Texture and microstructure evolution during tempering of gamma-massive phase in a TiAl-based alloy

This work focuses on the mechanisms of microstructure and crystallographic texture evolution during gamma-massive transformation and subsequent tempering treatments, in the case of the Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr (at%) TiAl-based alloy. A complete massive structure is obtained by ice-water quenching. The temperature range for the destabilization of this massive structure is estimated from DSC measurement. Then, tempering is performed in both α₂–γ and α–γ phase fields. Microstructure evolution is studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy observation of samples from different stages of the heat treatments. Isotropic samples resulting from a powder-metallurgy route are used for this purpose. Then, working on the samples from investment casting, the reduction of solidification texture through massive then tempering treatments is analyzed at the light of the mechanisms of microstructure evolution identified previously.     

Pr掺杂NiTi形状记忆合金的微观结构与相变特性

采用真空熔炼法向NiTi二元合金中掺杂稀土 Pr元素,制备了多组分的Ni50Ti50-xPrx(x = 0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9)合金.采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪以及能谱仪等研究了合金的微观结构和物相组成,采用差示扫描量热法测量了合金的相变温度.结果表明:添加稀土元素Pr的NiTiPr合金的组织由Ni...     

NiTi形状记忆合金的热瞬态相变与变形行为研究

通过材料的热-力循环实验及数字图像相关(DIC)测量方法来系统研究Ni Ti记忆合金的热瞬态行为,得到不同恒应力水平下及不同温度变化率下的热瞬态响应。根据得到的实验结果,系统分析了温度诱发马氏体相变中的马氏体带演化出现的原因、演化规律以及临界相变应力与温度的关系,揭示了Ni Ti记忆合金的热瞬态相变及变形演化与所在的应力状态及温度变化速率的密切关系,为Ni Ti记忆合金的热瞬态过程的有限元多尺度模拟提供重要的参考。     

TiNbTaZr合金在轧制过程中的马氏体转变

利用真空自耗熔炼方法和热加工技术制备Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr β钛合金,采用单向轧制和交叉轧制对合金进行冷变形.通过对轧制态试样的微观组织分析,研究不同轧制方式下的马氏体转变特征.结果表明:单向轧制和交叉轧制过程中产生应变诱发马氏体相,随着变形量的增大,马氏体形貌由针状逐渐转变为粗大的变体;交叉轧制更有利于马氏体相的转变,当冷变形量为40%时,马氏体的转变量达到79.63%,并在随后的冷变形过程中,马氏体转变量基本保持不变.     

Effect of ageing on the phase transformation temperatures and shape memory effect of a NiAl-Fe alloy

Effect of ageing at temperatures of 200–600°C on the phase transformation temperatures and shape memory effect of a NiAl-Fe alloy were investigated. It was found that the martensitic transformation temperature and the reverse temperature of Ni-24.1 at% Al–18.2 at% Fe specimens decreased gradually as the ageing temperature increased from 200 to 400°C, and then increased as the ageing temperature increased higher than 400°C. The amount of one-way, without load, shape recovery of Ni-24.1 at%Al–18.2 at% Fe specimens, aged, increased as the ageing temperature increased from 200 to 400°C for 1 h, and decreased dramatically as the ageing temperature increased to 600°C.     

Influence of Fe addition on phase transformation behavior of NiTi shape memory alloy

Three different NiTi-based alloys, whose nominal compositions were Ni₅₀Ti₅₀, Ni₄₉Ti₄₉Fe₂, Ni₄₅Ti_51.8Fe_3.2 (mole fraction, %), respectively, were used in the current research to understand the influence of Fe addition on phase transformation behavior in NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA). The microstructure and phase transformation behavior of the alloys were investigated by optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results show that the matrix of the Ni₅₀Ti₅₀ alloy consists of both B19′ (martensite) phase and B2 (austenite) phase. Moreover, the substructures of twins could be observed in the B19′ phase. However, the ternary alloys of NiTiFe exhibit B2 phase in the microstructures. Such microstructures were also characterized by large presence of Ti₂Ni precipitates dispersed homogenously in the matrix of the two kinds of alloys. The addition of Fe to the NiTi SMA results in the decrease in phase transformation temperatures in the ternary alloys. Based on mechanism analysis, it can be concluded that this phenomenon is primarily attributed to atom relaxation of the distorted lattice induced by Ni-antisite defects and Fe substitutions during phase transformation, which enables stabilization of B2 phase during phase transformation.     

Texture and shape memory strain in TiNi alloy sheets

Planar anisotropy of shape memory strain in polycrystalline TiNi alloy sheets was investigated in conjunction with crystallographic textures. To find the correlation between them, we attempted to predict shape-recoverable tensile strain from a measured texture by estimating volume fractions of correspondence-variants for each oriented grain. The recoverable strains calculated as a function of the angle to the rolling direction from a crystallite orientation distribution function were in relatively good agreement with experimental values for samples with different textures. A few samples, however, showed the quantitative differences between the measured and calculated values. The main reasons were clarified in view of yield stress and deformation constraint at grain boundaries. From an aspect of practical use, a manner of texture control to obtain higher recoverable strains has been discussed on the basis of the calculated results concerning representative ideal orientations.     

固溶态Cu-Ni-Si合金时效过程的相变动力学

通过分析固溶态Cu-Ni-Si合金时效过程中导电率的变化,根据导电率与新相析出量之间的关系计算时效过程中新相的转变比率,在此基础上,确定不同温度下描述时效析出相转变比率与时效时间的Avrami相变动力学经验方程和导电率随时间变化的导电率方程,绘制出动力学"S"曲线,并且用固态热分解反应机理的积分方程验证用Avrami经验方程来描述合金的析出过程的正确性。对Cu-Ni-Si合金在500℃时效8 h后的析出相进行选区电子衍射花样标定,发现析出相为δ-Ni2Si和β-Ni3Si。     

Surface mechanical attrition treatment induced phase transformation behavior in NiTi shape memory alloy

The phase constituents and transformation behavior of the martensite B19′ NiTi shape memory alloy after undergoing surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) are investigated. SMAT is found to induce the formation of a parent B2 phase from the martensite B19′ in the top surface layer. By removing the surface layer-by-layer, X-ray diffraction reveals that the amount of the B2 phase decreases with depth. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) further indicates that the deformed martensite in the sub-surface layer up to 300 μm deep exhibits the martensite stabilization effect. The graded phase structure and transformation behavior in the SMATed NiTi specimen can be attributed to the gradient change in strain with depth.     

Texture of TiNi shape memory alloy sheets produced by roll-bonding and solid phase reaction from elementary metals

We have developed a new process to produce Ti–Ni shape memory alloys from titanium and nickel sheets. This process is composed of repetitive roll-bonding for producing a Ti/Ni laminated sheet from them, and of subsequent heat treatment for forming a TiNi intermetallic phase by reactive diffusion. The Ti/Ni laminated sheet changed to a nearly single phase TiNi material through the formation of Ti₂Ni and Ni₃Ti intermediate products. TiNi sheets obtained by this process consisted of a near <111>//ND texture such as {223}<110> in the B2 austenite phase. Recoverable strain associated with martensitic transformation of TiNi was fairly isotropic in the sheet plane due to the relatively isotropic character of {111}<uvw> texture. The formation of such texture through phase transformations by reactive diffusion has been discussed in view of texture inheritance.     

Stress-induced martensite phase transformation of FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloy subjected to mechanical vibrating polishing

Fe₆₆Mn₁₅Si₅Cr₉Ni₅ (wt.%) shape memory alloy (SMA) with γ austenite and ε martensite was subjected to mechanical vibrating polishing and consequently its surface suffered from plastic deformation in the case of compressive stress. Almost complete ε martensite transformation is found to occur in FeMnSiCrNi sample subjected to mechanical vibrating polishing, where stress-induced martensite transformation plays a predominant role. Stress- induced martensite transformation of FeMnSiCrNi SMA is closely related to the orientation of external stress. The complicated compressive stress which results from the mechanical vibrating polishing contributes to ε martensite transformation from γ austenite of FeMnSiCrNi SMA. Mechanical vibrating polishing has a certain influence on the surface texture of ε martensite of FeMnSiCrNi SMA, where texture appears in the polished FeMnSiCrNi SMA.     

冷却速度对Ti-50.9%Ni形状记忆合金相变行为和组织的影响(英文)

为了探索冷却速度对镍钛形状记忆合金相变行为和组织的影响,通过差热扫描、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线荧光分析等方法研究Ti-50.9%Ni(摩尔分数)合金的热处理。结果表明:当冷却速度非常低时(如炉冷)可诱发三级相变的产生;冷却速度对相变温度也有很大的影响,Ms和Mf都随冷却速度的降低而下降,降低冷却速度有利于提高M→A奥氏体相变温度,相变滞后宽度(Af–Mf)随着冷却速度的降低而增大;热处理不能消除镍钛合金热加工时所形成的织构,但能减弱其强度;冷却速度对晶粒大小影响不大。     

Phase equilibria and phase transformation of Co−Ni−Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy system

Phase equilibria and martensitic and magnetic phase transformations of the β phase in the Co−Ni−Ga system have been investigated. It has been shown that the β phase is in equilibrium with the α-phase over a wide range compositions at 600–1100°C. The β phase exhibits both a paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition and a thermoelastic martensitic transition from B2 to L1₀ structure. The Curie temperature T _C increases with decreases with decreasing Ni content and with increasing Ga content. The composition region of the β phase exhibiting the thermoelatstic martensitic transformation from ferromagnetic austenite is located near the α+β two-phase region. T _C and M _s of α+β two-phase alloys increase with increasing annealing temperature. This paper was presented at the International Symposium on User Aspects of Phase Diagrams, Materials Solutions Conference and Exposition. Columbus, Ohio, 18–20 October, 2004.     

Phase transformation of a CuZnAl alloy during friction

Changes in compositions and microstructures in the surface layer of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy during friction were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that in friction, single M18R martensite β′ transforms into α+β, with the shape and distribution of the new phases varying with the conditions of friction. In mild friction, Zn and Al diffuse over short distances along the sliding direction, resulting in a structure in which needlelike β and α alternate along the sliding surface. In severe friction, where higher surface temperatures and temperature gradients are expected, Zn and Al make long-distance uphill diffusion from inside toward the surface. Consequently, Zn and Al are concentrated on the surface and depleted in the subsurface, and the phase layers present from the outmost surface inward are β, α, α+β, cross-martensite, and the matrix.     

Cu-0.1Ag-0.1Fe合金的相变动力学

通过对Cu-0.1Ag-0.1Fe合金恒温时效过程中的导电率与析出的新相体积间的关系的测定与分析,研究了该合金的时效动力学,并由此确定了不同温度下描述新相转变比率与时效时间关系的Avrami经验方程和计算导电率随时效时间变化的导电率方程,从而描绘出不同温度时效时的相变动力学"S"曲线以及等温转变"C"曲线。     

R-phase transformation of aged Ti-Ni shape memory alloy

Ti-50.6Ni（molar fraction, %） shape memory alloy solution treated at 850 ℃ for lh followed by ageing treatment at 450 ℃ for 3 h was studied with differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）, X-ray diffractometry（XRD） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）. DSC measurement reveals two separate transformation peaks. XRD and TEM demonstrate that a three-stage transformation occurs. The Ti3 Ni4 precipitates are coherent with the R- phase. The crystal structure of R-phase was analyzed by two diffraction patterns method. The diffraction patterns of R-phase were obtained in detail from the same region.     

Incomplete transformation of Ti-Ni-X ternary shape memory alloy

If the reverse transformation of a shape memory alloy is arrested, a kinetic stop will appear in the next complete transformation. The kinetic stop temperature has a close relation with the previous arrest temperature. This kinetic stop can be regarded as a ＂memory＂ of the previous arrest temperature. This phenomenon is named temperature memory effect（TME）. The TME induced by incomplete cycling in Ti-Ni-Nb and Ti-Ni-Cu alloys was systematically investigated by performing either a single incomplete cycle, or a sequence of incomplete cycles with different arrested temperatures. The results indicate that TME only exists in the heating process, and TME can occur both in B 19＇→B2 and B 19→B2 reverse transformation during heating process. But, there is no evidence of TME during cooling in the Ti-Ni-X ternary alloys. And the reverse transformation temperature interval （At-As） of the Ti44-Ni47-Nb9 alloy induced by TME can be significantly enlarged compared with that of the Ti-Ni-Cu alloy by performing multi-times incomplete transformation cycling with a decreasing order arrested temperature.     

Dynamics of phase transformation of Cu-Ni-Si alloy with super-high strength and high conductivity during aging

The precipitation behaviors of the Cu-Ni-Si alloys during aging were studied by analyzing the variations of electric conductivity.The Avrami-equation of phase transformation kinetics and the Avrami-equation of electric conductivity during aging were established for Cu-Ni-Si alloys,on the basis of linear relationship between the electric conductivity and the volume fraction of precipitates,and the calculation results coincide well with the experiment ones.The transformation kinetics curves were established to characterize the aging process.The characteristics of precipitates in the supersaturated solid solution alloy aged at 723 K were established,and the results show that the precipitates areβ-Ni3Si andδ-Ni2Si phases.     

Fe-Mn-Si形状记忆合金马氏体相变宏观形状应变特征

利用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了Fe-20Mn-5Si-8Cr-5Ni-0.05N合金马氏体相变、逆相变宏观形状应变.结果表明:应力诱发γ→ε马氏体相变表面浮凸为单倾"N"型;预变形量小于6%时浮凸呈平行态分布,大于6%时出现交叉态分布,且其高度、宽度远小于同变形量条件下平行态分布的浮凸.平行态表面浮凸呈现良好的热恢复性能,交叉态表面浮凸的逆转变量很小.