An economic appraisal of local energy conservation schemes

This paper presents an economic appraisal of some work carried out in the homes of low-income families by local energy conservation schemes under the auspices of Neighbourhood Energy Action. Low-income families with their proportionately high expenditure on fuel and relatively low energy efficient homes are hard hit by energy pricing policies and unable to respond to government measures which seek to encourage energy conservation. Local energy conservation schemes may be seen as attempting to fill this gap left by general government policy. This paper concentrates on the economic appraisal from the perspective of the client households of the schemes and a model is developed of the benefits of energy conservation work. In connection with the latter, it is argued that it is crucially important to distinguish carefully between delivered energy and energy service.     

An optimization model for multi-biomass tri-generation energy supply

In this paper, a decision support system (DSS) for multi-biomass energy conversion applications is presented. The system in question aims at supporting an investor by thoroughly assessing an investment in locally existing multi-biomass exploitation for tri-generation applications (electricity, heating and cooling), in a given area. The approach followed combines use of holistic modelling of the system, including the multi-biomass supply chain, the energy conversion facility and the district heating and cooling network, with optimization of the major investment-related variables to maximize the financial yield of the investment. The consideration of multi-biomass supply chain presents significant potential for cost reduction, by allowing spreading of capital costs and reducing warehousing requirements, especially when seasonal biomass types are concerned. The investment variables concern the location of the bioenergy exploitation facility and its sizing, as well as the types of biomass to be procured, the respective quantities and the maximum collection distance for each type. A hybrid optimization method is employed to overcome the inherent limitations of every single method. The system is demand-driven, meaning that its primary aim is to fully satisfy the energy demand of the customers. Therefore, the model is a practical tool in the hands of an investor to assess and optimize in financial terms an investment aiming at covering real energy demand. Optimization is performed taking into account various technical, regulatory, social and logical constraints. The model characteristics and advantages are highlighted through a case study applied to a municipality of Thessaly, Greece.     

An economic model for energisation and its integration into the urban energy planning process

It is widely recognised that access to and supply of modern energy play a key role in poverty alleviation and sustainable development. The emerging concept of energisation seems to capture this idea, and if implemented in its full complexity it should have multiple beneficial effects. To demonstrate this, an economic model is developed for an urban developmental context, drawing on the theory of urban ecosystems and illustrating energy and waste production and consumption issues with current South African data sets. This new understanding of the concept of energisation is then integrated into a local government energy planning process, by means of a checklist for energy planners, covering 18 aspects that between them affect all 7 identifiable tiers of the energy service supply network. A 6-step structured approach is proposed for integrating sustainable energisation into the first four phases of the advanced local energy planning (ALEP) tool.     

An energy storage system for smart coal mine emergency power supply

为满足煤炭行业和煤矿企业对于供电可靠性日益增长的需求,同时探索兆瓦级储能系统在工业用户侧的实用化解决方案,本项目在内蒙古乌海平沟煤矿设计建造了基于铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池储能技术的矿用兆瓦级智能应急电源。系统主要功能为：在电网正常供电时,替代传统的油浸电容器进行无功补偿;在电网出现供电故障时,为煤矿的特别重要负荷提供至少30 min的连续可靠供电。除此外,系统还可根据用户需求执行包括削峰填谷、分布式新能源发电波动平抑在内的多种功能。为保证应急电源系统的安全性、可靠性和使用寿命,本工作在进行设计时着重考虑了蓄电池的选型、容量配比、成组设计以及储能变流系统（PCS）的电路拓扑设计和电池维护高级智能控制策略,旨在探索和实用。     

An economic appraisal of magma power generation

Preliminary studies indicate the technical feasibility of drilling into shallow magma bodies. By tapping the heat energy of these bodies, electrical power can be produced at a potentially competitive price.     

An almost ideal supply system estimate of US energy substitution

This paper introduces a Linear Almost Ideal Supply System (LAISS) model to examine aggregate US energy demand. Based on the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model, the LAISS model is a flexible functional form for imposing and testing properties of demand for the inputs of production. Own and cross price elasticities are derived for aggregate capital, labor, and energy, and compared to the translog cost function. Both models reduce to estimating a system of input share equations on input prices and output, with output normalized by the Stone's input price index in the LAISS model. Results indicate that all inputs are substitutes in both models, but elasticities differ. A log likelihood dominance criterion shows that the LAISS model dominates the translog cost function for this dataset. Results suggest that inputs are substitutes, and that an energy import tariff would increase demand for labor and capital.     

分步式供能系统

当我们在台灯下完成作业，打开电脑上网蜈乐或工作；冬天或夏天开启空调；我们无时无刻不在享受电给我们带采的舒适和便利。电在我们生活中是如此的普遍，以至于很少有人会担心电力不足，似乎电的存在就是理所当然的。     

A comprehensive energy supply model in an office building based on the reference energy system

In the last decade, technological innovations have resulted in considering distributed generation with heat recovery capability in addition to centralised generation. This work aims to develop a comprehensive model analysing techno-economic parameters of energy supply in an office building. The energy model is developed on the basis of the reference energy system with the linear programming technique. The objective function is the annual value of total costs of the energy supply system. The results of the model for the building of Sharif Energy Research Institute indicate that the most appropriate generation technology is an internal combustion engine of 461 kW and a water boiler of 152 kW. In addition to supplying the final service demand, hot water feeds an absorption chiller of 507 kW to produce cold water. Furthermore, storage systems of hot and cold water are required in order to achieve high load factors in the system.     

The technical,geographical, and economic feasibility for solar energy to supply the energy needs of the US

So far, solar energy has been viewed as only a minor contributor in the energy mixture of the US due to cost and intermittency constraints. However, recent drastic cost reductions in the production of photovoltaics (PV) pave the way for enabling this technology to become cost competitive with fossil fuel energy generation. We show that with the right incentives, cost competitiveness with grid prices in the US (e.g., 6–10 US¢/kWh) can be attained by 2020. The intermittency problem is solved by integrating PV with compressed air energy storage (CAES) and by extending the thermal storage capability in concentrated solar power (CSP). We used hourly load data for the entire US and 45-year solar irradiation data from the southwest region of the US, to simulate the CAES storage requirements, under worst weather conditions. Based on expected improvements of established, commercially available PV, CSP, and CAES technologies, we show that solar energy has the technical, geographical, and economic potential to supply 69% of the total electricity needs and 35% of the total (electricity and fuel) energy needs of the US by 2050. When we extend our scenario to 2100, solar energy supplies over 90%, and together with other renewables, 100% of the total US energy demand with a corresponding 92% reduction in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions compared to the 2005 levels.     

发动机ECU电源电路的选型与设计

介绍了发动机ECU供电电源的几种典型结构与工作原理,并就其优缺点分别进行了分析与对比。通过实例设计进一步验证了电源电路选型与设计方案的合理性,为发动机ECU以及其他智能控制系统的电源电路设计提供了参考。     

A model for forecasting the economic and environmental impact of energy policy

A method for forecasting national energy output and emissions by detailed energy sector is developed by linking the INFORUM Model, the ESNS Network, and pollution coefficients. Consistency between the assumptions behind the parameters of the Network and those behind the INFORUM input—output coefficients are maintained through the adjustment of the latter coefficients. Pollution coefficients are linked to forecasts of national energy sector output to give emissions by sector; energy output and the resulting emissions forecasts change as the parameters of the network change. By use of the model, changes in energy policy, prices, or investments can be examined for their effects on economic, energy and environmental variables. Two applications are presented. The first attempts to show the impact of alternative input price forecasts on fuel substitution in electricity production and the resulting effects on the economy and the environment. The second examines the potential impacts of offshore oil discovery in the Middle Atlantic.     

A supply and demand based volatility model for energy prices

This paper proposes a new volatility model for energy prices using the supply–demand relationship, which we call a supply and demand based volatility model. We show that the supply curve shape in the model determines the characteristics of the volatility in energy prices. It is found that the inverse Box–Cox transformation supply curve reflecting energy markets causes the inverse leverage effect, i.e., positive correlation between energy prices and volatility. The model is also used to show that an existing (G)ARCH-M model has the foundations on the supply–demand relationship. Additionally, we conduct the empirical studies analyzing the volatility in the U.S. natural gas prices.     

An appraisal of photovoltaic power system for rural development in context of available energy resources in Nigeria

The energy need in Nigeria is increasing rapidly, both in urban and rural sectors, as a result of rapid industrialisation and agricultural development. Though natural resources like coal, gas, hydropower, forestry, oil, etc., are available in Nigeria, energy production and the economy are, at present, largely dependent on oil. To reduce this dependence and to meet the growing energy demand, alternative sources of energy can play an important role in Nigeria. With this view, detailed analysis has been made in this paper on available energy resources in Nigeria. Based on the available data, the present situation with regard to proven resources, undiscovered estimated resources and the total projected resources in this country have been calculated. The energy demand and supply pattern have also been evaluated. Out of the different alternative sources of energy, use of solar energy through the photovoltaic power system seems to be quite attractive in meeting the energy demand in the real rural sector. In this context, an analysis has been made to estimate the different components of the photovoltaic power system for rural development in Nigeria. Three different approaches, viz. integrated centralised, discrete decentralised and roof-top approaches, have been considered. Finally, The social impact of such systems in Nigeria has also been discussed.     

绿色饭店能源消耗评估指标体系的研究与应用

以调查取样的数据为基础，参照国外先进水平，通过对关键指标的计算和影响因素的统计分析，构建了一个量化的饭店经营能耗指标体系和评估模型，用以指导饭店的能耗管理。在此基础上，通过评估模型的应用．可以评价一个饭店能耗使用的等级，为饭店能耗管理提供了量化管理的规范，以产生良好的节能效益。     

A decision model for energy resource selection in China

This paper evaluates coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy and renewable energy resources as energy alternatives for China through use of a hierarchical decision model. The results indicate that although coal is still the major preferred energy alternative, it is followed closely by renewable energy. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the most critical criterion for energy selection is the current energy infrastructure. A hierarchical decision model is used, and expert judgments are quantified, to evaluate the alternatives. Criteria used for the evaluations are availability, current energy infrastructure, price, safety, environmental impacts and social impacts.     

建筑物能量系统多层次集成建模的探讨

针对暖通空调设计中存在的几个问题,由浅入深地分析了建筑物复合能量系统的三种结构,不提出建筑物能量系统中六种流结构模型,在此基础上,结合多层次集成模型的分析思路和框图,最后对并行工程在集成建模策略中的指导作用及其实现方法做了讨论。     

Reliability based socio economic optimal renewable energy model for India

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and biomass have to play a vital role in the developing countries like India in order to meet the growing energy demand. In the last five years, some renewable energy sources had emerged as technically and economically viable alternatives in the energy sector, as a result, more ambitious plans for their dissemination were being launched. In this situation, development of an energy model exclusively for renewables will help in the allocation of appropriate renewable energy systems for different end-uses in the future. An attempt has been made to develop a reliability based socio economic optimal renewable energy model for India in the year 2020–2021. The effect of social acceptance variation in OREM model was analysed. The lighting end-use would be met by solar PV and biogas system to an extent of 0.5198×10¹⁵ kJ and 0.75×10¹⁵ kJ, respectively. Similarly, the renewable energy utilisation is found for other end-uses.     

An integrated economic and distributional analysis of energy policies

Most public policies, particularly those in the energy sphere, have not only efficiency but also distributional effects. However, there is a trade-off between modelling approaches suitable for calculating those impacts on the economy. For the former most of the studies have been conducted with general equilibrium models, whereas partial equilibrium models represent the main approach for distributional analysis. This paper proposes a methodology to simultaneously carry out an analysis of the distributional and efficiency consequences of changes in energy taxation. In order to do so, we have integrated a microeconomic household demand model and a computable general equilibrium model for the Spanish economy. We illustrate the advantages of this approach by simulating a revenue-neutral reform in Spanish indirect taxation, with a large increase of energy taxes that serve an environmental purpose. The results show that the reforms bring about significant efficiency and distributional effects, in some cases counterintuitive, and demonstrate the academic and social utility of this approximation.     

生物质分布式热电冷供给系统工程技术模式设计

以山东省淄博市周村区和平社区为例,针对该区域生物质资源多元化的特点,以现有研究成果和技术开发为基础,提出了一整套新农村生物质分布式热电冷供给系统工程技术模式,分析了实施该能源供给系统的经济、环境、社会效益。分析结果显示：实施生物质分布式热电冷供给系统工程,在彻底消除生物质废弃物产生的环境污染的同时,实现了区域能源自给,形成完整的区域能源循环经济模式,其经济、环境、社会效益显著。