Mechanism of electric fatigue crack growth in lead zirconate titanate

A series of experiments was performed with through-thickness cracks in ferroelectric double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. Cyclic electric fields of different amplitudes were applied which resulted in cyclic crack propagation perpendicular to the electric field direction. Crack propagation was observed optically and three regimes were identified: a pop-in from a notch, steady-state crack growth and a decrease of the crack growth rate with increasing cycle number. Crack growth only occurred if the applied field exceeded the coercive field strength of the material. Furthermore, the crack extended during each field reversal and the crack growth rate increased with increasing field. Based on the experimental observations, a mechanistic understanding was developed and contrasted with a nonlinear finite element analysis which quantified the stress intensity in the DCB specimens. The driving forces for crack formation at the notch and subsequent fatigue crack growth were computed based on the distribution of residual stresses due to ferroelectric switching. The finite element results are in good agreement with the experimental observations and support the proposed mechanism.     

8090Al—Li合金的疲劳裂纹扩展

研究了8090型Al—Li合?疲劳裂纹扩展行为以及组织结构和环境的影响,结果表明,在空气中,自然时效和欠时效?现出最好的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力,其次是峰时效状态,而过时效状态的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力最低,在3.5%NaCl水溶液中,时效状态对疲劳裂纹扩展行为有着同空气中相同的影响规律,但在同样的时效条件下,在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力要比空气中的低,在相同的应力强度因子范围△K作用下,缺口短裂纹和物理短裂纹均表现出比长裂纹高的扩展速率,用位错的平面滑移性和循环滑移可逆性解释了时效的影响,用裂纹的闭合效应和裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸说明了长短裂纹扩展行为的差别。     

BEHAVIOR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS AT BLUNT NOTCHESIN A MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

1.IntroductionTheinitiati0nandpropagation0ffatiguec=acksatn0tchesareofgreatpracticalim-portancesincethemaj0rity0ffatiguefailuresinengineeringc0mponentsandstructuresoccurduetol0calstressconcentrationsatnotches.Thefatiguelifeisusuallyseparatedintotwoparts:0neportion0flifespentincrackinitiationandtheotherp0rti0nspentinpropagati0n.However,t0talfatiguelifecannotbeevaluatedbecausetherearepresentlyn0proceduresf0revaluatingthecrackinitiati0nlength.Crackinitiati0nisusuallydefinedasthepr0cessesofl0calpl…     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN Al-Li ALLOY 8090

Fatigue crack growth rates of Al-Li alloy 8090 in air were found to be strongly dependent up-on the aging conditions.The naturally aged and underaged specimens showed the highest re-sistance to the fatigue crack propagation.The fatigue crack growth resistance of the overagedspecimen is the lowest and that of the peakaged specimen in between.As compared to air,3.5% NaCl solution does not change the effect of aging conditions on the fatigue crackgrowth,but causes a decrease of the resistance to the fatigue crack growth under the same ag-ing condition.Both short cracks from notch and physically short cracks showed much higherrates of fatigue crack propagation in comparison with long cracks under the same aging condi-tion and stress intensity level.The growth behavior of the short crack depends on its type.Thegrowth rate of short crack from notch decreases first to a minimum and then increases with in-creasing △K.However,the physically short crack grows at a progressively increasing rate.The effects of aging conditions are explained in terms of the slip planarity of dislocations andthe cyclic slip reversibility.The observed short crack behavior is considered to be dependent onthe crack closure and the local plasticity near the crack tip.     

MICROFRACTOGRAPHY OF NEAR-THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN DUAL-PHASE STEELS

SEM microfractography of near-threshold fatigue crack propagation were carried out in thedual-phase steels of 3 martensite morphologies and 6 volume fractions of martensite (V_m).All of them are featured by cyclic cleavage characteristics in near-threshold region,i.e.,main-ly controlled by mode Ⅱ stress.In the higher ΔK regions,the fracture surfaces are character-ized by mixed modes including cyclic cleavage facets,two types of secondary cracks andstriations,etc..The roughness-induced crack closure of fracture surface is attributedprimarily to extreme high fatigue crack growth threshold values.     

BEHAVIOUR OF INITIATION AND GROWTH OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS

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Fatigue threshold and crack propagation in γ-TiAl sheets

The fatigue crack propagation behaviour of two different microstructures — a coarse-grained designed fully lamellar (DFL), and a fine-grained near γ (FG) — of a Ti–46.5 at.% Al–4 at.% (Cr, Nb, Ta, B) alloy was studied. Both the threshold of stress intensity range and standard long crack growth behavior were determined. A special technique was applied to separate the different mechanisms — intrinsic and extrinsic effects — and their changes with crack length. The fatigue crack propagation rate of long cracks is much smaller in the DFL microstructure than in the FG microstructure at the same stress intensity range. The effective threshold of stress intensity range of both microstructures is about 1.7 MPa√m. The threshold of stress intensity range shows a strong R-curve behavior. In other words the propagation–non-propagation conditions of cracks are significantly influenced by the crack extension. The long crack thresholds of stress intensity range at the stress ratio 0.1 are relatively large; they are about 4.5 and 8 MPa√m in the DFL and the FG microstructure, respectively. The differences in the crack growth behavior between the two microstructures are mainly induced by extrinsic resistance mechanisms.     

Ti8LC低成本钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

采用双重退火对Ti8LC低成本钛合金进行热处理,测试其拉伸性能,并对其疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行研究,探索其疲劳断裂机制.结果表明,提高双重退火的第1次退火温度,强度略有升高,塑性降低.da/dN试样断口3个区特征明显:预裂区为解理断裂机制.稳态扩展区裂纹以条纹循环机制向前扩展,同时能观察到很多二次裂纹.快速扩展区的断口呈韧窝型断裂特征.该合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率对退火温度不敏感.     

喷丸残余应力对裂纹闭合效应影响的数值仿真

基于裂纹闭合效应,利用ABAQUS软件建立用于预测残余应力场中疲劳裂纹扩展特性的弹塑性有限元模型。考虑塑性和残余应力场对裂纹闭合的作用,分析残余应力、应力比和裂尖单元尺寸对裂纹闭合效应的影响。研究结果表明:未喷丸试样的裂纹闭合类型为塑性诱导裂纹闭合,喷丸残余应力场中的裂纹闭合为塑性和残余压应力共同作用,且裂纹张开力的大小与残余应力的分布相对应;正应力比越大,裂纹闭合效应越不明显,疲劳裂纹扩展速率越快;裂尖单元尺寸小于塑性区范围时可以真实反映裂尖的闭合状态;喷丸残余压应力通过提高裂纹闭合力,增强裂纹闭合效应,抑制疲劳裂纹扩展。     

Ti-600合金的高周疲劳性能研究

采用120～130Hz的频率测试Ti-600合金光滑试样室温高周轴向应力疲劳性能。结果表明,应力比(R)为0.1时,合金的疲劳强度为475MPa,与IMI834合金相当;合金内含有较细小、薄片状的、互相交错排列的α+β相,这种细小的α+β相间的层状组织对于阻止疲劳裂纹的扩展和提高疲劳裂纹寿命有重要作用;疲劳裂纹扩展阶段,应力同为600MPa时,疲劳寿命为8.61×105的合金试样比寿命为1.78×106的疲劳条纹间距宽;合金内稀土相的尺寸由几个μm到0.2μm变化,合金中未观察到与稀土相颗粒有关的裂纹萌生。     

In situ observation of short fatigue crack propagation in oxygenated water at elevated temperature and pressure

A new method is demonstrated for in situ measurement of short crack propagation rates during a corrosion fatigue test of an austenitic stainless steel within a windowed autoclave at 250 °C, 50 atmospheres, oxygenated water. Digital image correlation is used to monitor crack growth through measurement of the opening displacements of defects; either focused ion beam (FIB) milled notches from which fatigue cracks initiated, or stress corrosion cracks that subsequently propagated by fatigue.     

TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接接头的疲劳寿命及断口分析

研究了TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接接头及母材的疲劳性能,并对其疲劳断口进行了观察.结果表明,接头的疲劳寿命在低应力水平时高于母材,在高应力水平时低于母材.母材疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面;在裂纹扩展区有平行排列的弯曲的二次裂纹和期间更细的疲劳辉纹,瞬断区为细小的等轴韧窝.焊缝疲劳裂纹起源于表面的气孔,源区有笔直且平行排列的二次裂纹;在裂纹扩展区,断口形貌与组织有关,细晶区为韧窝,在细晶与柱状晶交界处为敞口浅韧窝,柱状晶和粗晶区为晶粒大小的刻面,上有大量的微剪切滑移带,断裂机理为滑移带形成及开裂.     

激光熔化沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V合金高周疲劳变形行为

研究激光熔化沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V合金在高周疲劳失效中的变形行为,并提出相应的变形机制.结果表明,激光沉积钛合金疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展中的变形行为都与其位错运动和滑移行为密切相关.疲劳裂纹扩展中的滑移主要沿两个滑移面进行;裂纹扩展亚表面存在大量二次裂纹.解释两种不同类型二次裂纹的形成机制和作用.分析粗大柱状晶晶界变形特征.     

Micromechanisms of multistage fatigue crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy

This study reveals the micromechanisms of fatigue damage formation and evolution with respect to particle topology and grain size and orientation in a rolled 7075-T651 Al alloy. Systematic observations were made of the variations in the fracture surfaces and damage micromechanisms, which were characterized in three fatigue stages: fatigue crack formation, microstructurally/physically small cracks and long cracks. The fatigue crack was formed exclusively at the fractured Fe-rich intermetallic constituent particles preferably located at or near the specimen surface. Large impurities, such as metallic oxides, were also observed to influence the crack nucleation mechanisms. The presence of these impurities close to the nucleation sites was correlated with an approximate 30% reduction in fatigue life. In the microstructurally and physically small crack regimes, the crack front showed a rough localized brittle fatigue fracture along the crack propagation direction in addition to some localized ductile fatigue fracture. Changes in striation size across grain boundaries were clearly observed. In the long crack regime, the fracture surface became rougher but the overall surface tended to be perpendicular to the loading direction, indicating a Mode I fracture. The ramification of the results for a microstructure-based multistage model that comprises crack incubation, small crack growth and long crack growth is discussed in detail.     

残余压应力场中裂纹扩展的闭合模型

分析了残余压应力对裂纹闭合的影响机理,在此基础上建立残余应力场中裂纹扩展闭合力的预测模型,讨论了裂纹闭合的尺寸效应,将模型延伸至短裂纹和表面裂纹的范围．对形变强化组织影响闭合进行了讨论     

GH2036高温合金平板裂纹闭合效应及裂纹扩展模型

为探明GH2036高温合金的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展机理,对GH2036高温合金平板在550℃、不同应力比下的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展特性进行了试验研究,采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法确定了GH2036高温合金的张开应力强度因子。结果表明,温度550℃、应力比大于0.7时GH2036高温合金无裂纹闭合现象,在此基础上建立了以残余裂尖张开位移、应力比为参量的GH2036高温合金裂纹闭合模型。而后,断口的SEM分析表明:随着应力比的增加,裂纹扩展区由穿晶断裂向沿晶断裂转化。最后,基于GH2036高温合金的裂纹闭合模型,建立了GH2036高温合金平板的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测方法,与试验数据吻合良好,验证了方法的准确性。     

一种Al-Cu-Mg-Zr合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

研究热处理状态、应力比和试样取向等对含Zr的Al-Cu-Mg系铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响.结果表明,T3、T4两种热处理状态试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率没有明显差别;L-T方向和T-L方向的试样也有大致相同的疲劳裂纹扩展速率;应力比R对疲劳裂纹扩展行为有明显影响,高应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显快于低应力比条件下的扩展速率,并且高应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展在较小的△K值下进入快速扩展阶段,并很快断裂.在较低的△K水平下应力比的影响与裂纹闭合效应有关.     

激光熔化沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V合金

研究激光熔化沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V合金在高周疲劳失效中的变形行为,并提出相应的变形机制。结果表明,激光沉积钛合金疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展中的变形行为都与其位错运动和滑移行为密切相关。疲劳裂纹扩展中的滑移主要沿两个滑移面进行;裂纹扩展亚表面存在大量二次裂纹。解释两种不同类型二次裂纹的形成机制和作用。分析粗大柱状晶晶界变形特征。     

On the fatigue behavior of γ-based titanium aluminides: role of small cracks

Gamma-TiAl based alloys have recently received attention for potential elevated temperature applications in gas-turbine engines. However, although expected critical crack sizes for some targeted applications (e.g. gas-turbine engine blades) may be less than ∼500 μm, most fatigue-crack growth studies to date have focused on the behavior of large (on the order of a few millimeters) through-thickness cracks. Since successful implementation of damage-tolerant life-prediction methodologies requires that the fatigue properties be understood for crack sizes representative of those seen in service conditions, the present work is focused on characterizing the initiation and growth behavior of small (a∼25–300 μm) fatigue cracks in a γ-TiAl based alloy, of composition Ti–47Al–2Nb–2Cr–0.2B (at.%), with both duplex (average grain size of ∼17 μm) and refined lamellar (average colony size of ∼145 μm) microstructures. Results are compared to the behavior of large (a>5 mm), through-thickness cracks from a previous study. Superior crack initiation resistance is observed in the duplex microstructure, with no cracks nucleating after up to 500 000 cycles at maximum stress levels (R=0.1) in excess of the monotonic yield stress, σ_y. Comparatively, in the lamellar microstructure cracks nucleated readily at applied maximum stresses below the yield stress (85% σ_y) after as few as 500 cycles. In terms of crack growth, measurements for small fatigue cracks in the duplex and lamellar microstructures showed that both microstructures have comparable intrinsic fatigue-crack growth resistance in the presence of small flaws. This observation contrasts previous comparisons of large-crack data, where the lamellar structure showed far superior fatigue-crack growth resistance than the duplex structure. Such “small-crack effects” are examined both in terms of similitude (i.e. crack tip shielding) and continuum (i.e. biased microstructural sampling) limitations of traditional linear elastic fracture mechanics.     

预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹尖端应变场的影响

钛制承压设备在制造和服役过程中会产生塑性变形,影响其抗疲劳性能。为了研究预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,本文对原始材料、预应变量为10%、20%和30%的材料进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,结合数字图像相关(Digital image correlation, DIC)技术获取裂纹尖端应变场,研究预应变对裂纹尖端应变场的影响。结果表明：随着预应变量的增加,稳态疲劳裂纹扩展阶段的扩展速率减小,裂纹张开位移减小,裂纹张开载荷增大,裂纹尖端塑性区、塑性变形量以及循环塑性应变累积量均减小。因此预应变抑制了裂纹尖端的塑性变形及循环塑性累积,致使裂纹闭合效应愈加明显,从而抑制了裂纹的扩展。研究结果对钛制承压设备的安全评定具有参考意义。