) meal—preparation of cell wall material and extraction of polysaccharide fractions

Two different chemical methods, sequential extraction with alkali and sodium chlorite and treatment with 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide (MMNO), were applied to the extraction of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from the enzymically deproteinated, water-insoluble cell wall materials of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) meal. The NSP content accounted for 550 g kg^?1 (sunflower meal) and 750 g kg^?1 (palm kernel meal) of the cell wall materials. Neither of the treatments alone was capable of solubilising more than about half of the original NSP. Combined treatment using alkali/chlorite followed by MMNO completely dissolved cell wall material from palm kernel meal, whereas a small residue (40 g kg^?1 of original NSP) was left in sunflower meal. Loss of NSP occurred with both methods (total NSP recovery ranging from 88% for alkali/chlorite extraction of sunflower to 64% for MMNO extraction of palm kernel). Due to differences in solubility revealed upon acidification and/or dialysis, extracts became subdivided into precipitates and soulble fractions. The sugar composition of the resulting fractions enabled a tentative identification of teh major non-starch polysaccharides; sunflower meal was found to contain cellulose, (acidic) xylans, polyuronide-containing fractions and xyloglucan; palm kernel meal was found to contain mannans, cellulose and xylans, with the major part of the mannans originating from the endosperm and the xylans being almost exclusively located in the endocarp.     

复合酶-微波辅助萃取结合超滤纯化的灰树花子实体多糖的免疫活性研究

目的:研究经酶解-微波辅助萃取、超滤分级纯化的灰树花子实体多糖的免疫活性。方法:采用复合酶解结合微波辅助萃取方法提取灰树花子实体多糖,采用超滤工艺对提取多糖进行分级纯化;采用MTT法研究多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞、ConA/LPS诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖作用;建立荷瘤小鼠模型,研究灰树花多糖对肿瘤的抑制作用。结果:获得分子质量范围为<50kD的GFP-I、50～100kD的GFP-II和100～200kD的GFP-III;与RPMI-1640对照组相比,GFP-I、GFP-II和GFP-III对淋巴细胞增殖率分别增加26.558%～74.167%(P<0.001)、20.175%～152.075%(P<0.001)和26.473%～334.797%(P<0.001);对ConA诱导的淋巴细胞增殖率分别增加31.408%～122.894%(P<0.001)、53.075%～235.693%(P<0.001)和83.347%～367.241%(P<0.001);对LPS诱导的淋巴细胞增殖率分别增加20.526%～97.075%(P<0.001)、38.288%～211.348%(P<0.001)和54.454%～34...     

金针菇锌多糖分离纯化及其结构特征

目的：以金针菇为原料,经过逐步分离纯化得到两个锌多糖组分并研究其理化性质、光谱学特性及结构特征。方法：金针菇锌多糖采用热水浸提的方法提取,经DEAE纤维素-52和Sephadex G-100凝胶色谱柱逐步分离纯化后通过火焰原子吸收法测定多糖中锌的含量,高效凝胶过滤色谱法鉴定组分的均一性,并测定其分子质量及单糖组成,采用紫外光谱、红外光谱和刚果红实验对锌多糖的结构特征进行相关研究。结果：通过分离纯化得到两个锌多糖组分CF1、CF2,纯品提取率分别为20.97%与12.25%,其中锌含量分别为191、429 μg/g,平均分子质量分别为890、1 244 kD。CF1组分由葡萄糖、半乳糖等6 种单糖组成;CF2组分主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖、岩藻糖等8 种单糖组成,且两个多糖组分均具有三股螺旋分子结构。     

Effect of Cooking and Pre-Cooking on Cell-Wall Chemistry in Relation to Firmness of Carrot Tissues

The aim of this work was to investigate heat-induced changes in cell wall polysaccharides of carrot in relation to texture. Discs of fresh carrot (Daucus carota cv Amstrong) tissue were subjected to cooking (100°C, 20 min), with or without a pre-cooking treatment (50°C, 30 min). Alcohol-insoluble residues were prepared from the tissues and were extracted sequentially with water, NaCl, CDTA, Na₂CO₃ and 0·5 M KOH to leave a residue. These were analysed for their carbohydrate compositions, their degree of methyl esterification and the molecular size of selected soluble polysaccharides. Cooking caused tissues to soften. This involved cell separation, an increase in water- and salt-soluble, high-molecular-weight pectic polysaccharides and a concomitant decrease in the pectic polymers in all wall extracts and the residue. Pre-cooking prior to cooking enhanced cell–cell adhesion and reduced the extent of softening. This was accompanied by a general reduction in the degree of methylesterification of cell-wall pectic polymers, and a decrease in the cooking-induced modification to all pectic fractions. The firming effect of pre-cooking could be reversed by extracting the precooked+cooked tissue with CDTA, a chelating agent. The role of Ca²⁺ cross-linked polymers and pre-cooking in the enhancement of firmness are discussed. © 1997 SCI.     

樟芝多糖的超滤分离及其免疫活性研究

利用醇沉法和超滤法分离提取经发酵后的樟芝胞内胞外多糖,通过小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化增殖实验检测分离得到的各组分多糖的免疫活性。结果显示,经超滤分级处理后,樟芝胞内胞外多糖的总得率达18.18%,相对于乙醇沉淀法多糖得率提高了56.99%,显著的提高了樟芝胞内胞外多糖的得率;小鼠实验显示,利用超滤法获得的分子量大于1000 kD、100~1000 kD以及小于100 kD的六个樟芝多糖胞内胞外组分均能显著地促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞的转化增殖作用,表明,超滤法能显著提高发酵后樟芝胞内胞外多糖提取产量,其操作简单、易行,不损害多糖活性。     

Volatile profile of Spanish-style green table olives prepared from different cultivars grown at different locations

The volatile profiles of Spanish-style green table olives elaborated with Manzanilla, Gordal and Hojiblanca cultivars grown at different locations in Spain were established by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 102 volatile compounds were identified, belonging to distinct chemical classes, and 20 of them are reported for the first time in table olives. The headspace profile was predominated by alcohols and phenols, followed by acids and esters, whereas the relative amounts of the remaining classes were quite lower (< 5% in general). The principal compounds characterizing the headspace for most samples were p-creosol, phenylethyl alcohol, acetic acid, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. Significant differences in the proportions of volatile compounds between samples from the Gordal cultivar and those from Manzanilla and Hojiblanca cultivars were detected and statistically visualized by principal component analysis (PCA). Among all the identified compounds, only (E)-2-decenal showed significant differences between the three cultivars without being significantly affected by locations where the fruits were grown.     

Ethephon‐induced fractional changes of pectic polysaccharides in developing cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L) fruits

Pectic polysaccharides extracted from fruit tissue of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L) at different maturity levels were fractionated and analyzed for galacturonic acid backbone molecules. Preharvest spray of the fruits at 7 days old with ethephon resulted in a higher accumulation of water‐soluble and oxalate‐soluble pectic fractions than non‐treated fruits, while this treatment effectively enhanced the polygalacturonase enzyme activity necessary for maintenance of pectin degradation. Treatment with ethephon not only enhanced the solubilization rate but also resulted in a net increase in total pectic polymer content in developing cape gooseberry fruits. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

酸碱性和分子量对木耳多糖抗氧化活性及相关性的影响

为研究提取溶剂酸碱性和分子量对黑木耳多糖抗氧化活性的影响及其抗氧化相关性,本试验以野生黑木耳为原料制备黑木耳多糖,采用Labscale TFF System超滤系统对黑木耳多糖进行分子量分级,分别测定黑木耳多糖的得率、纯度和抗氧化活性,并使用SPSS软件分析黑木耳多糖分子量与抗氧化活性之间的相关性。结果表明,酸性未脱色黑木耳多糖的得率最高(12.48%),碱性脱色黑木耳多糖的纯度最高(68.78%),中性未脱色黑木耳多糖体外抗氧化活性最好。不同分子量中性未脱色黑木耳多糖抗氧化试验表明,分子量小于30 ku的黑木耳多糖(Sp3)抗氧化活性最好,抗氧化活性与Vc相近。其次是分子量为30 ku~100 ku的黑木耳多糖(Sp2),最差的是分子量大于100 ku的黑木耳多糖(Sp1),Sp3与抗氧化活性之间存在极显著相关(p0.01),本试验结果为深入开发黑木耳多糖抗氧化产品提供理论依据。     

Bestimmung der Molekulargewichtsverteilung in nativen Stärken durch Gelchromatographie

Determination of the Distribution of Molecular Weights in Native Starches by Gel Chromatography . The distribution of the molecular weights of polysaccharides in corn, potatoe and rice starch were investigated by fractionation of starch polysaccharides in a gel chromatographic system. The amylopectin component of the dispersed starch was excluded from the gel. Therefore the conclusion is likely that the molecular weight of amylopectin is higher than 20 × 10⁶. The gel columns were calibrated by chromatography of dextran fractions of known molecular weight. By comparison of the elution volumes of dextran fractions of know molecular weight with the elution volumes of amylose fractions it was possible to determine their molecular weights. From curves of molecular distribution the amount of amylose as percentage of total amylose can be determined. The average molecular weight of potatoe amylose (M̄_w 50%) is about 400 000 whereas it amounts to 100 000–200 000 in the case of rice and corn starch. The amylose of a “High Amylose Starch” (about 75% amylose) has a molecular weight of 50 000.